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56-636: Mödling lies in Lower Austria 's industrial zone ( Industrieviertel ). The Mödlingbach, a brook which rises in the Vienna Woods , flows through the town. Near Achau it joins with the Schwechat . Woodland occupies a large part of the municipality, part of the Föhrenberge ('Pine Mountains'). Located immediately south of Vienna, and within the boundaries of the district of Mödling, is one of

112-497: A decision on whether to remain or abandon the siege. The Sultan convened an official council on 12 October to deliberate the matter. It was decided to attempt one final, major assault on Vienna, an "all or nothing" gamble. The assault was launched on 14 October, but despite extra rewards being offered to the troops, it was beaten back, with the defenders' arquebuses and long pikes proving decisive. The following day, with supplies running low and winter approaching, Suleiman called off

168-612: A funeral monument for the German commander Nicholas, Count of Salm , head of the mercenary relief force dispatched to Vienna, as a token of appreciation of his efforts. Nicholas survived the initial siege attempt, but had been injured during the last Ottoman assault and died on May 4, 1530. The Renaissance sarcophagus is now on display in the baptistery of the Votivkirche cathedral in Vienna. Ferdinand's son, Maximilian II , later built

224-546: A second siege of Vienna in 1683. In August 1526, Sultan Suleiman I decisively defeated the forces of King Louis II of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács , paving the way for the Ottomans to gain control of south-eastern Hungary; the childless King Louis died, possibly drowning when he attempted to escape the battlefield. His brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria , brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , claimed

280-418: A variety of European mercenaries, namely German Landsknecht pikemen and professional Spanish harquebusiers , sent by Charles V , who was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. Queen Mary of Hungary, who was the sister of Charles V, in addition to 1,000 German Landsknechts under Count Niklas Salm, sent a contingent of 700–800 Spanish harquebusiers . Only 250 Spanish survived. The Spanish were under

336-740: Is a quaint old town with a pedestrian area. The town was the residence of a branch of the Babenberg family, as a result of which it received the nickname Babenbergerstadt ('Town of the Babenbergs'). Traces of the first settlements of the Hallstatt culture from the Neolithic era were found on the Kalenderberg. Roman coins and a Roman burial site have been found near today's railway station. After Charlemagne 's victory in 803 AD against

392-411: Is one of the nine states of Austria , located in the northeastern corner of the country. Major cities are Amstetten , Krems an der Donau , Wiener Neustadt and Sankt Pölten , which has been the capital of Lower Austria since 1986, replacing Vienna , which became a separate state in 1921. With a land area of 19,186 km (7,408 sq mi) and a population of 1.7 million people, Lower Austria

448-462: Is one of the oldest ruins in the area. It dates back to the 11th century. In addition, Black Tower (Schwarzer Turm) looks out over downtown Mödling from the Calendar mountains. It was built over 200 years ago, but is still privately occupied to this day. Lastly, on the walk between Black Tower and Castle Liechtenstein, one will come across a 200-year-old amphitheatre nearly buried in the woods. It

504-469: Is the largest and second-most-populous state in Austria (after Vienna). With a land area of 19,186 km (7,408 sq mi) situated east of Upper Austria , Lower Austria is the country's largest state. Lower Austria derives its name from its downriver location on the river Enns , which flows from the west to the east. Lower Austria has an international border, 414 km (257 mi) long, with

560-719: The Anschluss with Nazi Germany , Mödling was incorporated into the newly formed 24th District of Vienna . In 1954, it became once again a part of Lower Austria . On May 30, 2023, 3 people were killed by fire at the local hospital. Mödling functions as a traffic hub for its direct vicinity. Bus lines connect the town and Südbahn with the surrounding areas. The Südbahn connects Mödling to Vienna, but also to other local centers like Wiener Neustadt by commuter trains. Many bus lines end/start at Mödling's railway station: Most of them lead to Vienna (with different ways) (207, 259, 260, 265, 266, 269, 270...) but also other villages in

616-474: The Avars , the area around Mödling was settled by settlers from Bavaria. About 500 Avar graves were found in the area of the "Goldene Stiege" (very close to today's old city). The first ancient document mentioning "MEDILIHHA ULTRA MONTEM COMMIGENIUM" is dated 8 September 903, when two bishops (of the then Roman Catholic church) exchanged lands. However, in 907 the settlement seems to have been destroyed again. After

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672-505: The Battle of Lechfeld settlement in the area of today's Mödling started again. After this, for some time Mödling housed a relative of the then ruling House of Babenberg. In 1177, Henry the Elder , son of Henry II Jasomirgott , became landlord in an area reaching from Liesing to Piesting and Bruck an der Leitha . You can read this in old documents kept in the nearby monastery of Heiligenkreuz. In Henry's days arts and culture dominated in

728-507: The Czech Republic ( South Bohemia and South Moravia ) and Slovakia ( Bratislava and Trnava Regions ). The state has the second-longest external border of all Austrian states. It also borders the other Austrian states of Upper Austria , Styria and Burgenland as well as surrounding Vienna . Lower Austria is divided into four regions, known as Viertel (quarters): These regions have different geographical structures. Whilst

784-675: The Erlauf river . The most important rivers north of the Danube (on its left bank) are the Ysper , Kamp , Krems , Lainsitz , March and Thaya . South of the Danube (on its right bank) are the Enns , Ybbs , Erlauf , Melk , Pielach , Traisen , Schwechat , Fischa , Schwarza , Triesting , Pitten and the Leitha . Lower Austria is rich in natural caves ; in all 4,082 have been recorded. Most of

840-698: The Mostviertel is dominated by the foothills of the Limestone Alps with mountains up to 2,000  m (AA) (6,500 ft) high, most of the Waldviertel is a granite plateau. The hilly Weinviertel lies to the northeast, descends to the plains of Marchfeld in the east of the state, and is separated by the Danube from the Vienna Basin to the south, which in turn is separated from

896-843: The Mostviertel region, is famous for its landscape, culture, and wine . Administratively, the state is divided into 20 districts ( Bezirke ), and four independent towns ( Statutarstädte ). In total, there are 573 municipalities within Lower Austria. 48°20′N 15°45′E  /  48.333°N 15.750°E  / 48.333; 15.750 Siege of Vienna (1529) [REDACTED] Holy Roman Empire [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire Vassal states : ≈ 120,000–125,000 Unknown, with presumably high civilian fatalities Mediterranean Ottoman–Habsburg War (1540–1547) Ottoman–Habsburg War (1551–1562) Habsburg–Transylvanian War (1556–1567) Ottoman–Habsburg War (1565–1568) The siege of Vienna , in 1529,

952-636: The Ottomans devastated Mödling for the first time during their first siege of Vienna . In 1679, many citizens died of the Black Death . When the Ottomans came again in 1683 , almost all the citizens of Mödling were killed. The second epidemic of the Black Death only brought death to 22 inhabitants, hence the survivors built the monument of the Holy Trinity (Dreifaltigkeits- or Pestsäule) at

1008-496: The massacre in the Linear Pottery settlement area of Schletz 7000 years ago. The history of Lower Austria is very similar to the history of Austria . Many castles are located in Lower Austria. Klosterneuburg Abbey , located here, is one of the oldest abbeys in Austria. Before World War II , Lower Austria had the largest number of Jews in the country. The names Lower Austria and Upper Austria are derived from

1064-579: The Battle of Mohács to the Austrians, including Buda , which fell on 8 September. The only resistance came at Pozsony , where the Turkish fleet was bombarded as it sailed up the Danube . As the Ottomans advanced towards Vienna, the city's population organised an ad-hoc resistance formed from local farmers, peasants, and civilians determined to repel the inevitable attack. The defenders were supported by

1120-528: The Diet of Pozsony (modern Bratislava ) on 26 October, Ferdinand was declared king of Royal Hungary due to the agreement between his and Louis's families, cemented by Ferdinand's marriage to Louis's sister Anna and Louis's marriage to Ferdinand's sister Mary . Ferdinand set out to enforce his claim on Hungary and captured Buda in 1527, only to relinquish his hold on it in 1529 when an Ottoman counter-attack stripped Ferdinand of all his territorial gains. In

1176-744: The Freiheitsplatz. In the early 19th century, Ludwig van Beethoven often visited his favorite pub, the Three Ravens, in Mödling. Arnold Schoenberg lived in Mödling between 1918 and 1925, and invented his twelve-tone technique of composition there. On 18 November 1875, Mödling was designated a city. From 1883 to 1932, Mödling was the starting point of the Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram , Austria's first electric railway and world's first long-lasting tram with overhead lines. In 1938, after

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1232-562: The Habsburgs. The attack on Vienna led to a rapprochement between Charles V and Pope Clement VII , and contributed to the Pope's coronation of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor on February 24, 1530. The outcome of the campaign was presented as a success by the Ottomans, who used the opportunity to show off their imperial grandeur by staging elaborate ceremonies for the circumcision of princes Mustafa , Mehmed , and Selim . Ferdinand I erected

1288-872: The Marchfeld on 26 August 1278 marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the House of Habsburg in Austria and Central Europe. During the Ottoman wars in Europe , Lower Austria was the target of repeated raids by the Tatars and Ottoman Akinji mounted paramilitary units , with many people taken into slavery . Lower Austria was the site of the Battles of Wagram and Aspern , fought between invading French troops under Napoleon and an Austrian army led by Archduke Charles in 1809. The gross domestic product (GDP) of

1344-601: The Ottoman army incorporated a contingent from Moldavia and renegade Serbian warriors from the army of John Zápolya . Suleiman acted as the commander-in-chief (as well as personally leading his force), and in April he appointed his Grand Vizier (the highest Ottoman minister), a Greek former slave called Ibrahim Pasha , as Serasker , a commander with powers to give orders in the sultan's name. Suleiman launched his campaign on 10 May, 1529 and faced numerous obstacles from

1400-405: The Ottoman force. Instead of going ahead with a second siege attempt, the Ottoman force turned back, laying waste the south-eastern Austrian state of Styria in their retreat. The two Viennese campaigns in essence marked the extreme limit of Ottoman logistical capability to field large armies deep in central Europe at the time. The 1529 campaign produced mixed results. Buda was brought back under

1456-467: The Südbahn. Historically, Mödling was the site of Austria's first electrified tram line , which had mainly touristic use. In the old days, because of the rail-connection to the north/Vienna and to the south, several large industries had their plants here. Today most of the firms are SMEs . The larger ones have moved to Wiener Neudorf into the 'Industriezentrum Niederösterreich Süd'. The Mödling area in

1512-462: The Vienna Forest contains many old castles ( German : Burgen ) and ruins. Castle Liechtenstein is the most famous and biggest castle. It was owned by the wealthy family who later founded the country of the same name. Opposite the castle is Schloss Liechtenstein (Maria Enzersdorf) , a former summer residence of the princely Liechtenstein family. Burgruine Mödling also stands nearby and

1568-750: The Vienna Woods by a line of thermal springs (the Thermenlinie ) running north to south. Other mountains in Lower Austria may be found at Category:Mountains of Lower Austria . The state border with Styria runs over both passes. Almost all of Lower Austria is drained by the Danube. The only river that flows into the North Sea (via the Moldau and the Elbe ) is the Lainsitz in northern Waldviertel ,

1624-603: The aftermath of the 1526 Battle of Mohács , which had resulted in the death of Louis II , King of Hungary , and the descent of the kingdom into civil war. Following Louis' death, rival factions within Hungary selected two successors: Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria , supported by the House of Habsburg , and John Zápolya . Zápolya would eventually seek aid from, and become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, after Ferdinand began to take control of western Hungary, including

1680-496: The botanist August Neilreich , or the 'Deutsche Alant' ( Inula germanica ). thumb|125px|Ludwig van Beethoven, 1820 Mödling is twinned with Planned partner city relations: Lower Austria Lower Austria ( German : Niederösterreich pronounced [ˈniːdɐˌ(ʔ)øːstɐraɪç] , abbreviated LA or NÖ ; Bavarian : Niedaöstareich ; Slovak : Dolné Rakúsko [ˈdɔlnɛː ˈrakuːskɔ] ; Czech : Dolní Rakousy [ˈdolɲiː ˈrakousɪ] )

1736-484: The castle of Mödling; the famous minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide stayed there more than once. The Spitalkirche and today's St. Othmar were built in the 15th century, the Karner ( charnel house ) in the 12th. Even in these times, Mödling grew grapes; after Langenlois , it was the largest grape-growing community in Lower Austria. In 1343, Duke Albrecht II granted the rights of a market town to Mödling. In 1529,

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1792-804: The caves have formed in limestone and dolomite rocks and are therefore called karst caves . Cavities also form in the marble of the Central Alps and the Bohemian Massif. Among the largest caves in Lower Austria are: The last two are open as show caves , along with the Allander stalactite cave, the Unicorn Cave , the Hochkarschacht , the Nixhöhle and the Ötschertropfsteinhöhle . More than 200 Neolithic people were killed during

1848-508: The city could withstand a lengthy siege, he blocked the four city gates and reinforced the walls, which in some places were no more than six feet thick, and erected earthen bastions and an inner earthen rampart , levelling buildings where necessary to clear room for defences. The Ottoman army that arrived in late September had been depleted during the long advance into Austrian territory, leaving Suleiman short of camels and heavy artillery. Many of his troops arrived at Vienna in poor health after

1904-467: The city of Buda . The Ottoman attack on Vienna was part of the empire's intervention into the Hungarian conflict, and in the short term sought to secure Zápolya's position. Historians offer conflicting interpretations of the Ottoman's long-term goals, including the motivations behind the choice of Vienna as the campaign's immediate target. Some modern historians suggest that Suleiman's primary objective

1960-465: The command of Marshal Luis de Ávalos , with captains Juan de Salinas, Jaime García de Guzmán, Jorge Manrique, and Cristóbal de Aranda. This elite infantry excelled in the defense of the northern area and with discretion fire prevented the Ottomans from settling in the Danube meadows , near the ramparts, where they could have breached with enough space to work. These elite soldiers also built additional palisades and trap pits that would be essential during

2016-415: The confined space hindered their return to the city. More rain fell on 11 October, and with the Ottomans failing to breach the walls, the prospect of victory began to fade. In addition, Suleiman was facing critical shortages of food, water and other supplies, while casualties, sickness, and desertions began to take their toll. The janissaries began voicing their displeasure at the lack of progress, demanding

2072-416: The control of the Ottoman vassal John Zápolya , strengthening the Ottoman position in Hungary. The campaign left behind a trail of collateral damage in neighbouring Habsburg Hungary and Austria that impaired Ferdinand's capacity to mount a sustained counter-attack. However, Suleiman failed to force Ferdinand to engage him in open battle, and was thus unable to enforce his ideological claim to superiority over

2128-547: The difficult conditions, were lost in large numbers. Sickness and poor health became common among the janissaries, claiming many lives along the perilous journey. Suleiman arrived in Osijek on 6 August. On the 18th he reached the Mohács plain , to be greeted by a substantial cavalry force led by John Zápolya (which would later accompany Suleiman to Vienna), who paid him homage and helped him recapture several fortresses lost since

2184-410: The digging and mining of tunnels below the city's walls by Ottoman sappers , in one case almost capturing Ibrahim Pasha . The defending forces detected and successfully detonated several mines that had been intended to breach the walls. On 6 October, 8,000 men were dispatched to attack the Ottoman mining operations. They succeeded in destroying many of the tunnels, but they sustained heavy losses when

2240-403: The district are destinations: Gießhübel (262), Hinterbrühl , Gaaden ... (364, 365), Guntramsdorf (363) and many more. The closest airport is Vienna International Airport . The town lies close to several major motorways (A2, A23, S1). Until the 1960s, the town was connected to the tram system of Vienna though the line 360 was discontinued after the commuter train system was introduced on

2296-625: The earlier names Austria below the Enns and Austria above the Enns , references to the river Enns . Going down from its source on the northern edge of the Central Eastern Alps , the river crosses Upper Austria, then on its lower reaches forms the boundary between Upper Austria and Lower Austria. In the mid-13th century, it became known as the Principality below the river Enns ( Fürstentum unter der Enns ). The Battle on

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2352-540: The first time a 'Bundesstraße' had been declared a pedestrian area. Nearby is the Eichkogel Nature Reserve, with rare flora, like 'Knollen-Brandkraut' ( Phlomoides tuberosa ) and others, on 'Halbtrockenrasen'. Among the rocks in the Klausen rare plants grow, like the 'Mödlinger Federnelke' ( Dianthus plumarius subsp. neilreichii ), which was discovered as late as the middle of the 19th century by

2408-798: The large red-brick aqueduct of the Erste Wiener Hochquellenwasserleitung . The steep, rocky valley sides of the Naturpark Föhrenberge grow the typical Wienerwald-Schwarzföhren (the austriaca form of the European Black Pine , Pinus nigra ). The settlement dates back to the Neolithic era. Through the centuries, the name of the town evolved from Medilihha to Medelikch , Medling and, finally, Mödling. These names trace back to old Slavic meaning 'slowly running water'. Today there

2464-615: The largest shopping centres in Europe: Shopping City Süd (SCS). Grapes are grown on the slopes of the Wienerwald ; the area is called Thermenregion , where one can find much Heurigen (the most recent year's wine). Wiener Neudorf to the east, and Maria Enzersdorf to the north, merge directly into Mödling. South of Mödling is Gumpoldskirchen , separated by the Eichkogel with its very special flora. In

2520-544: The onset. The spring rains that are characteristic of south-eastern Europe and the Balkans were particularly heavy that year, causing flooding in Bulgaria and rendering parts of the route used by the army barely passable. Many large-calibre cannons and artillery pieces became hopelessly mired or bogged down, leaving Suleiman no choice but to abandon them, while camels brought from the empire's Eastern provinces, not used to

2576-504: The siege and ordered a withdrawal to Constantinople. With unusually heavy snowfall, conditions deteriorated. The Ottoman retreat was hampered by muddy roads along which their horses and camels struggled to pass. Pursuing Austrian horsemen took many stragglers prisoner, although there was no Austrian counter-attack. The Ottomans reached Buda on 26 October, Belgrade on 10 November and their destination, Constantinople, on 16 December. Some historians speculate that Suleiman's final assault

2632-494: The siege. The Hofmeister of Austria , Wilhelm von Roggendorf , assumed charge of the defensive garrison, with operational command entrusted to a seventy-year-old German mercenary named Nicholas, Count of Salm , who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. Salm arrived in Vienna as head of the mercenary relief force and set about fortifying the three-hundred-year-old walls surrounding St. Stephen's Cathedral , near which he established his headquarters. To ensure

2688-565: The spring of 1529, Suleiman mustered a large army in Ottoman Bulgaria , with the aim of securing control over all of Hungary at his new borders by Ferdinand I and the Holy Roman Empire . Estimates of Suleiman's army vary widely from 120,000 to more than 300,000 men, as mentioned by various chroniclers. As well as numerous units of Sipahi , the elite mounted force of the Ottoman cavalry , and thousands of janissaries ,

2744-510: The state was 61.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 15.8% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 32,300 €, or 107% of the EU27 average in the same year. Lower Austria is the state with the second-lowest GDP per capita in Austria. Lower Austria is divided into four regions: Waldviertel , Mostviertel , Industrieviertel , and Weinviertel . The Wachau valley, situated between Melk and Krems in

2800-540: The tribulations of the long march through the worst of the wet season. Of those fit to fight, a third were Sipahis , ill-suited for siege warfare. Three richly dressed Austrian prisoners were dispatched as emissaries by the Sultan to negotiate the city's surrender; Salm sent three richly dressed Muslims back without a response. As the Ottoman army settled into position, the Austrian garrison launched sorties to disrupt

2856-579: The vacant Hungarian throne. Ferdinand won recognition only in western Hungary; a noble called John Zápolya , from a power-base in Transylvania , challenged him for the crown and was recognised as king by Suleiman in return for accepting vassal status within the Ottoman Empire. Thus Hungary became divided into three zones: Royal Hungary , Ottoman Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania , an arrangement which persisted until 1700. Following

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2912-470: The west, a narrow street runs through Vorderbrühl , formally a village in its own rights, and leads to Hinterbrühl . This narrow valley is called Klausen, above it the remains of the Mödling castle, once belonging to the Babenberger , the then-ruling family. On the other side of the Klausen is the Kalenderberg, with the castle of Liechtenstein on its far side. The beginning of the Klausen is marked by

2968-550: Was built in the same time frame as the Black Tower and served as an important cultural centre for the local Mödling population. The well-preserved and revitalized Old City is protected by the Hague Convention . The town hall holds the registry office . Because of its lovely environment many couples choose to marry here. Schrannenplatz and Kaiserin-Elisabeth-Strasse were pedestrianised at the very early date of 1976,

3024-649: Was not necessarily intended to take the city but to cause as much damage as possible and weaken it for a later attack, a tactic he had employed at Buda in 1526. Suleiman would lead another campaign against Vienna in 1532, but it never truly materialised as his force was stalled by the Croatian Captain Nikola Jurišić during the siege of Güns (Kőszeg). Nikola Jurišić with only 700–800 Croatian soldiers managed to delay his force until winter closed in. Charles V, now largely aware of Vienna's vulnerability and weakened state, assembled 80,000 troops to confront

3080-647: Was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna in the Archduchy of Austria , part of the Holy Roman Empire . Suleiman the Magnificent , sultan of the Ottomans, attacked the city with over 100,000 men, while the defenders, led by Niklas Graf Salm , numbered no more than 21,000. Nevertheless, Vienna was able to survive the siege, which ultimately lasted just over two weeks, from 27 September to 15 October, 1529. The siege came in

3136-443: Was to assert Ottoman control over all of Hungary, including the western part (known as Royal Hungary ) that was then still under Habsburg control. Some scholars suggest Suleiman intended to use Hungary as a staging ground for further invasion of Europe. The failure of the siege of Vienna marked the beginning of 150 years of bitter military tension between the Habsburgs and Ottomans, punctuated by reciprocal attacks, and culminating in

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