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72-487: Ardiseaceae Juss. Myrsinoideae is a subfamily of the family Primulaceae in the order Ericales . It was formerly recognized as the family Myrsinaceae , or the myrsine family , consisting of 35 genera and about 1000 species. It is widespread in temperate to tropical climates extending north to Europe , Siberia , Japan , Mexico , and Florida , and south to New Zealand , South America , and South Africa . Plants are mostly mesophytic trees and shrubs ;

144-531: A botany Demonstrator and deputy to L. G. Le Monnier , professor of botany there in 1770. Le Monnier had succeeded Antoine-Laurent's uncle Antoine in 1759. Lectures by eminent botanists, including the Jusssieu dynasty were popular there, especially among pharmacists. His lecture on the classification of Ranunculaceae in 1773 to the Académie des Sciences led to his election as a member that year. In 1784 he

216-475: A bronze statue of "The Snake Charmer" from 1862. The Vivarium is a gallery by Emmanuel Pontremoli from 1926; it is a modernist update of a Classical Greek villa, with an Art Deco portico dating from 1926. Other notable buildings include the Art Deco Ape House from 1934, a ceramic-covered oval building with the cages on the exterior. In 1934, the apes were transferred to Vincennes. The garden has

288-458: A definite group. The names he gave to his uncle's three major groupings were Acotyledon, Monocotyledon, and Dicotyledon. These were then divided into fifteen classes and one hundred families. The most important features of the Genera plantarum are the division into groups and the description and circumscription of the 100 families ( ordines naturales ). With the resumption of his scientific work at

360-438: A distinct calyx and corolla . The calyx is regular and polysepalous. The nonfleshy petals of the corolla are more or less united, closely overlapping. The four or five stamens are usually isomerous with the perianth. The carpel has one style and one stigma , with the ovary unilocular , superior or semi-inferior. The one-seeded, indehiscent fruit is a thin-fleshed berry or drupe . North American species are

432-503: A few are lianas or subherbaceous . Their leathery, evergreen leaves are simple and alternate , with smooth margins and without stipules . They are often dotted with glands and resinous cavities. The latter may take the form of secretory lines. The plants are mostly monoecious , but a few are dioecious . Their small flowers are arranged in racemose terminal clusters, or in the leaf axils . The flowers have four or five sepals and petals . The floral envelope ( perianth ) has

504-533: A large Art Deco winter garden , and Mexican and Australian hothouses display regional plants, not native to France. The Rose Garden, created in 1990, has hundreds of species of roses and rose trees. The garden was formally founded in 1635 as the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants by an edict of King Louis XIII . The garden was put under the authority of the Physician of the king, Guy de la Brosse . It

576-594: A large and successful iron works and foundry in Burgundy, but lived in the garden, in the house that now carries his name. Buffon was responsible for doubling the size of the garden, expanding down to the banks of Seine. He enlarged the Cabinet of Natural History in the main building, and added a new gallery to the south. He also brought into the scientific community of the garden a team of important botanists and naturalists, including Jean Baptiste Lamarck , author of one of

648-695: A major renovation from 1991 to 1994, to house the updated Grand Gallery of Evolution. The National Museum of Natural History has been called "the Louvre of the Natural Sciences." It is contained in a five buildings laid out along the formal garden; the Gallery of Evolution; the Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology; the Gallery of Botany; the Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy; and the Laboratory of Entomology. The Grand Gallery of Evolution

720-427: A more natural environment, is a fifteen-meter-high waterfall. The Alpine Garden was created in 1931, and is about three meters higher than the other parts of the garden. It is divided into two zones, connected by a tunnel. It contains several different microclimates, controlled by the water distribution, the orientation toward the sun, the type of soil and the distribution of the rocks. It is home to plants for Corsica,

792-575: A number of important collections which had belonged to members of the aristocracy, such as a famous group of wax models illustrating anatomy which had been created by André Pinson. The Museum and gardens also benefited from the 1798 expedition launched by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte to Egypt; the military force was accompanied by one hundred and fifty-four botanists, astronomers, archeologists, chemists, artists and other scholars, including Gaspard Monge , Joseph Fourier , and Claude Louis Berthollet . Drawings and paintings of their findings are found in

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864-525: A row of galleries, and on the right by the School of Botany, the Alpine Garden, and greenhouses. The iron grill gateways and fence at Place Valubuert were created in the beginning of the formal garden on the east is a statue of the botanist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck , the director the school of botany beginning in 1788. He is best known for devising the first coherent theory of biological evolution. At

936-454: Is composed of a series of fenced areas, separated by paths, each with "Fabriques" or shelters in pictureesque styles, ranging from rustic to Art Deco . The largest building is the rotunda, built of brick and stone between 1804 and 1812, which unites five separate structures. Its form is said to have been inspired by the medal of the Legion of Honor . It was restored in 1988. It formerly contained

1008-520: Is considered the oldest metallic structure in Paris. The eight iron columns carry a roof in the shape of a Chinese hat, topped by a lantern with a frieze decorated with swastikas a popular motif in the period. The top is inscribed with a tribute to Louis XVI, honouring his "justice, humanity, and munificence", as well as a quotation from Bouffon, in Latin, translated; "I only count the hours without clouds". It

1080-660: Is highly decorated with lace-like iron stairways and detail. It displays a large collection of fossilized skeletons of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates. The garden covers an area of twenty-four hectares (59.3 acres). It is bordered by the River Seine on the east, on the west by the Rue Geofroy-Saint-Hilaire, on the south by the Rue Buffon, and on the north by Rue Cuvier, all streets named for French scientists whose studies were carried out within

1152-494: Is not open to the public. Four large serres chaudes, or greenhouses, are placed in a row to the right front of the Gallery of Evolution. facing onto the Esplanade Milne-Edwards. They replaced the earliest greenhouses, built on the same site in the early 18th century, to house the plants brought to France from tropical climates by French explorers and naturalists. The Mexican greenhouse, which houses succulents,

1224-490: Is separated by an alley from the Australian greenhouse, which hosts plants from that country. They were built between 1834 and 1836 by the architect Rohault de Fleury . Each of the two greenhouses is 20 meters by 12 meters in size. Their iron and glass structure was revolutionary for Paris, preceding by fifteen years the similar pavilions built by Victor Baltard for the Paris markets of Les Halles . A larger structure,

1296-672: Is the main botanical garden in France . Jardin des Plantes is the official name in the present day, but it is in fact an elliptical form of Jardin Royal des Plantes Médicinales ("Royal Garden of the Medicinal Plants "), which is related to the original purpose of the garden back in the 17th century. Headquarters of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( National Museum of Natural History , part of Sorbonne University ),

1368-463: Is the men that so appear who have made, and will continue to make, all the great generalisations of science." De Jussieu and his family have been commemorated by a number of images, including a bust and medallion by David d'Angers (Pierre-Jean David), upon his death. A statue of Jussieu, commissioned for 10,000  Fr by Jean-François Legendre-Héral in 1842, stands in the Galerie de Botanique of

1440-459: Is topped by a picturesque 18th-century cast-iron viewing platform, the oldest work of iron architecture in Paris. The labyrinth was created under Louis XIII , then redone by the garden director Buffon for Louis XVI. At the top is a neoclassical viewing platform called the Gloriette de Buffon. It was made of cast iron, bronze and copper in 1786-87, using metal from the foundry owned by Buffon. It

1512-467: Is used for temporary exhibitions. This gallery is sited next to the Iris garden, which contains 260 varieties of Iris. The building was constructed between 1894 and 1897 by Ferdinand Dutert , a specialist in metallic architecture, whose most famous building was the Gallery of Machines at the 1889 Paris Exposition. The gallery was expanded in 1961 with a brick addition by architect Henri Delage. The interior

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1584-727: The APG III system and onwards, the Myrsinaceae were not recognized, but were sunk into Primulaceae , which in that system is circumscribed very broadly. The following genera, traditionally categorized in Primulaceae sensu lato , should, according to Källersjö et al. (2000), belong to the Myrsinoideae (the clade of Myrsinaceae s. l. ): Anagallis , Ardisiandra , Asterolinon , Coris , Cyclamen , Glaux , Lysimachia , Pelletiera and Trientalis . Juss. Jussieu

1656-519: The Caucasus , North America and the Himalayas . The oldest plant is a pistachio tree, planted in about 1700. This tree was the subject of research by the botanist Sebastien Vaillant in the 18th century which confirmed the sexuality of plants. Another ancient tree found there is the metasequoia , or dawn redwood, a primitive conifer. A large section alongside the formal garden, with an entrance on

1728-559: The Grand Palais and the new railroad station of the gare d'Orsay (now the Musée d'Orsay ). It encloses a rectangular hall 55 meters long, 25 meters wide and 15 meters high, with the glass roof of one thousand square meters supported by rows of slender iron columns. The structure deteriorated, had to be closed in 1965, then underwent extensive restoration between 1991 and 1995. It now presents, through preserved animals and media displays,

1800-446: The "Jardin d'hiver" (Winter Garden), covering 750 square meters, was designed by René Berger and completed in 1937. It features an Art Deco entrance, between two illuminated glass and iron pillars built for nighttime visits. The heating system keeps the interior temperature at 22 degrees Celsius year-round, creating a suitable environment for bananas, palms, giant bamboo, and other tropical plants. Its central feature, designed to create

1872-438: The 1980s, a new home was found for the museum's gigantic collections. The Zoothêque, was constructed between 1980 and 1986 underneath the Esplanade Milne-Edwards, directly in front of the Gallery of Zoology. It is accessible only to researchers, and contains the thirty million specimens of insects, five hundred thousand fish and reptiles, one hundred fifty thousand birds, and seven thousand other animals. The building above underwent

1944-497: The Allee Bequrerel, belongs to the School of Botany, and is dedicated to plants that have medicinal or economic uses. It was originally created in the 18th century, and now has over three thousand eight hundred specimens, organised by genus and family . Regular tours by museum guides are given of this section. One of its special attractions is the " Pinus nigra " or black pine, of the variety Laricio, from Corsica , which

2016-598: The Butte Copeaux, a hill overlooking the garden. It was originally created under Louis XIII , then redone in its present form under Louis XVI, on the site of an old garbage dump. At the beginning of the upward path is a Cedar of Lebanon, planted in 1734 by Jussieu, with a trunk four meters in circumference. The butte was largely planted with trees from the Mediterranean, including an old erable tree from Crete planted in 1702 and still in place. including from in it

2088-626: The French Académie des Sciences (1773), elected foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1788). Jussieu's "natural" system of classification soon replaced the artificial sexual one of Linnaeus. The system of suprageneric nomenclature in botany is officially dated to 4 Aug 1789 with the publication of the Genera Plantarum (Gen. Pl.). The Genera plantarum was far-reaching in its impact; many of

2160-686: The Jardin des Plantes include four buildings containing exhibited specimens. These buildings are officially considered as museums following the French law (they are labelled musée de France ) and the French Museum of Natural History calls them galeries (French for 'galleries'): In addition to the gardens and the galleries, there is also a small zoo , the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes , founded in 1795 by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre from animals of

2232-486: The Jardin des Plantes is situated in the 5th arrondissement , Paris , on the left bank of the river Seine , and covers 28 hectares (280,000 m ). Since 24 March 1993, the entire garden and its contained buildings, archives, libraries, greenhouses, ménagerie (a zoo), works of art, and specimens' collection are classified as a national historical landmark in France (labelled monument historique ). The grounds of

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2304-593: The Jardin des Plantes. Another, by Jean-Baptiste Gustave Deloye is on the balustrade of the Natural History Museum, Vienna (facing Maria-Theresien-Platz ). The Jussieu botanical dynasty is commemorated in the neighbourhood of the Jardin des Plantes by the Place Jussieu, (Quartier Saint-Victor, 5th arrondissement ) Rue Jussieu, the Jussieu metro station and the Jussieu science campus of

2376-487: The Menagerie include the neoclassical Grand Volerie, built for flying animals by Louis-Jules André , the designer of the garden's central building, the Gallery of Evolution. It was built in 1888 of iron, stone and wood, in an oval form. Like the main building of the gardens, it features two neoclassical lantern towers. The Palace of Reptiles is also a work of André. It was built between 1870 and 1874. Its decoration includes

2448-682: The Ménagerie Royale de Versailles, the menagerie at Versailles , which was dismantled during the French Revolution . The Jardin des Plantes maintains a botanical school, which trains botanists , constructs demonstration gardens, and exchanges seeds to maintain biotic diversity . About 4,500 plants are arranged by family on a one hectare (10,000 m ) plot. Three hectares are devoted to horticultural displays of decorative plants. An Alpine garden has 3,000 species with world-wide representation. Specialized buildings, such as

2520-581: The Sultan of Cairo in 1827. On 25 August 1944, Allied American troops (2nd DB) were stationed here for the night after the Liberation of Paris from Nazi Germany. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, the primary mission of the gardens and museums was research. Working in the laboratories there, the chemist Eugene Chevreul first isolated fatty acids and cholesterol , and studied the chemistry of vegetal dyes. The physiologist Claude Bernard studied

2592-780: The University of Paris. The Jussieu family are also commemorated by street names in Marseilles and Lyon , their family home. The Jussieu Peninsula in South Australia is also named after Antoine Laurent Jussieu, as is an asteroid . Jardin du Roi The Jardin des Plantes (French for "Garden of the Plants"), also known as the Jardin des Plantes de Paris ( French: [ʒaʁdɛ̃ dɛ plɑ̃t də paʁi] ) when distinguished from other jardins des plantes in other cities,

2664-643: The animals of the royal menagerie at the Palace of Versailles, who had been largely abandoned during the Revolution. The Duke of Orleans had a similar private zoo, also abandoned. At the same time the government of the Convention ordered the seizure of all the animals put on public display by various circuses in Paris. In 1795, the government acquired the Hôtel de Magné, the large estate of a French nobleman next to

2736-464: The celebrated physician and anatomist Claude Perrault , who was equally famous as the architect; he designed the facade of the Louvre Palace . In the early 18th century, the chateau was given an additional floor to house the collections the royal botanist's medicinal plant collection. This section was gradually turned into galleries to display the royal collection of minerals. At the same time,

2808-474: The collections of the Natural History Museum. The holdings today include 6,963 specimens of the herbarium collection of Joseph Tournefort , donated on his death to the Jardin du Roi. The major addition to the garden in the late 18th century was the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes . It was proposed in 1792 by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, the intendant of the gardens, in large part to rescue

2880-617: The course of the French Revolution, the new government, the National Convention , ordered a complete transformation of the former royal institutions. They created a new Museum of Arts and Techniques, transformed the Louvre from a royal residence to a museum of art, and joined the Royal Garden of Plants and the Cabinet of Natural Sciences together into a single organization: the Museum of Natural History. It also received

2952-470: The earliest theories of Evolution , Under the sponsorship of Buffon, explorers and botanists were sent to different corners of the world to collect specimens for garden and museum. Michel Adanson was sent to Senegal , and the navigator La Perouse to the islands of the Pacific. They returned with shiploads of specimens, which were carefully studied and classified. This research caused a conflict between

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3024-478: The entire plant kingdom, culminating in his epochal work, the Genera plantarum (1789). In preparing this work he had access to a large number of herbaria and botanical gardens . Although at first British and German botanists, firm adherents of the Linnaean system, were wary of what they considered radical ideas emanating from the French revolution, the work soon gained wide acceptance in scientific circles, and

3096-611: The evolution of species. It gives special attention to species that has disappeared or are endangered. The collection of preserved animals includes the rhinoceros brought to France in the 18th century by Louis XV . In front of the Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology stands one of the trees of the royal garden, a Sophora Japonica tree planted by Bernard de Jussieu in 1747. The gallery was constructed between 1833 and 1837 by Charles Rohault de Fleury in neoclassical style, with triangular frontons and pillars. The collection inside includes some six hundred thousand stones, gens, and fossils. Among

3168-548: The functions of the glycogen in the liver. In 1896, the physicist Henri Becquerel , working in a laboratory in the museum, discovered radioactivity . He wrapped uranium salts together with an unexposed photographic plate wrapped in black cloth, to keep out the sunlight. When he unwrapped them, the photographic plate had changed color from exposure to the radiation. He received the Nobel Prize in 1903 for his discovery. The Gallery of Paleontology and of Comparative Anatomy

3240-413: The gallery of zoology, the landmark building that overlooks the formal garden, designed by Jules André , was begun. It was built to contain the immense zoological collections of the museum; the central hall is a landmark of iron construction, comparable to the Grand Palais and the Musée d'Orsay . It was inaugurated in 1888, but thereafter suffered from a long lack of maintenance. It was closed in 1965, In

3312-525: The garden and its museums. The main entrance is on the east, along the Seine, at Place Valhubert, reaching to the Grand Gallery, which copies its width. It is in the style of a French formal garden and extends for five hundred meters (547 yards) between two geometrically-trimmed rows of plane trees. Its rectangula beds contain over a thousand plants. This part of the garden is bordered on the left by

3384-414: The gardens, and installed the large cages that had housed the animals at Versailles. It went through a very difficult early period, when the majority of the animals died, before it was given sufficient funding and more suitable structures by Napoleon. It became the home of animals brought back to France in scientific expeditions in the early 19th century, including a famous giraffe given to King Charles X by

3456-399: The greenhouses on the west and south were enlarged, to hold the plants brought back to France by numerous scientific expeditions around the world. New plants were studied, dried, and cataloged. A group of artists made Herbiers, books with detailed illustrations of each new plant, and the plants of the collection were carefully studied for their possible medical or culinary uses. One example was

3528-428: The group of coffee plants brought from Java to Paris, which were raised and studied by Antoine de Jussieu for their possible medical and commercial use. His studies led to the plantation of coffee in the French colonies of North America. The most celebrated head of the garden was Georges-Louis Leclerc , who served as its head from 1739 until his death in 1788. While director of the garden, he also owned and operated

3600-460: The large animals of the collection, including the elephants and the famous giraffe given to King Charles X of France , which lived there for twenty-seven years. The trenches around the rotunda were part of the residence of bears. In 1934, most of the large animals were moved to the new zoo in the Bois de Vincennes, and now the building is used mainly for events and receptions. The major structures in

3672-504: The marlberry ( Ardisia escalloniodes ) and the Florida rapanea ( Myrsine cubana ). Plants in the subfamily have few economic uses . A few genera, such as Ardisia , Cyclamen , Lysimachia , and Myrsine , are grown as ornamental plants , especially Ardisia crispa and Myrsine africana . One species, Ardisia japonica (Chinese: 紫金牛; pinyin: zǐjīn niú ), is one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine . In

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3744-549: The museum until 1826, when he was succeeded by his son Adrien-Henri . At the museum he published many papers in the museum's annals ( Annales du Museum d’histoire naturelle 1802–1813) and its succeeding Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (1815–), as well as contributing articles to Frederic Cuvier 's Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles (1816-1830). He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge, Les Neuf Sœurs . Jussieu's system of plant classification , based on

3816-533: The museum, Jussieu's publications (some 60 memoirs) largely dealt with further elaborating the principles of the Genera plantarum and more detailed circumscription and description of the families he had named, work that was very much influenced by Joseph Gärtner . Although he worked on a second edition of Genera plantarum , all that was published was his Introductio , posthumously in 1837. Sources: Flourens (1840 , p. lvii); Pritzel (1872) ; Royal Society (1800–1900) Stafleu & Cowan (1979) Member of

3888-694: The notable exhibits is the petrified trunk of bald cypress tree from the tertiary geological era, discovered in Essonne region of France in 1986. In front of the Gallery of Botany is the oldest tree in Paris, a "Robinier Faux Acacia" brought to France from America in 1601. The gallery was built in 1930–35 with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation . The gallery keeps the Herbier National, specimens of all known plant species, with 7.5 million plants represented. The ground floor gallery

3960-417: The number of stamens and pistils , though Jussieu did keep Linnaeus' binomial nomenclature . He extended his uncle's ideas about the value of the characteristics of plants. These characteristics were considered to be of unequal value, with some subordinate to others in a hierarchical system. As Jusssieu put it, plant characteristics should be pesés et non comptés (weighed, not counted), in assigning each to

4032-606: The other end of the formal garden, facing the Grand gallery, is a statue of another major figure in the garden's history, the naturalist Buffon , in a dressing gown, seated comfortably in an armchair atop the skin of a lion, holding a bird in his hand. Between the statue and the Gallery is the Esplanade Mine Edwards, beneath which is the Zoothéque, the massive underground storage area for the museum's collections. It

4104-468: The present-day plant families are still attributed to Jussieu. Morton's 1981 History of botanical science counts 76 of Jussieu's families conserved in the ICBN , versus just 11 for Linnaeus, for instance. Writing of the natural system, Sydney Howard Vines remarked: "The glory of this crowning achievement belongs to Jussieu: he was the capable man who appeared precisely at the psychological moment, and it

4176-603: The relative value of their characteristics, served as the basis for natural systems of taxonomy. His system was first published in a paper on Ranunculaceae in 1773. The following year he developed the concept further in a paper on the arrangement of plants in the Jardin de Roi, based on the work of his uncle Bernard at the Trianon garden in Versaille. The work dealt primarily with suprafamilial ranks of classification. The following five years were devoted to applying his ideas to

4248-621: The scientists of Royal Gardens and the professors of the Sorbonne over the question of Evolution . The scientists, led by Buffon and his followers, claimed that natural species gradually evolved, while the theologians of the Sorbonne insisted that nature was exactly as it was at the time of the Creation. Since the scientists had the backing of the Royal court, they were able to continue their studies and publish their work. On June 7, 1793, in

4320-427: The two principal alleys of the formal garden, is flanked by two lantern towers. A series of medallions between the bays on the main facade overlooking the garden honors ten of the notable scientists who have worked in the Museum along with an allegorical statue of a woman holding an open book of knowledge. While the exterior is Beaux-Arts architecture , the interior iron structure was entirely modern, contemporary with

4392-423: Was actively promoted by eminent botanists including Robert Brown and A. P. de Candolle . In the Genera plantarum (1789), Jussieu adopted a methodology based on the use of multiple characters to define groups, an idea derived from naturalist Michel Adanson . This was a significant improvement over the "artificial" system of Linnaeus , whose most popular work classified plants into classes and orders based on

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4464-403: Was also Director of the museum from 1794 to 1795, and again from 1798 to 1800. Jussieu immediately set about setting up a herbarium , a task greatly facilitated by the seizure of foreign collections by the revolutionary armies, and by the confiscation of the assets of the church and aristocracy. In 1808, Napoleon appointed him to the position of counsellor of the university. He remained at

4536-404: Was appointed to a Royal Commission by Louis XVI , as one of five commissionaires to investigate animal magnetism , publishing a dissenting opinion from the majority, suggesting further investigation was required. The publication of Jussieu's Genera plantarum in 1789 was rapidly followed by the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789–1799). Jussieu adhered to the revolutionary principles and

4608-518: Was appointed to a position in the municipal government of Paris, where he had the task of managing all the hospitals. With the overthrow of the monarchy, the Jardin du Roi was renamed the Jardin des plantes, and Jussieu was instrumental in reorganizing the Jardin as the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in 1790, where he became a professor of botany, holding the chair in Botanique à la campagne. He

4680-465: Was born in Lyon , France, in 1748, as one of 10 children, to Christophle de Jussieu, an amateur botanist . His father's three younger brothers were also botanists. He went to Paris in 1765 to be with his uncle Bernard and to study medicine , graduating with a doctorate in 1770, with a thesis on animal and vegetable physiology. His uncle introduced him to the Jardin du Roi , where he was appointed as

4752-613: Was designed by Jules André , whose other works in Paris included, in collaboration with Henri Labrouste . the Beaux-arts Bibliotheque National . He became architect of the museum in 1867, and his works are found throughout the Jardin des Plantes. It opened during the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889 , though it was not finished as intended; it still lacks a grand facade on the side of rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire. The main facade, facing

4824-411: Was laid out in its current form between 1798 and 1836, and occupies 5.5 hectares (13.6 acres). Besides displaying and studying animals, it has the mission, in cooperation with the zoos of other European cities, to preserve the genetic pool of certain endangered species, with the longer-term goal of trying to re-introduce some of these species into nature. The menagerie, in the style of 19th century zoos,

4896-442: Was opened in 1898, replacing structures built between 1795 and 1807, to contain and display the thousands of skeletons the museum had collected. The buildings of menagerie were also expanded, with the construction of immense Bird House, by architect Jules André , 12 meters high, 37 meters long and 25 meters long, The appearance of the gardens changed in late 19th and early 20th century with the construction of new buildings. In 1877,

4968-632: Was originally equipped with a precise clock which chimed exactly at noon, but it disappeared in 1795. Nearby is the Lion Fountain, built in 1834 into the wall of a former reservoir. It is decorated with two bronze lions made in 1863 by the noted animal sculptor Henri Jacquemart. The Menagerie is the second-oldest public zoo in the world still in operation (following the Tiergarten Schönbrunn in Vienna, Austria), founded in 1752. It

5040-451: Was planted in 1811. In the center of the garden is monument to the botanist Bernardin de Saint-Pierre . the last director of the garden named by the King before the French Revolution , and the creator of the menagerie. He is better known in France as the author of a well-known romantic novel, " Paul et Virginie ", published in 1788. The Grand Labyrinth features a winding path to the top of

5112-644: Was planted in the garden by Jussieu in the 1770s. The small garden is placed directly behind the Winter Garden greenhouse. Its prominent features are a large oriental plane tree from the Orient, planted by Buffon in 1785, and a Ginkgo biloba , a tree originating in China considered a living fossil, since traces show that these trees existed in the Second Era of living things, as defined by botanists. It

5184-506: Was staffed by a group of "demonstrateurs", who lectured visitors, particularly future physicians and pharmacists, on botany, chemistry, and geology, illustrated by the garden collections. In 1673, under Louis XIV, and his new royal physician and director of the Garden, Guy-Crescent Fagon , great-nephew of Guy de la Brosse, the garden was given a new amphitheater, where dissections and other medical courses were conducted. The lecturers included

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