62-472: Mühlenteich is a lake in Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany. Its elevation is 4 m (13 ft) and its surface area is 0.482 km (0.186 sq mi). The water body is highly indented. There is a prominent southern bay with two smaller islands and a distinct northern bay. The Mühlenteich has a north-south extension of about 1700 metres and a west-east extension of about 400 metres. Large parts of
124-686: A density of Gothic brick architecture as high as in the regions near the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. The central and southern regions of Poland also had some important early stone buildings, especially the famous round churches. Many of these buildings were later enlarged or replaced using brick in a Gothic style. Especially in Flanders , the Netherlands, the lower Rhine region, Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia , Brick Gothic buildings often, but not alway, have some elements of stone ashlar. In
186-478: A time when ordinary people lived very locally based lives, the groups responsible for these buildings were internationally mobile: the bishops, abbots, aristocrats, and long-distance merchants who commissioned the work, and the highly skilled specialist craftsmen who carried it out. For this reason the Brick Gothic of the countries around the Baltic Sea was strongly influenced by the cathedrals of France and by
248-548: Is a specific style of Gothic architecture developed in the south of France. It arose in the early 13th century following the victory of the Catholic church over the Cathars , as the church sought to re-establish its authority in the region. As a result, church buildings typically present features drawn from military architecture. The construction material of Southern French Gothic is typically brick rather than stone. Over time,
310-638: Is found in some of the Gothic buildings of northern Italy, where these highly sophisticated techniques had originally come from, having been developed in the Lombard Romanesque period. There, such brick decorations can even be found on buildings which had been mainly erected in ashlar . Some Italian Gothic brick buildings also have friezes of terracotta . While in central northern Germany and in Greater Poland suitable natural building stone
372-642: Is located in the old harbour area. Nordic Yards Wismar is a shipbuilder located in Wismar and shipbuilding has existed since 1946 at the site. Wismar is twinned with: In addition, since 1991 there is a friendship with Halden in Norway. Brick Gothic Brick Gothic ( German : Backsteingotik , Polish : Gotyk ceglany , Dutch : Baksteengotiek ) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northeast and Central Europe especially in
434-522: Is not exclusively the case. None of these buildings is exactly the same today as in the Middle Ages. For instance, many of them have had alterations in a Baroque style and have then been re-gothicized in the 19th century (or reconstructed after World War II). Especially in the 19th century, some buildings were purified during restoration. In the city halls of Lübeck and Stralsund, medieval window framings of stone were replaced by new ones of brick. At
496-476: Is now called the Old Water Tower, and piped from there. Due to the danger of cholera, the water from the pond was not allowed to be mixed with Metelsdorf water since 1892. This Nordwestmecklenburg location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Wismar ( German pronunciation: [ˈvɪsmaʁ] ; Low German : Wismer ), officially
558-490: Is the capital of the district of Northwestern Mecklenburg . The city's natural harbour is protected by a promontory . The uninhabited island of Walfisch , lying between Wismar and the island of Poel , administratively belongs to the borough of Wismar-Wendorf. It is estimated that Wismar was founded in 1226 under Henry Borwin I, Lord of Mecklenburg from the House of Mecklenburg , a German dynasty of Slavic origin also known as
620-406: Is the creative subdivision and structuring of walls, using built ornaments to contrast between red bricks, glazed bricks and white lime plaster. Nevertheless, these characteristics are neither omnipresent nor exclusive. Many historic structures and districts dominated by Brick Gothic have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites . The real extent and the real variety of this brick architecture
682-547: Is the only remainder of the original Brick Gothic edifice, built during the first half of the 13th century. It suffered heavy damage in World War II, and was partially razed in 1960 during the East German era. St. Mary's Church and the church of St. Nicholas ( Nikolaikirche ) with its very lofty vaulting, built from 1381 to 1460, serve as prime examples of Lübeck 's St. Mary's Churches architectural influence on
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#1732798817088744-477: Is used for commercial trout farming. At times, the Mühlenteich served as Wismar's drinking water supply. When the water pipes from springs near Metelsdorf were cut during the siege of Wismar in 1675, drawing water from only one region proved disadvantageous. Therefore, from 1685 onwards, water was additionally pumped from the mill pond into a former defence tower, which was part of the city's fortifications and
806-622: Is yet to be fully distinguished from the views published in the late 19th and early 20th century, especially the years around the end of World War I, when the style was politically instrumentalized. Indeed, about a quarter of medieval Gothic brick architecture is standing in the Netherlands , in Flanders and in French Flanders . Some of these buildings are in a combination of brick and stone. The towers of St Mary's church in Lübeck,
868-596: The Baltic Sea , directly opposite the island of Poel , that separates the Bay of Wismar from the larger Bay of Mecklenburg . The city lies in the middle between the two larger port cities of Lübeck in the west, and Rostock in the east, and the state capital of Schwerin is located south of the city on Lake Schwerin . Wismar lies in the northeastern corner of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region , and
930-866: The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and later in the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin . Wismar is a typical representative of the Hanseatic League with its city-wide Brick Gothic structures and iconic gabled patrician houses and was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List alongside the historical old town of Stralsund in 2002. Wismar is the seat of Hochschule Wismar , a university of applied sciences, one of nine institutions of higher education in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. With MV Werften Wismar ,
992-522: The Hanseatic City of Wismar ( Hansestadt Wismar ) is, with around 43,000 inhabitants, the sixth-largest city of the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , and the fourth-largest city of Mecklenburg after Rostock , Schwerin and Neubrandenburg . The city was the third-largest port city in former East Germany after Rostock and Stralsund . Wismar is located on the Bay of Wismar of
1054-758: The Holy Roman Empire , the Kings of Sweden in their role as imperial princes were entitled to a seat in the Imperial Diet . Wismar became administrative center of Wismar town and the districts of Pod and Neukloster , and after 1653 the Fürstenhof (prince's court) served as the seat of the supreme court for all Swedish dominions in the Holy Roman Empire. Wismar's fortifications were extended into an effective all-round defence system under
1116-841: The Northern European Lowlands . Since the German part of that region (the Northern German Plain, except Westphalia and the Rhineland ) is largely concurrent with the area influenced by the Hanseatic League , Brick Gothic has become a symbol of that powerful alliance of cities. Along with the Low German Language , it forms a major defining element of the Northern German cultural area , especially in regard to late city foundations and
1178-573: The Obotrites or Niklotides. In 1259, the city became part of the Hanseatic League . Throughout its history, the city has been under control of various German states as well as the Swedish Empire . It was part of Sweden from 1648 until 1803 (de jure until 1903, when Sweden officially renounced its claims to the city), and this Swedish chapter of the city is celebrated annually with a large "Sweden Celebration". From 1815 until 1918, Wismar lay in
1240-791: The Occupation Zone Agreements of the Yalta Conference Wismar became a part of the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany on 1 July 1945, as British troops retreated and Soviet troops took control over the area. During the 1949 to 1990 era of the German Democratic Republic , Wismar became East Germany's second-largest port, after Rostock and developed a shipbuilding industry. Although the GDR government had pledged to restore
1302-537: The Romanesque architecture period. Wooden architecture had long dominated in northern Germany but was inadequate for the construction of monumental structures. Throughout the area of Brick Gothic, half-timbered architecture remained typical for smaller buildings, especially in rural areas, well into modern times . The techniques of building and decorating in bricks were imported from Lombardy . Also some decorative forms of Lombard architecture were adopted. In
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#17327988170881364-580: The gothique tournaisien or Scheldt Gothic of the County of Flanders (where also some important Brick Gothic was erected). One typical expression of the structure of walls, the contrast of prominent visible brick with the plastering of recessed areas, had already been developed in Italy, but became prevalent in the Baltic region. Since the bricks used were made of clay , available in copious quantities in
1426-519: The 12th century as Visemer, Wismar (1147, 1167), Wyssemaria (1229) [1] and is probably of Slavic origin although finally disputed. Wismar could have the same os . origin like the german city Weimar Wismar was part of the Western Slavic Obotrites ' territory. The exact date of the city's foundation is not clear. In the oldest existing document of Wismar of 1229 its civic rights are already established. In 1301 Wismar came under
1488-478: The 13th and 14th centuries Wismar had grown into a flourishing Hanseatic trading hub and an important center of wool processing. Although around 2,000 of its inhabitants perished during the plague of 1376, the town remained reasonably prosperous until the 16th century. With the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 Wismar came under the territorial control of Sweden . Through the acquisition of Wismar and other dominions in
1550-465: The Gothic brick towers of the churches of Wismar and of St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund , stone is not used for structural reasons but to provide a contrast of colours. At St. Mary's of Gdańsk , all five lateral portals and some simple but long cornices are of ashlar. Brick architecture is found primarily in areas that lack sufficient natural supplies of building stone . This is the case across
1612-851: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koszalin , Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kołobrzeg and Church of Our Lady in Sławno and city halls in Stralsund , Szczecin ( Old Town Hall ) and Kamień Pomorski . The most important defensive systems were located in Szczecin and Dąbie (present district of the city of Szczecin) , Pyrzyce , Usedom , Greifswald , Anklam and Stargard with
1674-582: The Lower Rhine have more in common with the Dutch Gothic than with the northern German one. In Bavaria, there is a significant number of Gothic brick buildings, some in places without quarries, like Munich , and some in places, where natural stone was available as well, such as Donauwörth . Several of these buildings have both decorations of shaped bricks and of ashlar, often tuff . Also the walls of some buildings are all brick, but in some buildings
1736-456: The Netherlands it was mostly tufa , in Denmark old squared granite and new limestone . On the other hand, in many regions regarded as typical for Brick Gothic, boulders were cheaper than brick, and therefore many buildings were erected using boulders, and only decorated by brick, all through the period of Gothic architecture. Brick building became prevalent in the 12th century, still within
1798-614: The Northern German Plain, they quickly became the normal replacement for building stone. The so-called monastic format became the standard for bricks used in representative buildings. Its bricks measure circa 28 x 15 x 9 cm to 30 x 14 x 10 cm, with mortar joints of about 1.5 cm. In contrast to hewn-stone Gothic, the bricks and shaped bricks were not produced locally by lodges ( Bauhütten ), but by specialised enterprises off-site. The use of shaped bricks for tracery and friezes also can be found in some buildings of northwestern Gothic brick architecture. Masterly use of these elements
1860-956: The Pomeranian Dukes in Darłowo , remnants of Löcknitz Castle , St. Nicholas collegial church in Greifswald , St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund , St. Mary's Church in Stralsund , St. Mary and St. Nicholas churches in Anklam , St. Mary's Church in Stargard , St. Nicholas Church in Wolin , St. Peter's Church in Wolgast , Cathedral Basilica of St. James the Apostle in Szczecin , Cathedral of
1922-615: The Slavs and the foundation of dioceses at Ratzeburg , Schwerin, Cammin , Brandenburg and elsewhere. The newly founded cities soon joined the Hanseatic League and formed the " Wendic Circle", with its centre at Lübeck, and the " Gotland - Livland Circle", with its main centre at Tallinn (Reval). The affluent trading cities of the Hansa were characterised especially by religious and secular representative architecture, such as council or parish churches , town halls , Bürgerhäuser , i.e.
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1984-645: The areas dominated by the Welfs , the use of brick to replace natural stone began with cathedrals and parish churches at Oldenburg (Holstein) , Segeberg , Ratzeburg , and Lübeck . Henry the Lion laid the foundation stone of the Cathedral in 1173. In the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the lack of natural stone and the distance to the Baltic Sea (which, like the rivers, could be used for transporting heavy loads) made
2046-697: The areas of colonisation north and east of the Elbe . In the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period , that cultural area extended throughout the southern part of the Baltic region and had a major influence on Scandinavia . The southernmost Brick Gothic structure in Germany is the Bergkirche (mountain church) of Altenburg in Thuringia . In the northwest, especially along Weser and Elbe , sandstone from
2108-715: The base of the wall is of stone. Most of the churches share a common distinctive Bavarian Brick Gothic style. The Frauenkirche of Munich is the largest (gothic and totally) brick church north of the Alps . Examples include St. Martin's and two other churches at Landshut and the Herzogsburg (Duke's Castle) in Dingolfing . Brick Gothic in Poland is sometimes described as belonging to the Polish Gothic style. Though,
2170-616: The capital of the district of Nordwestmecklenburg . The historical old town, centered on the huge marketplace (one of the largest in northern Germany at 10,000 m or 110,000 sq ft), is characterized by town houses, manufacture and trading structures of the Hanseatic League, built in Brick Gothic style during the 13th to 15th centuries, 19th-century Romanesque Revival architecture and Art Nouveau houses. Distinctive buildings and military works, built during
2232-408: The city is one of three cruise ship-producing locations of MV Werften (along with Rostock and Stralsund ), and the shipyard with its tall white-blue hall is one of the city's largest employers. St. George's, St. Nicholas' and St. Mary's, of which only the tower is left standing, are the three iconic sacred buildings dominating the skyline of Wismar. The name of the settlement was first recorded in
2294-471: The core building material used to erect walls and cap ceilings. This limited use of stone, as a supplementary building material, was most prevalent in Lesser Poland and was made possible by an abundance of limestone in the region—further north in the regions of Greater Poland , Silesia , Mazovia , and Pomerania the use of stone was virtually nonexistent. Much of the coast of the Baltic Sea in
2356-429: The entire region. The Fürstenhof , a richly decorated specimen of early Italian Renaissance style was once a ducal residence and served later as the seat of the municipal authorities. Built from 1552 to 1565, it was restored from 1877 to 1879. The Old School , dating from about 1300, has not been restored yet. The town hall, rebuilt in 1829, houses a gallery of paintings. The Fine Arts Municipal Gallery Baumhaus
2418-627: The latter's style and repertoire into the new material. The decorative techniques to suit the new material were imported form northern Italy, where they had been developed as part of the Lombard Style . Among these techniques was the use of moulded brick to realize delicate ornament. Brick Gothic drew on Romanesque building (in stone and in brick) of its region, but in its core area Romanesque stone buildings were rare and often humble In character. In most regions of Brick Gothic, boulders were available and cheaper than brick. In some regions, cut stone
2480-411: The local churches and historic sites that had been heavily bombed during the war, this commitment was for the most part not fulfilled. After German reunification in 1990, churches and all historic buildings in the city's town center were restored, and the old towns of Wismar and Stralsund ( c. 110 km or 70 mi to the east), were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . In 2011, Wismar became
2542-636: The most significant Brick Gothic church of the Baltic Sea region, have corners of granite ashlar. Many village churches in northern Germany and Poland have a Brick Gothic design despite the main constituent of their walls being boulders. In contrast to other styles, the definition of Brick Gothic is based on the material (brick), and a geographical area (countries around the Baltic Sea ). In addition, there are more remote regions with brick buildings bearing characteristics of this architectural style further south, east and west—these include Bavaria , and western Ukraine and Belarus , along with eastern England and
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2604-568: The mountains of Central Germany could be transported with relative ease. This resulted in a synthesis of the styles from east of the Elbe with the architectural traditions of the Rhineland. Here, bricks were mainly used for wall areas, while sandstone was employed for plastic detail. Since the brick has no aesthetic function per se in this style, most of the northwest German structures are not part of Brick Gothic proper. The Gothic brick buildings near
2666-680: The need for alternative materials more pressing. Brick architecture here started with the Cathedral of Brandenburg , begun in 1165 under Albert the Bear . Jerichow Monastery (then a part of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg ), where construction started as early as 1149, was a key influence on Brick Gothic in Brandenburg. Romanesque brick architecture remained closely connected with contemporary stone architecture and often simply translated
2728-653: The now well established department store chain Karstadt in Wismar. During World War II , it was the location of a forced labour subcamp of the Nazi prison in Bützow-Dreibergen . Wismar was heavily bombed and destroyed by Allied air raids . As the line of contact between Soviet and other Allied armies formed in Europe at the end of the war, Wismar was captured by the British 6th Airborne Division 's 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion on 2 May 1945, James Hill commanding, in accordance with Operation Eclipse. On 7 May 1945 British Field Marshal Montgomery and Soviet Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky met in Wismar. In accord with
2790-499: The period from the 12th century to 1637 belonged to the Griffins' Duchy of Pomerania . Nowadays its territory is divided into two parts—middle and eastern in Poland and westernmost in Germany. The most outstanding Gothic monuments in this area are Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Kamień Pomorski , Cistercian abbey in Kołbacz , ruins of Jasienica Abbey in Police , ruins of Eldena Abbey (a Danish foundation) in Greifswald , St. Mary's Church in Usedom , Castle of
2852-518: The period of Swedish control during the 17th and the 18th centuries provide another layer of cultural influence. The market square's focal point is the Wasserkunst , an elaborate wrought-iron fountain imported from Holland in 1602. The northern side of the square is occupied by the Town Hall, built in Neoclassical style from 1817 to 1819. Another notable building on the square is a Brick Gothic patrician's home ( Bürgerhaus ) called Alter Schwede (Old Swede), erected around 1380. St. George's Church,
2914-442: The pond shore, especially in the south, are marshy and mostly silted up. The Wallenstein Ditch, which is dammed in the pond, flows into it in the southwest and leaves it again in the north. In addition, the Mühlenbach flows off in the west through the inner city towards the Baltic Sea. Another tributary is a ditch from the south-east. The south-western part of the water body belongs to the nature reserve Teichgebiet Wismar-Kluß. The pond
2976-409: The private dwellings of rich traders, or city gates . In rural areas, the monastic architecture of monks' orders had a major influence on the development of brick architecture, especially through the Cistercians and Premonstratensians . Between Prussia and Estonia , the Teutonic Knights secured their rule by erecting numerous Ordensburgen (castles), most of which were also brick-built. In
3038-594: The production of iron and steel, roofing-felt, asphalt, paper and machine industry. International sea trade took place at the local harbour, which was deep enough to admit vessels of up to five metres (16 ft) draught at its quays. Exports included grains, oil-seeds and butter as coal, timber and iron were imported. Wismar was production site for several railroad rolling stock manufacturers and since 1933 home to Norddeutsche Dornier-Werke of aircraft manufacturer Dornier . On 14 May 1881 Rudolph Karstadt opened his first shop ( Tuch-, Manufaktur- und Konfektionsgeschäft ) of
3100-407: The regions along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the use of brick arrived almost at the same time as the art of masonry. But in Denmark , especially Jutland , in the Frisian regions, in present-day Netherlands and in the Lower Rhine region, many high-quality medieval stone buildings were built before the first medieval brick was burnt there. Nevertheless, these regions eventually developed
3162-541: The regions in and around the Baltic Sea , which do not have resources of standing rock (though glacial boulders are sometimes available). The buildings are essentially built using bricks . Buildings classified as Brick Gothic (using a strict definition of the architectural style based on the geographic location) are found in Belgium (and the very north of France ), Netherlands , Germany , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Kaliningrad (former East Prussia ), Switzerland , Denmark , Sweden and Finland . As
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#17327988170883224-407: The right of redemption after 100 years. In view of this contingent right of Sweden, Wismar was not represented at the diet of Mecklenburg-Schwerin until 1897. In 1903, Sweden finally renounced its claims to the town. Wismar still retains a few relics of its old privileges, including the right to fly its own flag. By the end of the 19th century Wismar's most important manufacturing branches were
3286-413: The rule of the House of Mecklenburg . In 1259 Wismar joined a defensive agreement with Lübeck and Rostock , in order to effectively counter the numerous Baltic pirates. Subsequently more cities of the northern Holy Roman Empire would agree to cooperate as commerce and trade was increasingly coordinated and regulated. These policies would provide the basis for the development of the Hanseatic League . By
3348-423: The southern tip of Norway . In the course of the medieval German eastward expansion , Slavic areas east of the Elbe were settled by traders and colonists from the overpopulated Northwest of Germany in the 12th and 13th centuries. In 1158, Henry the Lion founded Lübeck , in 1160 he conquered the Slavic principality of Schwerin . This partially violent colonisation was accompanied by the Christianisation of
3410-516: The style came to influence secular buildings as well as churches and spread beyond the area where Catharism had flourished. In the 19th century, the Gothic Revival—Neogothic style led to a revival of Brick Gothic designs. 19th-century Brick Gothic "Revival" churches can be found throughout Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, Lithuania, Finland, the Netherlands, Russia, Britain and the United States. Important churches in this style included St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham (1841) by Augustus Pugin ,
3472-414: The supervision of Field Marshal Erik Dahlbergh . Remains of these fortifications have been preserved, among other places, in the ‘Lindengarten' to the east of the wall of the old city. During the Scanian War , the town was besieged and captured by Danish forces in 1675. In 1803, Sweden ceded both the town and lordship to the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin for 1,258,000 Riksdalers , but reserved
3534-441: The third so-named edifice on the site, dates from 1404. It had escaped major damage during most of World War II, but on 14 April 1945, three weeks before the end of the war it was badly damaged by " Blockbuster bombs " dropped by the British Royal Air Force. Reconstruction after German reunification, costing some 40 million Euros, was completed in 2010. The 80-metre-high (260 ft) tower church of St. Mary's Church ( Marienkirche )
3596-405: The use of baked red brick arrived in Northwestern and Central Europe in the 12th century, the oldest such buildings are classified as the Brick Romanesque . In the 16th century, Brick Gothic was superseded by Brick Renaissance architecture. Brick Gothic is marked by lack of figurative architectural sculpture , widespread in other styles of Gothic architecture. Typical for the Baltic Sea region
3658-488: The vast majority of Gothic buildings within the borders of modern Poland are brick-built, the term also encompasses non-brick Gothic structures, such as the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków , which is mostly stone-built. The principal characteristic of the Polish Gothic style is its limited use of stonework to complement the main brick construction. Stone was primarily utilized for window and door frames, arched columns, ribbed vaults, foundations and ornamentation, while brick remained
3720-427: The water gate on Ina river called Stargard Mill Gate . Even the Westhoek region in the very north of France , situated between Belgium and the Strait of Dover has instances of northern Brick Gothic, with a high density of specific buildings. For example, there is a strong similarity between the Belfry of Dunkirk [ fr ] and the tower of St Mary's Church in Gdańsk . Southern French Gothic
3782-424: Was available as well. Therefore, besides all-brick buildings, there are buildings begun in stone and completed using brick, or built of boulders and decorated with brick, or built of brick and decorated with cut stone, for instance in Lesser Poland and Silesia . Brick Gothic buildings are often of monumental size, but simple as regards their external appearance, lacking the delicacy of areas further south, but this
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#17327988170883844-451: Was unavailable, trading cities could import it by sea. Therefore, St. Mary's Church in Lübeck , generally considered the principal example of Brick Gothic, has two portals made of sandstone , and the edges of its huge towers are built of ashlars, as normal for Gothic brick buildings in the Netherlands and the (German) Lower Rhine region . And the very slim pillars of its Briefkapelle ( letters chapel ) are of granite from Bornholm . In
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