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33-771: Mulhouse ( pronounced [myluz] ; Alsatian : Mìlhüsa [mɪlˈhyːsa] ; German: Mülhausen [myːlˈhaʊzn̩] , meaning " mill house") is a French city of the European Collectivity of Alsace ( Haut-Rhin department, in the Grand Est region of France). It is near the France–Switzerland border and France–Germany border . It is the largest city in Haut-Rhin and second largest in Alsace after Strasbourg . Mulhouse

66-524: A revised orthography meant for use by all dialects of Alsatian promoted by the Office pour la Langue et les Cultures d'Alsace et de Moselle (OLCA) . The latest version (2016) of Orthal is described below. Not all dialects are expected to use all letters & diacritics. For example, Owerlandisch from Southern Alsace primarily uses the additional vowel letters, Ä À Ì Ü. Dialects from the north (Strasbourg region) make use of more letters including Ë, Ö, Ù and

99-668: A syllable is pronounced as a Short Vowel. e.g., Ross Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants: Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: /kʰ/ and /h/ only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; /ŋ/ never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but [k] . Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed /b̥/ , /d̥/ , /ɡ̊/ . Speakers of French tend to hear them as their /p, t, k/ , which also are voiceless and unaspirated. The phoneme /ç/ has

132-1091: A velar allophone [x] after back vowels ( /u/ , /o/ , /ɔ/ , and /a/ in those speakers who do not pronounce this as [æ] ), and palatal [ç] elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it /x/ in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme /ʃ/ . A labiodental voiced fricative /v/ sound is also present as well as an approximant /ʋ/ sound. /ʁ/ may have phonetic realizations as [ʁ] , [ʁ̞] , and [ʀ] . Short vowels: /ʊ/ , /o/ , /ɒ/ , /a/ ( [æ] in Strasbourg), /ɛ/ , /ɪ/ , /i/ , /y/ . Long vowels: /ʊː/ , /oː/ , /ɒː/ , /aː/ , /ɛː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /yː/ Alsatian nouns inflect by case, gender and number: Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9 Alsacienne de Constructions M%C3%A9caniques The Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (the Alsatian Corporation of Mechanical Engineering), or SACM ,

165-473: Is 350 km (217 mi) from Milan and about 340 km (211 mi) from Frankfurt . It is close to Basel, Switzerland and Freiburg , Germany. It shares the EuroAirport international airport with these two cities. Medieval Mulhouse consists essentially of a lower and an upper town. Mulhouse's climate is temperate oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb), but its location further away from the ocean gives

198-591: Is a subprefecture , the administrative centre of the Arrondissement of Mulhouse . It is one of the most populated sub-prefectures in France . In 58 BC a battle took place west of Mulhouse and opposed the Roman army of Julius Caesar by a coalition of Germanic people led by Ariovistus . The first written records of the town date from the twelfth century. It was part of the southern Alsatian county of Sundgau in

231-655: Is also the main seat of the Upper Alsace University , where the secretariat of the European Physical Society is found. Mulhouse is a commune with a population of 108,312 in 2019. This commune is part of an urban unit also named Mulhouse with 247,065 inhabitants in 2018. Additionally Mulhouse commune is the principal commune of the 39 communes which make up the communauté d'agglomération of Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération (m2A, population 280,000 in 2020). Mulhouse commune

264-549: Is an engineering company with its headquarters in Mulhouse , Alsace , which produced railway locomotives , textile and printing machinery, diesel engines , boilers , lifting equipment, firearms and mining equipment. SACM also produced the first atomic reactor at Marcoule . The company was founded by André Koechlin in 1826 to produce textile machinery. In 1839, he opened a factory to build railway locomotives at Mulhouse in Alsace . The business grew rapidly but in 1871,

297-687: Is known for its museums, especially the Cité de l'Automobile (also known as the Musée national de l'automobile , 'National Museum of the Automobile') and the Cité du Train (also known as Musée Français du Chemin de Fer , 'French Museum of the Railway'), respectively the largest automobile and railway museums in the world. An industrial town nicknamed "the French Manchester ", Mulhouse

330-657: Is one of the nation's hubs for women's volleyball. ASPTT Mulhouse won multiple titles at the National level . The team plays its home games at the Palais des Sports. Additionally, FC Mulhouse Basket is based in Mulhouse. Mulhouse was the birthplace of: Other residents include: Mulhouse is twinned with: Alsatian language Alsatian is closely related to other nearby Alemannic dialects , such as Swiss German , Swabian , Markgräflerisch , Kaiserstühlerisch and

363-432: Is provided by Soléa and comprises a network of buses together with the city's tram network , which opened on 13 May 2006. The tramway now consists of three tram lines and one tram-train line. Motorway A36 is the main axis connecting the city with the west of the country, to cities such as Dijon , Paris and Lyon . The A35 is the main north–south axis, connecting cities such as Strasbourg and Basel . Mulhouse

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396-800: The Holy Roman Empire . From 1354 to 1515, Mulhouse was part of the Zehnstädtebund , an association of ten Free Imperial Cities in Alsace. The city joined the Swiss Confederation as an associate in 1515 and was therefore not annexed by France in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 like the rest of the Sundgau. An enclave in Alsace, it was a free and independent Calvinist republic, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen , associated with

429-470: The "city with a hundred chimneys" ( cité aux cent cheminées ) and "the French Manchester". Between 1909 and 1914 there was an aircraft manufacturer, Aviatik , in Mulhouse. The École nationale supérieure de chimie de Mulhouse , the first school of Chemistry in France, is located in the city. Mulhouse is served by EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg , located 25 km (16 mi) south of

462-690: The French production. Both plants also exported models. However, after the First World War, Mulhouse and Graffenstaden built French steam locomotives, and Belfort specialized in the construction of electric locomotives. During the 1890s the company was particularly noted for its fast and efficient compound locomotives designed by Alfred de Glehn . Diesel engines built at Mulhouse have been sold worldwide primarily for ship propulsion, locomotives and railcars, and as power generators. The range of diesel engines produced by SACM included: MAREP Moteur MGO

495-567: The SACM foundry received a Europa Nostra award for outstanding heritage achievements on industrial and engineering structures and sites in 2010. A new plant devoted to diesel and gas engines has opened in Lyon SACM Power and does the manufacturing and refurbishing of diesel and gas engines and mini-power plants. Production of steam locomotives was originally carried out at Mulhouse and Graffenstaden (for German production), and Belfort for

528-855: The Swiss Confederation until, after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798, it became a part of France in the Treaty of Mulhouse signed on 28 January 1798, during the Directory period of the French Revolution . Starting in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Koechlin family pioneered cotton cloth manufacturing; Mulhouse became one of France's leading textile centers in the nineteenth century. André Koechlin (1789–1875) built machinery and started making railroad equipment in 1842. The firm in 1839 already employed 1,800 people. It

561-582: The United States by a group known as the Swiss Amish , whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in Allen County, Indiana , with "daughter settlements" elsewhere. C , Q , and X are only used in loanwords. Y is also used in native words, but is more common in loanwords. Orthal ( Orthographe alsacienne ) is

594-409: The adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations. In 2023 local French public schools began offering Alsatian immersion for the first time. The programs have proven popular with students and parents but after years of official state suppression of the language, struggle to find enough teachers. A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in

627-510: The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany, brought about the transfer of some production to Belfort in France. In 1872 the company merged with the Graffenstaden company of Illkirch-Graffenstaden (a suburb of Strasbourg ) to form SACM. The new company diversified into the production of boilers, steel equipment, printing equipment, compressors, firearms and other engineering products growing to 4500 employees by 1910. A new foundry

660-440: The border with Basel , Switzerland , will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German Markgräflerland . Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially Strasbourg and Mulhouse ). Since 1992,

693-433: The city colder winters with some snow, and often hot and humid summers, in comparison with the rest of France. The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Mulhouse proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Mulhouse absorbed the former commune of Dornach in 1914 and Bourtzwiller in 1947. As early as the mid-19th century, Mulhouse was known as "the industrial capital of Alsace",

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726-603: The company became a subsidiary of the Company's Hispano-Alsatian machine-building (SHACM) and Alsatian Society of Industrial Investments (ALSPI). In 1970 a new company Alcatel was created by merging The Industrial Telephone Company (a subsidiary of the General Electricity Company), with the Nuclear energy telecommunications and electronic Department of SACM. In 1982, the remaining parts of SACM separated

759-638: The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages , is recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France . France is a signatory to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages

792-481: The diphthong ÈI. In general the principles of Orthal are to: The vowels are pronounced short or long based on their position in the syllable besides the letter type. A vowel at the end of a syllable, without a subsequent consonant, is a long vowel "V" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., hà, sì A vowel followed by a single consonant in a syllable is pronounced as a long vowel "V + C" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., Ros Note – A vowel followed by several consonants ("V + C + C") in

825-990: The other Alemannic dialects of Baden . It is often confused with Lorraine Franconian , a more distantly related Franconian dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring Lorraine . Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of Yiddish origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies. Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable standard German . For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near

858-501: The region to France under the Treaty of Versailles . After the Battle of France in 1940, it was occupied by German forces until its return to French control at the end of World War II in May 1945. The town's development was stimulated first by the expansion of the textile industry and tanning , and subsequently by chemical and Engineering industries from the mid 18th century. Mulhouse

891-452: The start of World War I , but they were forced to withdraw two days later in the Battle of Mulhouse . French forces then reoccupied the city again on 19 August, before retreating again on 28 August having suffered heavy casualties. Alsatians who celebrated the appearance of the French army were left to face German reprisals, with several citizens sentenced to death. After World War I ended in 1918, French troops entered Alsace, and Germany ceded

924-459: The support that would be required by the charter. Alsatian has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France , making it the second-most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan ). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of

957-571: The textile machinery division which closed in August 1986, and became SACM DIESEL in 1989. In 1993, the company changed its name to Wärtsilä SACM Diesel with the Finnish group Wärtsilä Diesel taking full control of the company Mulhouse. The historical Alsatian diesel engine plant closed in late 1999 and has been rehabilitated as an extension of the University of Haute Alsace . The conservation of

990-756: The town. Gare de Mulhouse is well connected with the rest of France by train, including major destinations such as Paris, Dijon , Besançon , Belfort , Strasbourg , Lyon , Marseille , Montpellier and Lille . Some trains operate to destinations in Switzerland , in particular proximity Basel , Bern and Zürich . There is also a train service to Frankfurt am Main in Germany, and a Eurocity service that connects Brussels , Luxembourg , Strasbourg and Basel calls at Mulhouse. Regional services connect Mulhouse to Colmar , Strasbourg, Basel, Belfort , Kruth and Freiburg im Breisgau . Transport within Mulhouse

1023-685: Was built in 1922 for textile machinery. In 1928 the Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston merged with the Electrical Engineering division of SACM to form a new company named Alsthom, (Alsace-Thomson), later changed to Alstom . In 1940, Alsace and Lorraine were again annexed/occupied to the German Reich , the production of locomotives for Germany began. After the war, the remaining divisions of SACM continued operating independently until 1966 when

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1056-625: Was for a long time called the French Manchester . Consequently, the town has enduring links with Louisiana , from which it imported cotton, and also with the Levant . The town's history also explains why its centre is relatively small. Two rivers run through Mulhouse, the Doller and the Ill , both tributaries of the Rhine . Mulhouse is approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Strasbourg and Zürich ; it

1089-642: Was one of the six large French locomotive constructors until the merger with Elsässische Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Grafenstaden in 1872, when the company became Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques . After the Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Mulhouse was annexed to the German Empire as part of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine (1871–1918). The city was briefly occupied by French troops on 8 August 1914 at

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