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35-514: After its initial release on Windows NT, N-World was renamed Mirai . The winged edge 3D modeler in N-World inspired the development at Nichimen Graphics of Nendo, a standalone 3D modeler, which in turn inspired the open source modeler Wings 3D . N-World originated with Symbolics , a computer manufacturer notable for producing Lisp -based systems in the 1980s. Among the software packages that were produced for Symbolics computers are S-Graphics ,

70-450: A 1988 paper by Richard P. Gabriel and Kent Pitman , which extensively compares the two approaches. Common Lisp supports the concept of multiple values , where any expression always has a single primary value , but it might also have any number of secondary values , which might be received and inspected by interested callers. This concept is distinct from returning a list value, as the secondary values are fully optional, and passed via

105-539: A 3D animation suite that includes modules for polygon modeling, dynamics, paint, and rendering — titled S-Geometry, S-Dynamics, S-Paint, and S-Render, respectively. In 1992, Japanese trading company Nichimen Corporation purchased the rights to S-Graphics, ported it to Silicon Graphics IRIX , and marketed it as N-World. N-World retains the Lisp -based underpinnings of its predecessor, but was targeted at interactive content producers, with features useful for game developers. It

140-467: A binding is established at the start of the execution of some construct, such as a let block, and disappears when that construct finishes executing: its lifetime is tied to the dynamic activation and deactivation of a block. However, a dynamic binding is not just visible within that block; it is also visible to all functions invoked from that block. This type of visibility is known as indefinite scope. Bindings which exhibit dynamic extent (lifetime tied to

175-534: A collection of methods . The macro defmethod defines methods. Methods can specialize their parameters over CLOS standard classes , system classes , structure classes or individual objects. For many types, there are corresponding system classes . When a generic function is called, multiple-dispatch will determine the effective method to use. Generic Functions are also a first class data type . There are many more features to Generic Functions and Methods than described above. The namespace for function names

210-890: A dedicated side channel. This means that callers may remain entirely unaware of the secondary values being there if they have no need for them, and it makes it convenient to use the mechanism for communicating information that is sometimes useful, but not always necessary. For example, Multiple values are supported by a handful of standard forms, most common of which are the MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND special form for accessing secondary values and VALUES for returning multiple values: Other data types in Common Lisp include: Like programs in many other programming languages, Common Lisp programs make use of names to refer to variables, functions, and many other kinds of entities. Named references are subject to scope. The association between

245-501: A facility not available in many languages. Common Lisp automatically coerces numeric values among these types as appropriate. The Common Lisp character type is not limited to ASCII characters. Most modern implementations allow Unicode characters. The symbol type is common to Lisp languages, but largely unknown outside them. A symbol is a unique, named data object with several parts: name, value, function, property list, and package. Of these, value cell and function cell are

280-455: A name and the entity which the name refers to is called a binding. Scope refers to the set of circumstances in which a name is determined to have a particular binding. The circumstances which determine scope in Common Lisp include: To understand what a symbol refers to, the Common Lisp programmer must know what kind of reference is being expressed, what kind of scope it uses if it is a variable reference (dynamic versus lexical scope), and also

315-500: A single community standard Lisp dialect. Much of the initial language design was done via electronic mail. In 1982, Guy L. Steele Jr. gave the first overview of Common Lisp at the 1982 ACM Symposium on LISP and functional programming. The first language documentation was published in 1984 as Common Lisp the Language (known as CLtL1), first edition. A second edition (known as CLtL2), published in 1990, incorporated many changes to

350-526: A specific type of members, as in a vector of bits. Usually, only a few types are supported. Many implementations can optimize array functions when the array used is type-specialized. Two type-specialized array types are standard: a string is a vector of characters, while a bit-vector is a vector of bits . Hash tables store associations between data objects. Any object may be used as key or value. Hash tables are automatically resized as needed. Packages are collections of symbols, used chiefly to separate

385-399: Is a data structure with two slots, called its car and cdr . A list is a linked chain of conses or the empty list. Each cons's car refers to a member of the list (possibly another list). Each cons's cdr refers to the next cons—except for the last cons in a list, whose cdr refers to the nil value. Conses can also easily be used to implement trees and other complex data structures; though it

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420-573: Is different from Wikidata Common Lisp Common Lisp ( CL ) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language , published in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S2018) (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999) ). The Common Lisp HyperSpec , a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived from the ANSI Common Lisp standard. The Common Lisp language

455-479: Is often done interactively without interrupting the running application. It also supports optional type annotation and casting, which can be added as necessary at the later profiling and optimization stages, to permit the compiler to generate more efficient code. For instance, fixnum can hold an unboxed integer in a range supported by the hardware and implementation, permitting more efficient arithmetic than on big integers or arbitrary precision types. Similarly,

490-443: Is separate from the namespace for data variables. This is a key difference between Common Lisp and Scheme . For Common Lisp, operators that define names in the function namespace include defun , flet , labels , defmethod and defgeneric . To pass a function by name as an argument to another function, one must use the function special operator, commonly abbreviated as #' . The first sort example above refers to

525-495: Is some conceptual overlap with structures. Objects created of classes are called Instances . A special case is Generic Functions. Generic Functions are both functions and instances. Common Lisp supports first-class functions . For instance, it is possible to write functions that take other functions as arguments or return functions as well. This makes it possible to describe very general operations. The Common Lisp library relies heavily on such higher-order functions. For example,

560-436: Is the name of a function, then the arguments a1, a2, ..., an are evaluated in left-to-right order, and the function is found and invoked with those values supplied as parameters. The macro defun defines functions where a function definition gives the name of the function, the names of any arguments, and a function body: Function definitions may include compiler directives , known as declarations , which provide hints to

595-487: Is useful to provide anonymous functions as arguments. Local functions can be defined with flet and labels . There are several other operators related to the definition and manipulation of functions. For instance, a function may be compiled with the compile operator. (Some Lisp systems run functions using an interpreter by default unless instructed to compile; others compile every function). The macro defgeneric defines generic functions . Generic functions are

630-447: Is usually advised to use structure or class instances instead. It is also possible to create circular data structures with conses. Common Lisp supports multidimensional arrays , and can dynamically resize adjustable arrays if required. Multidimensional arrays can be used for matrix mathematics. A vector is a one-dimensional array. Arrays can carry any type as members (even mixed types in the same array) or can be specialized to contain

665-402: The sort function takes a relational operator as an argument and key function as an optional keyword argument. This can be used not only to sort any type of data, but also to sort data structures according to a key. The evaluation model for functions is very simple. When the evaluator encounters a form (f a1 a2...) then it presumes that the symbol named f is one of the following: If f

700-2019: The winged edge data structure, is written in Common Lisp, and traces its lineage to the S-Geometry software from Symbolics . It has been used primarily by game developers and high-end character animators—for example by Bay Raitt 's facial morph targets for the Gollum character in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . See also [ edit ] N-World graphics software Wings 3D graphics software References [ edit ] ^ Symbolics' legacy in Mirai ^ Comments on Symbolics legacy @ Hacker News External links [ edit ] Official website The Two Towers: Face to Face with Gollum v t e Common Lisp Implementations Allegro CL Armed Bear Common Lisp (ABCL) CLISP Clozure CL CMU Common Lisp (CMUCL) Corman Common Lisp Embeddable Common Lisp (ECL) GNU Common Lisp (GCL) LispWorks Macintosh Common Lisp ManKai Common Lisp (MKCL) Mocl Poplog Scieneer CL Steel Bank Common Lisp (SBCL) Symbolics Common Lisp Software Libraries Quicklisp Library Manager AllegroCache AllegroServe Another System Definition Facility (ASDF) Caveman2 CLiki Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM) CLSQL CL-HTTP CLX Ironclad Weblocks Applications ACL2 Common Lisp Music Common Music Notation ICAD FriCAS Mirai Maxima N-World OpenMusic StumpWM Development environments Allegro CL Clozure CL Hemlock LispWorks SLIME Publications Common Lisp

735-480: The Common Lisp standard are available, including free and open-source software and proprietary products. Common Lisp is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language . It supports a combination of procedural , functional , and object-oriented programming paradigms. As a dynamic programming language , it facilitates evolutionary and incremental software development , with iterative compilation into efficient run-time programs. This incremental development

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770-1187: The Language Paradigms of AI Programming The Art of the Metaobject Protocol On Lisp Practical Common Lisp Object-Oriented Programming in Common Lisp Design committee X3J13 Guy L. Steele Jr. People Scott Fahlman Richard P. Gabriel Philip Greenspun David A. Moon Kent Pitman Robin Popplestone Guy L. Steele Jr. Daniel Weinreb Other Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) Common Lisp HyperSpec Greenspun's tenth rule Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirai_(software)&oldid=979630134 " Categories : 3D graphics software Common Lisp (programming language) software Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

805-698: The argument to the nearest integer, with halfway cases rounded to the even integer. The functions truncate , floor , and ceiling round towards zero, down, or up respectively. All these functions return the discarded fractional part as a secondary value. For example, (floor -2.5) yields −3, 0.5; (ceiling -2.5) yields −2, −0.5; (round 2.5) yields 2, 0.5; and (round 3.5) yields 4, −0.5. Sequence types in Common Lisp include lists, vectors, bit-vectors, and strings. There are many operations that can work on any sequence type. As in almost all other Lisp dialects, lists in Common Lisp are composed of conses , sometimes called cons cells or pairs . A cons

840-504: The compiler about optimization settings or the data types of arguments. They may also include documentation strings (docstrings), which the Lisp system may use to provide interactive documentation: Anonymous functions ( function literals ) are defined using lambda expressions, e.g. (lambda (x) (* x x)) for a function that squares its argument. Lisp programming style frequently uses higher-order functions for which it

875-710: The compiler can be told on a per-module or per-function basis which type of safety level is wanted, using optimize declarations. Common Lisp includes CLOS , an object system that supports multimethods and method combinations. It is often implemented with a Metaobject Protocol. Common Lisp is extensible through standard features such as Lisp macros (code transformations) and reader macros (input parsers for characters). Common Lisp provides partial backwards compatibility with Maclisp and John McCarthy's original Lisp . This allows older Lisp software to be ported to Common Lisp. Work on Common Lisp started in 1981 after an initiative by ARPA manager Bob Engelmore to develop

910-545: The 💕 3D computer graphics software Mirai Developer(s) Izware Written in Common Lisp Operating system Windows Type 3D computer graphics License Proprietary Website www .izware .com /mirai Mirai is a 3D creation and editing suite available originally from Nichimen Graphics Corporation, later from Winged Edge Technologies, and currently from Izware . The modeller uses

945-455: The function named by the symbol > in the function namespace, with the code #'> . Conversely, to call a function passed in such a way, one would use the funcall operator on the argument. Scheme's evaluation model is simpler: there is only one namespace, and all positions in the form are evaluated (in any order) – not just the arguments. Code written in one dialect is therefore sometimes confusing to programmers more experienced in

980-566: The language, made during the ANSI Common Lisp standardization process: extended LOOP syntax, the Common Lisp Object System, the Condition System for error handling, an interface to the pretty printer and much more. But CLtL2 does not describe the final ANSI Common Lisp standard and thus is not a documentation of ANSI Common Lisp. The final ANSI Common Lisp standard then was published in 1994. Since then no update to

1015-599: The most important. Symbols in Lisp are often used similarly to identifiers in other languages: to hold the value of a variable; however there are many other uses. Normally, when a symbol is evaluated, its value is returned. Some symbols evaluate to themselves, for example, all symbols in the keyword package are self-evaluating. Boolean values in Common Lisp are represented by the self-evaluating symbols T and NIL. Common Lisp has namespaces for symbols, called 'packages'. A number of functions are available for rounding scalar numeric values in various ways. The function round rounds

1050-579: The other. For instance, many Common Lisp programmers like to use descriptive variable names such as list or string which could cause problems in Scheme, as they would locally shadow function names. Whether a separate namespace for functions is an advantage is a source of contention in the Lisp community. It is usually referred to as the Lisp-1 vs. Lisp-2 debate . Lisp-1 refers to Scheme's model and Lisp-2 refers to Common Lisp's model. These names were coined in

1085-522: The parts of a program into namespaces . A package may export some symbols, marking them as part of a public interface. Packages can use other packages. Structures , similar in use to C structs and Pascal records, represent arbitrary complex data structures with any number and type of fields (called slots ). Structures allow single-inheritance. Classes are similar to structures, but offer more dynamic features and multiple-inheritance. (See CLOS ). Classes have been added late to Common Lisp and there

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1120-474: The run-time situation: in what environment is the reference resolved, where was the binding introduced into the environment, et cetera. Some environments in Lisp are globally pervasive. For instance, if a new type is defined, it is known everywhere thereafter. References to that type look it up in this global environment. One type of environment in Common Lisp is the dynamic environment. Bindings established in this environment have dynamic extent, which means that

1155-685: The standard has been published. Various extensions and improvements to Common Lisp (examples are Unicode, Concurrency, CLOS-based IO) have been provided by implementations and libraries . Common Lisp is a dialect of Lisp. It uses S-expressions to denote both code and data structure. Function calls, macro forms and special forms are written as lists, with the name of the operator first, as in these examples: Common Lisp has many data types . Number types include integers , ratios , floating-point numbers , and complex numbers . Common Lisp uses bignums to represent numerical values of arbitrary size and precision. The ratio type represents fractions exactly,

1190-429: Was developed as a standardized and improved successor of Maclisp . By the early 1980s several groups were already at work on diverse successors to MacLisp: Lisp Machine Lisp (aka ZetaLisp), Spice Lisp , NIL and S-1 Lisp . Common Lisp sought to unify, standardise, and extend the features of these MacLisp dialects. Common Lisp is not an implementation, but rather a language specification . Several implementations of

1225-499: Was priced at US$ 16,995 (equivalent to $ 32,300 in 2023) for the full suite, later reduced to $ 9,995 when ported to Windows NT in 1997. N-World was used to create graphics for many console games in the 1990s, including Super Mario 64 and Final Fantasy VII . It was superseded by Mirai in 1999. The N-World package, like its predecessor S-Graphics, is divided into several components: The following games were created using N-World. Mirai (software) From Misplaced Pages,

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