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23-504: The precise limits of Mysia are difficult to assign. The Phrygian frontier was fluctuating, while in the northwest the Troad was only sometimes included in Mysia. The northern portion was known as "Lesser Phrygia" or ( Ancient Greek : μικρὰ Φρυγία , romanized :  mikra Phrygia ; Latin : Phrygia Minor ), while the southern was called "Greater Phrygia" or "Pergamene Phrygia". Mysia

46-679: A Greek; Telephus later pleads with Achilles to heal the wound. This coastal region ruled by Telephus is alternatively named "Teuthrania" in Greek mythology, as it was previously ruled by King Teuthras . In the Iliad , Homer represents the Mysians as allies of Troy, with the Mysian forces led by Ennomus (a prophet) and Chromius , sons of Arsinous . Homeric Mysia appears to have been much smaller in extent than historical Mysia, and did not extend north to

69-587: A reed. The Troad is first mentioned by that name in Hittite records as Taruiša . This identification was first put forth by Emil Forrer , but largely disputed by most Hittite experts until 1983 when Houwink ten Cate showed that two fragments were from the same original cuneiform tablet and in his discussion of the restored letter showed that Taruiša and Wiluša (Troy) were correctly placed in northwestern Anatolia. Greek settlements flourished in Troas during

92-728: A small number of references to a Lutescan language indigenous to Mysia in Aeolic Greek sources. Under the Persian Achaemenid Empire , the northwest corner of Asia Minor, still occupied by Phrygians but mainly by Aeolians , was called "Phrygia Minor" – and by the Greeks "Hellespontos". After Rome's defeat of Antiochus the Great in the Roman-Syrian War of 192 to 188 BC, the area, which had been held by

115-436: A source of life by the Greeks, who depicted them on their coins as river-gods reclining by a stream and holding a reed. The Troad is first mentioned by that name in Hittite records as Taruiša . This identification was first put forth by Emil Forrer , but largely disputed by most Hittite experts until 1983 when Houwink ten Cate showed that two fragments were from the same original cuneiform tablet and in his discussion of

138-697: Is a historical region in northwestern Anatolia . It corresponds with the Biga Peninsula ( Turkish : Biga Yarımadası ) in the Çanakkale province of modern Turkey . Bounded by the Dardanelles to the northwest, by the Aegean Sea to the west and separated from the rest of Anatolia by the massif that forms Mount Ida , the Troad is drained by two main rivers , the Scamander ( Karamenderes ) and

161-572: The Aegean Sea , passing within a few miles of Pergamon . In the northern portion of the province are two considerable lakes, Artynia or Apolloniatis (Abulliont Geul) and Aphnitis (Maniyas Geul), which discharge their waters into the Macestus from the east and west respectively. The most important cities were Pergamon in the valley of the Caïcus , and Cyzicus on the Propontis . The whole sea-coast

184-656: The Archaic and Classical ages, as evidenced by the number of Greek poleis that coined money in their own names. The region was part of the satrapy (province) of Hellespontine Phrygia of the Achaemenid Empire until its conquest by Alexander the Great . After this it fell to the Diadoch Seleucid Empire , and then passed to Rome's ally, the kingdom of Pergamon. The Attalid kings of Pergamon (now Bergama ) later ceded Mysia, including

207-687: The Biga Peninsula ( Turkish : Biga Yarımadası ) in the Çanakkale province of modern Turkey . Bounded by the Dardanelles to the northwest, by the Aegean Sea to the west and separated from the rest of Anatolia by the massif that forms Mount Ida , the Troad is drained by two main rivers , the Scamander ( Karamenderes ) and the Simois , which join at the area containing the ruins of Troy . Mount Ida , called by Homer "many-fountain" (πολυπίδαξ), sourced several rivers, including Rhesos, Heptaporos, Caresus , Rhodios , Granicus (Granikos), Aesepus , Skamandros and Simoeis ; these rivers were deified as

230-746: The Diadoch Seleucid Empire , passed to Rome's ally, the Attalid kingdom , and, on the death of King Attalus III in 133 BC, to Rome itself, which made it part of the province of Asia and, later, a separate proconsular Roman province , called " Hellespontus ". According to the Acts of the Apostles , the apostles Paul , Silas and Timothy came to (or passed by) Mysia during Paul's second missionary journey . The narrative suggests that they were uncertain where to travel during this part of

253-411: The Simois , which join at the area containing the ruins of Troy . Mount Ida , called by Homer "many-fountain" (πολυπίδαξ), sourced several rivers, including Rhesos, Heptaporos, Caresus , Rhodios , Granicus (Granikos), Aesepus , Skamandros and Simoeis ; these rivers were deified as a source of life by the Greeks, who depicted them on their coins as river-gods reclining by a stream and holding

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276-548: The Aegean Islands. Following its conquest by the Ottoman Empire , the Troad formed part of the sanjak of Biga . The apostles Paul and Silas first visited Troas during their journey from Galatia to Macedonia . Paul also referred to Troas when he asked his fellow evangelist Timothy out of Ephesus , to bring the cloak he had left there, a journey of about 500 kilometres (310 mi). The changes from

299-529: The Great . After this it fell to the Diadoch Seleucid Empire , and then passed to Rome's ally, the kingdom of Pergamon. The Attalid kings of Pergamon (now Bergama ) later ceded Mysia, including the territory of the Troad, to the Roman Republic , on the death of King Attalus III in 133 BC. Under the Roman Empire , the territory of the Troad became part of the province of Asia , and later of

322-605: The Hellespont or the Propontis. Homer does not mention any cities or landmarks in Mysia, and it is not clear exactly where Homeric Mysia was situated, although it was probably located somewhere between the Troad (to the northwest of Mysia) and Lydia/Maeonia (to its south). A number of Mysian inscriptions have survived in a dialect of the Phrygian language , written using a variant of the Phrygian alphabet . There are also

345-753: The journey, being "forbidden by the Holy Spirit to preach the word in Asia ". Shortly afterwards Paul had a vision of a " man of Macedonia " who invited the apostles to travel westwards to Macedonia . The remains of several Roman bridges can still be found: [REDACTED] Media related to Mysia at Wikimedia Commons 40°00′N 28°30′E  /  40.0°N 28.5°E  / 40.0; 28.5 Troad The Troad ( / ˈ t r oʊ ˌ æ d / or / ˈ t r oʊ ə d / ; Greek : Τρωάδα , Troáda ) or Troas ( / ˈ t r oʊ ə s / ; Ancient Greek : Τρῳάς , Trōiás or Τρωϊάς , Trōïás )

368-674: The neighbourhood of the Gulf of Adramyttium. The major rivers in the northern part of the province are the Macestus and its tributary the Rhyndacus , both of which rise in Phrygia and, after diverging widely through Mysia, unite their waters below the lake of Apolloniatis about 15 miles (24 km) from the Propontis. The Caïcus in the south rises in Temnus, and from thence flows westward to

391-418: The restored letter showed that Taruiša and Wiluša (Troy) were correctly placed in northwestern Anatolia. Greek settlements flourished in Troas during the Archaic and Classical ages, as evidenced by the number of Greek poleis that coined money in their own names. The region was part of the satrapy (province) of Hellespontine Phrygia of the Achaemenid Empire until its conquest by Alexander

414-532: The smaller Mysian province Hellespontus; it was important enough to have suffragan bishoprics, including Pionia (now Avcılar). Under the later Byzantine Empire , it was included in the thema of the Aegean Islands. Following its conquest by the Ottoman Empire , the Troad formed part of the sanjak of Biga . The apostles Paul and Silas first visited Troas during their journey from Galatia to Macedonia . Paul also referred to Troas when he asked his fellow evangelist Timothy out of Ephesus , to bring

437-431: The story, being recounted as "they" to "we" in Acts 16 and Acts 20 , imply that Paul was joined by Luke when he went through Troas. Troad The Troad ( / ˈ t r oʊ ˌ æ d / or / ˈ t r oʊ ə d / ; Greek : Τρωάδα , Troáda ) or Troas ( / ˈ t r oʊ ə s / ; Ancient Greek : Τρῳάς , Trōiás or Τρωϊάς , Trōïás ) is a historical region in northwestern Anatolia . It corresponds with

460-413: The territory of the Troad, to the Roman Republic , on the death of King Attalus III in 133 BC. Under the Roman Empire , the territory of the Troad became part of the province of Asia , and later of the smaller Mysian province Hellespontus; it was important enough to have suffragan bishoprics, including Pionia (now Avcılar). Under the later Byzantine Empire , it was included in the thema of

483-495: The whole of the northwest corner of Asia Minor, between the Hellespont and the Propontis to the north, Bithynia and Phrygia to the east, Lydia to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The chief physical features of Mysia are the two mountains — Mount Olympus at (7600 ft) in the north and Mount Temnus in the south, which for some distance separates Mysia from Lydia and afterwards prolonged through Mysia to

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506-422: Was in later times also known as Hellespontine Phrygia ( Ancient Greek : Ἑλλησποντιακὴ Φρυγία , romanized :  Hellespontiake Phrygia ; Latin : Phrygia Hellespontica ) or "Acquired Phrygia" ( Ancient Greek : ἐπίκτητος Φρυγία , romanized :  epiktetos Phrygia ; Latin : Phrygia Epictetus ), so named when the region was annexed to the Attalid kingdom . Under Augustus , Mysia occupied

529-621: Was studded with Greek towns, several of which were places of considerable importance; thus the northern portion included Parium , Lampsacus and Abydos , and the southern Assos , Adramyttium . Further south, on the Eleatic Gulf, were Elaea , Myrina and Cyme . A minor episode in the Trojan War cycle in Greek mythology has the Greek fleet land at Mysia, mistaking it for Troy . Achilles wounds their king, Telephus , after he slays

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