Lysis ( / ˈ l aɪ s ɪ s / LY -sis ) is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell , often by viral , enzymic , or osmotic (that is, "lytic" / ˈ l ɪ t ɪ k / LIT -ik ) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a lysate . In molecular biology , biochemistry , and cell biology laboratories, cell cultures may be subjected to lysis in the process of purifying their components, as in protein purification , DNA extraction , RNA extraction , or in purifying organelles .
24-646: See text Myxococcus is a genus of bacteria in the family Myxococcaceae . Myxococci are Gram-negative , spore-forming, chemoorganotrophic, obligate aerobes. They are elongated rods with rounded or tapered ends, and they are nonflagellated. The cells utilize gliding motility to move and can predate other bacteria. The genus has been isolated from soil. At least eleven species had been identified with confidence by late 2020 and each had been characterised to some extent. As well as using traditional biochemical tests, strains of some species had been compared using whole genome sequences. This approach has provided evidence that
48-782: A macroscopic fruiting body dense with spores. The current state of knowledge on cell-cell signaling during development is reflected in these behavioral activities. Myxococcus is a single celled predatory bacteria that are facultative bacteria. Myxococcus are social microbes and often seen as exhibiting “wolf-pack” behavior. They are able to communicate with each other via quorum sensing . Myxococcus are seen as predatory microbial communities because of their behavior. They are able to form several distinct multicellular structures. Myxococcus are found in soil. Single cells combine and form large clusters using quorum sensing. When nutrients are unavailable, these cells become fruiting bodies that contain approximately 50,000 cells. One study found that after placing
72-522: A singular organism and perform functions as such, including but not limited to homeostasis repair. While fruiting body development occurs through the Myxococcus genus, it can take on a variety of structures, and dome-shaped mounds have been observed in some species. Social interactions are major in the myxobacteria's life cycle. In significant groupings compared to wolf packs, cells prey on other bacteria during vegetative growth. When starved, cells produce
96-1351: Is a family of gram-negative , rod-shaped bacteria . The family Myxococcaceae is encompassed within the myxobacteria ("slime bacteria"). The family is ubiquitously found in soils, marine, and freshwater environments. Production of compounds with medical uses by Myxococcaceae makes them useful in human health fields. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Stigmatella Berkeley & Curtis 1857 ex Berkeley & Curtis 1875 Cystobacter gracilis Hyalangium Reichenbach 2007 Simulacricoccus Garcia & Muller 2018 Aggregicoccus Sood et al. 2015 Archanigium Jahn et al. 1924 Cystobacter miniatus Melittangium Jahn 1924 Cystobacter Schroeter 1886 Citreicoccus Zhou et al. 2022 Corallococcus Reichenbach 2007 Myxococcus Thaxter 1892 Aggregicoccus Archanigium Melittangium Cystobacter Hyalangium Stigmatella Citreicoccus Myxococcus Corallococcus Cells can be motile with gliding and swarming behavior. The vegetative cell shape in
120-399: Is a small, diffusible molecule that is produced by all cells in the population. When the concentration of A-factor reaches a certain threshold, it binds to receptors on the surface of cells and triggers a cascade of events that leads to aggregation. C-signal is a larger, cell-surface protein that is not diffusible. It is produced by a subset of cells in the population and binds to receptors on
144-447: Is based on IV pili and adventurous motility is based on slime-secretion. Myxococcus is a soil-dwelling bacterium that can aggregate into fruiting bodies when food is scarce. This process is regulated by quorum sensing, a type of cell-to-cell communication that allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior in response to population density. In Myxococcus, quorum sensing is mediated by two signaling molecules: A-factor and C-signal. A-factor
168-694: Is evidence that some members of the family produce molecules that interrupt the QS of other microbes, behavior potentially useful in predation . Bacteria in the order of Myxococcales have led to scientific discoveries including the first genome to be sequenced, the primary observation of plasmid replication, and the first discovery of bacteriophage. Members of the Myxococcaceae produce a wide range of secondary metabolites having useful functions and applications. Compounds with anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and in rare cases, anti-HIV activities have been isolated from
192-537: Is its formation of fruiting bodies. Myxococcus are known to form fruiting bodies using chemical signals. The cells communicate with each other, and in response to stress factors, most often starvation, begin to form fruiting bodies. These fruiting bodies then allow Myxococcus to transform into round spores resistant to the environment. The genetic programs underlying fruiting body formation in the Myxococci exhibit an unexpected level of plasticity, strongly suggesting that
216-429: Is still not fully understood. However, it is clear that it plays an important role in the life cycle of Myxococcus and other bacteria. In addition to its role in aggregation and fruiting body formation, quorum sensing also regulates other aspects of Myxococcus development, such as motility, chemotaxis, and virulence. Quorum sensing is also used by Myxococcus to communicate with other bacteria, such as its prey. This allows
240-428: Is the destruction of neoplastic cells or of a tumour . The term is also used to refer to the reduction of any swelling . Plasmolysis is the contraction of cells within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis . In a hypertonic environment, the cell membrane peels off the cell wall and the vacuole collapses. These cells will eventually wilt and die unless the flow of water caused by osmosis can stop
264-656: Is the most popular and simple approach. Chemical lysis chemically deteriorates/solubilizes the proteins and lipids present within the membrane of targeted cells. Common lysis buffers contain sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Cell lysis is best done at a pH range of 11.5-12.5. Although simple, it is a slow process, taking anywhere from 6 to 12 hours. This method uses ultrasonic waves to generate areas of high and low pressure which causes cavitation and in turn, cell lysis. Though this method usually comes out clean, it fails to be cost effective and consistent. This method uses physical penetration to pierce or cut
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#1732793095608288-440: The Myxococcaceae family is long rods, which vary in size between members. The most common fruiting body morphs are soft hump and knob shaped with possible colors of yellow, peach, white, or orange depending on species. Myxococcaceae are spore producing bacteria and are delineated by their spore shape. The myxospores are oval to round and are optically refractive. Quorum sensing (QS) behavior is limited in this family. However, there
312-482: The Myxococcaceae. This bacteria -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bacteriolytic Many species of bacteria are subject to lysis by the enzyme lysozyme , found in animal saliva , egg white , and other secretions . Phage lytic enzymes ( lysins ) produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells. Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics cause
336-438: The bacteria in starving conditions they aggregated into mounds of 100,000 cells. Myxococcus are able to prey and thrive on soil bacteria, plant pathogens, cyanobacteria. Multiple studies have shown that under laboratory conditions Myxococcus can thrive off these prey species. Myxococcus are able to prey using gliding motility. There are two of these systems: (i) s ocial (S)-motility and adventurous (A)-motility . Social motility
360-1516: The bacteria to coordinate their activities and improve their chances of survival. Myxococcus secretes antibiotics and bacteriolytic enzymes to kill their prey. Because of this, there has been speculation of using Myxococcus as novel antibacterial strategies. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) M. fulvus (Cohn 1875) Jahn 1911 M. dinghuensis Wang et al. 2023 M. stipitatus Thaxter 1897 Pyxidicoccus xibeiensis Wang et al. 2023 Pyxidicoccus fallax corrig. Reichenbach 2007 Pyxidicoccus trucidator Chambers et al. 2020 M. guangdongensis Wang et al. 2023 M. qinghaiensis Wang et al. 2023 M. eversor Chambers et al. 2021 M. llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis Chambers et al. 2021 M. vastator Chambers et al. 2021 M. macrosporus (Krzemieniewska & Krzemieniewski 1926) Zahler & McCurdy 1974 M. virescens Thaxter 1892 M. xanthus Beebe 1941 M. stipitatus M. fulvus M. eversor M. llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis Pyxidicoccus fallax Pyxidicoccus caerfyrddinensis Chambers et al. 2020 Pyxidicoccus trucidator " M. hansupus " Sharma et al. 2016 M. macrosporus M. vastator M. virescens M. xanthus Myxococcaceae Myxococcaceae
384-407: The cell. Cytolysis can be prevented by several different mechanisms, including the contractile vacuole that exists in some paramecia , which rapidly pump water out of the cell. Cytolysis does not occur under normal conditions in plant cells because plant cells have a strong cell wall that contains the osmotic pressure, or turgor pressure , that would otherwise cause cytolysis to occur. Oncolysis
408-448: The choice of lysis mechanism; often it is desirable to avoid mechanical shear forces that would denature or degrade sensitive macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA , and different types of detergents can yield different results. The unprocessed solution immediately after lysis but before any further extraction steps is often referred to as a crude lysate . For example, lysis is used in western and Southern blotting to analyze
432-434: The composition of specific proteins , lipids , and nucleic acids individually or as complexes . Depending on the detergent used, either all or some membranes are lysed. For example, if only the cell membrane is lysed then gradient centrifugation can be used to collect certain organelles . Lysis is also used for protein purification , DNA extraction , and RNA extraction . This method uses chemical disruption. It
456-566: The contraction of the cell membrane . Erythrocytes' hemoglobin release free radicals in response to pathogens when lysed by them. This can damage the pathogens. Cell lysis is used in laboratories to break open cells and purify or further study their contents. Lysis in the laboratory may be affected by enzymes or detergents or other chaotropic agents . Mechanical disruption of cell membranes, as by repeated freezing and thawing, sonication , pressure, or filtration may also be referred to as lysis. Many laboratory experiments are sensitive to
480-478: The death of bacteria through enzyme-mediated lysis that occurs after the drug causes the bacterium to form a defective cell wall . If the cell wall is completely lost and the penicillin was used on gram-positive bacteria , then the bacterium is referred to as a protoplast , but if penicillin was used on gram-negative bacteria , then it is called a spheroplast . Cytolysis occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to move into
504-505: The genetic program underlying fruiting body formation in various Myxococci is not conserved, leading to diverse reactions in all Myxococcus species. Rather than chemotaxis used by other microorganisms for cell-cell communication , Myxococcus, specifically M. xanthus , a species of Myxococcus, has been found to use direct cell-to-cell communication to form fruiting bodies. In addition, Myxococcus prey interacts with one another by sending quorum signals using acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). It
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#1732793095608528-445: The genus, like most bacterial genera, has a core set of genes found in all members of the genus, along with others that are confined to particular species. The identity of Myxococcus species therefore continues to change. An example where taxonomy may be changed is that comparisons of genome sequences and biochemical tests indicated that M. xanthus and M. virescens were not distinguishable. One notable characteristic of Myxococcus
552-421: The surface of other cells. This interaction triggers a cascade of events that leads to the formation of fruiting bodies. Quorum sensing is essential for the survival of Myxococcus. By aggregating into fruiting bodies, the bacteria can protect themselves from predators and desiccation. They can also produce spores that can survive in harsh environments until conditions improve. Quorum sensing is a complex process that
576-451: Was discovered that AHLs increased some Myxococcus colonies' predatory behavior and growth rates. Therefore, the predatory behavior of these Myxococcus bacteria appears to be enhanced by the presence of xenic quorum signaling molecules. Some Myxococcus bacteria employ AHLs as indicators of nearby prey, possibly listening in on talks between prey creatures in the wild. This cooperation between different individual Myxococcus allows them to act as
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