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68-400: NCC may refer to: Biology [ edit ] Neural correlates of consciousness , neuronal events and mechanisms relating to perception phenomena Sodium-chloride symporter , abbreviated as NCC Companies [ edit ] National Certification Corporation , a nursing specialty certification company National City Corporation ,

136-434: A "face" cell only fired when the animal indicated that it saw the face and not the pattern presented to the other eye. This implies that NCC involve neurons active in the inferior temporal cortex: it is likely that specific reciprocal actions of neurons in the inferior temporal and parts of the prefrontal cortex are necessary. A number of fMRI experiments that have exploited binocular rivalry and related illusions to identify

204-553: A Canadian federal crown corporation National Citizens Coalition , a right-wing political organization in Canada South Africa [ edit ] National Coloured Congress , a South African political party National Communications Centre , a South African intelligence agency United Kingdom [ edit ] Natural Capital Committee , an independent body advising England's government on valuing and managing nature National Conservative Convention ,

272-663: A Syrian political bloc Religion [ edit ] National Christian Council (disambiguation) , in various countries National Community Church , Washington DC, United States National Council of Churches , USA, or the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA New Creation Church , Singapore Other uses [ edit ] Nanocrystalline cellulose, a freeze-dried form of nanocellulose National Certified Counselor ,

340-542: A UK most senior body of the Conservative Party Newport City Council , a Welsh local government body Northamptonshire County Council , a defunct UK local authority Nottinghamshire County Council , a UK local authority Elsewhere [ edit ] National Citizens' Coalition , Zambian political party Nelson City Council , a New Zealand local government body National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change ,

408-886: A branch of the United States National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center Elsewhere [ edit ] Israel National Council for the Child , Israeli children's rights advocacy organization National Cadet Corps (disambiguation) , Military Cadet Corps in various countries Nature Conservancy Council , a former public body in the United Kingdom Politics and government [ edit ] Australia [ edit ] National Civic Council , an Australian political movement National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board , Australian Government board Canada [ edit ] National Capital Commission ,

476-409: A by-product of the way the retinal axons were wired. Several scholars including Pinker , Chomsky , Edelman , and Luria have indicated the importance of the emergence of human language as an important regulative mechanism of learning and memory in the context of the development of higher-order consciousness. It seems possible that visual zombie modes in the cortex mainly use the dorsal stream in

544-442: A causal explanation, they argue, of why it would not be possible for a functionally equivalent non-conscious organism (i.e., a philosophical zombie ) to achieve the very same survival advantages as a conscious organism. If evolutionary processes are blind to the difference between function F being performed by conscious organism O and non-conscious organism O* , it is unclear what adaptive advantage consciousness could provide. As

612-464: A cause-effect relationship from the neural region to the nature of the percept. Proposals that have been advanced over the years include: what characterizes the NCC? What are the commonalities between the NCC for seeing and for hearing? Will the NCC involve all the pyramidal neurons in the cortex at any given point in time? Or only a subset of long-range projection cells in the frontal lobes that project to

680-966: A class of psychotherapist National Construction Code , publication of minimum requirements for buildings in Australia. New Castle County, Delaware New Clark City Non-compete clause North Crimean Canal Northern Counties Committee , a former Northern Irish railway Nederlandse Centrale Catalogus , the Central Catalog of the Netherlands National Library North Coast Corridor , an infrastructure project in San Diego County, California National Coursing Club , national registration association for British Bred greyhounds See also [ edit ] National Convention Center (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

748-543: A consciousness mode, a vast number of different zombie modes would be required to react to unusual events. A feature that distinguishes humans from most animals is that we are not born with an extensive repertoire of behavioral programs that would enable us to survive on our own (" physiological prematurity "). To compensate for this, we have an unmatched ability to learn, i.e., to consciously acquire such programs by imitation or exploration. Once consciously acquired and sufficiently exercised, these programs can become automated to

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816-450: A critical threshold. At this point, the sustained neural activity rapidly propagates to parietal, prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortical regions, thalamus, claustrum and related structures that support short-term memory, multi-modality integration, planning, speech, and other processes intimately related to consciousness. Competition prevents more than one or a very small number of percepts to be simultaneously and actively represented. This

884-577: A global loss of awareness. Impaired consciousness in epileptic seizures of the temporal lobe was likewise accompanied by a decrease in cerebral blood flow in frontal and parietal association cortex and an increase in midline structures such as the mediodorsal thalamus . Relatively local bilateral injuries to midline (paramedian) subcortical structures can also cause a complete loss of awareness. These structures therefore enable and control brain arousal (as determined by metabolic or electrical activity) and are necessary neural correlates. One such example

952-415: A leading US bank NCC AB , a Swedish construction company NCC Bank , a Bangladeshi bank Nagasaki Culture Telecasting , a Japanese commercial broadcaster NCC Group , a British information assurance and cyber security firm Computers [ edit ] National Computer Camps , United States National Computer Conference , United States, 1970s and 1980s National Computing Centre , in

1020-436: A minimally conscious patient who can communicate (on occasion) in a meaningful manner (for instance, by differential eye movements) and who shows some signs of consciousness, is often difficult. In global anesthesia the patient should not experience psychological trauma but the level of arousal should be compatible with clinical exigencies. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI have demonstrated normal patterns of brain activity in

1088-410: A patient in a vegetative state following a severe traumatic brain injury when asked to imagine playing tennis or visiting rooms in his/her house. Differential brain imaging of patients with such global disturbances of consciousness (including akinetic mutism ) reveal that dysfunction in a widespread cortical network including medial and lateral prefrontal and parietal associative areas is associated with

1156-432: A percept in one case, a different population may mediate a related percept if the former population is lost or inactivated. It may be that every phenomenal, subjective state has a neural correlate. Where the NCC can be induced artificially, the subject will experience the associated percept, while perturbing or inactivating the region of correlation for a specific percept will affect the percept or cause it to disappear, giving

1224-413: A result, an exaptive explanation of consciousness has gained favor with some theorists that posit consciousness did not evolve as an adaptation but was an exaptation arising as a consequence of other developments such as increases in brain size or cortical rearrangement. Consciousness in this sense has been compared to the blind spot in the retina where it is not an adaption of the retina, but instead just

1292-697: A satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon; he calls this the hard problem of consciousness . Northern Christian College Northern Christian College is a private Christian higher education institution in Laoag City , Ilocos Norte , Philippines . It was founded in 1933. It is associated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines . Baccalaureate programs are offered in

1360-404: A small fraction of cells weakly modulated their response as a function of the percept of the monkey while most cells responded to one or the other retinal stimulus with little regard to what the animal perceived at the time. But in a high-level cortical area such as the inferior temporal cortex along the ventral stream almost all neurons responded only to the perceptually dominant stimulus, so that

1428-1327: A sports car racing series North Central Conference , a former college athletics conference in the United States Norwood Cycling Club , Adelaide, South Australia Northamptonshire Cricket Club , a UK sporting team Video games [ edit ] Nintendo Challenge Championship Education [ edit ] United Kingdom [ edit ] New City College in London, England NCC Education , United Kingdom United States [ edit ] Nashua Community College in Nashua, New Hampshire Nassau Community College in Nassau County, New York Newport Central Catholic High School , Kentucky North Central College , Naperville, Illinois Norwalk Community College , Connecticut Northampton Community College in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Elsewhere [ edit ] Nicholson Catholic College , Belleville, Ontario, Canada Northern Christian College , Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines National Communications Coordinator on

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1496-410: A total absence in coma, persistent vegetative state and general anesthesia, to a fluctuating and limited form of conscious sensation in a minimally conscious state such as sleep walking or during a complex partial epileptic seizure. The repertoire of conscious states or experiences accessible to a patient in a minimally conscious state is comparatively limited. In brain death there is no arousal, but it

1564-657: A university Residence Hall Association Nature conservation [ edit ] Nature Conservancy of Canada Nature Conservancy Council , UK, 1973-1991 AUB Nature Conservation Center , American University of Beirut Non-government organizations [ edit ] United States [ edit ] National Chicken Council , in the United States National Constitution Center located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania National Coordinating Center for Communications,

1632-412: A variety of visual cortical areas in awake macaque monkeys performing a binocular rivalry task. Macaque monkeys can be trained to report whether they see the left or the right image. The distribution of the switching times and the way in which changing the contrast in one eye affects these leaves little doubt that monkeys and humans experience the same basic phenomenon. In the primary visual cortex (V1) only

1700-402: A way to dissociate sensations ( i.e. , the sensory information that the brain receives) from perceptions ( i.e. , how the consciousness interprets them). Neuronal patterns that represent perceptions rather than merely sensory input are interpreted as reflecting the neuronal correlate of consciousness. Using such design, Nikos Logothetis and colleagues discovered perception-reflecting neurons in

1768-459: Is binocular rivalry . Here, a small image, e.g., a horizontal grating, is presented to the left eye, and another image, e.g., a vertical grating, is shown to the corresponding location in the right eye. In spite of the constant visual stimulus, observers consciously see the horizontal grating alternate every few seconds with the vertical one. The brain does not allow for the simultaneous perception of both images. Logothetis and colleagues recorded

1836-475: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Neural correlates of consciousness A science of consciousness must explain the exact relationship between subjective mental states and brain states, the nature of the relationship between the conscious mind and the electrochemical interactions in the body ( mind–body problem ). Progress in neuropsychology and neurophilosophy has come from focusing on

1904-468: Is necessary but not sufficient for visual consciousness. In a related perceptual phenomenon, flash suppression , the percept associated with an image projected into one eye is suppressed by flashing another image into the other eye while the original image remains. Its methodological advantage over binocular rivalry is that the timing of the perceptual transition is determined by an external trigger rather than by an internal event. The majority of cells in

1972-662: Is quite different from the "dreaming" state (for instance, the latter has little or no self-reflection) and from the state of deep sleep. In all three cases the basic physiology of the brain is affected, as it also is in altered states of consciousness , for instance after taking drugs or during meditation when conscious perception and insight may be enhanced compared to the normal waking state. Clinicians talk about impaired states of consciousness as in "the comatose state ", "the persistent vegetative state " (PVS), and "the minimally conscious state " (MCS). Here, "state" refers to different "amounts" of external/physical consciousness, from

2040-473: Is the combination of fine-grained neuronal analysis in animals with increasingly more sensitive psychophysical and brain imaging techniques in humans, complemented by the development of a robust theoretical predictive framework, that will hopefully lead to a rational understanding of consciousness, one of the central mysteries of life. There are two common but distinct dimensions of the term consciousness , one involving arousal and states of consciousness and

2108-422: Is the core hypothesis of the global workspace theory of consciousness. In brief, while rapid but transient neural activity in the thalamo-cortical system can mediate complex behavior without conscious sensation, it is surmised that consciousness requires sustained but well-organized neural activity dependent on long-range cortico-cortical feedback. The neurobiologist Christfried Jakob (1866–1956) argued that

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2176-525: Is the heterogeneous collection of more than two dozen nuclei on each side of the upper brainstem (pons, midbrain and in the posterior hypothalamus), collectively referred to as the reticular activating system (RAS). Their axons project widely throughout the brain. These nuclei – three-dimensional collections of neurons with their own cyto-architecture and neurochemical identity – release distinct neuromodulators such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine and orexin/hypocretin to control

2244-596: Is unknown whether the subjectivity of experience has been interrupted, rather than its observable link with the organism. Functional neuroimaging have shown that parts of the cortex are still active in vegetative patients that are presumed to be unconscious; however, these areas appear to be functionally disconnected from associative cortical areas whose activity is needed for awareness. The potential richness of conscious experience appears to increase from deep sleep to drowsiness to full wakefulness, as might be quantified using notions from complexity theory that incorporate both

2312-410: The amygdala , thalamus , claustrum and the basal ganglia . The possibility of precisely manipulating visual percepts in time and space has made vision a preferred modality in the quest for the NCC. Psychologists have perfected a number of techniques – masking , binocular rivalry , continuous flash suppression , motion induced blindness , change blindness , inattentional blindness – in which

2380-420: The somatic sensory system . His labs at Johns Hopkins were among the first, along with Edward V.Evarts at NIH, to record neural activity from behaving monkeys. Struck with the elegance of SS Stevens approach of magnitude estimation, Mountcastle's group discovered three different modalities of somatic sensation shared one cognitive attribute: in all cases the firing rate of peripheral neurons was linearly related to

2448-404: The thalamus , midbrain and pons must function for a subject to be in a sufficient state of brain arousal to experience anything at all. These nuclei therefore belong to the enabling factors for consciousness. Conversely, it is likely that the specific content of any particular conscious sensation is mediated by particular neurons in the cortex and their associated satellite structures, including

2516-694: The United Kingdom Culture [ edit ] Broadcasting [ edit ] National Communications Commission , an independent statutory agency in Taiwan Nigerian Communications Commission , a telecommunication regulatory body for Nigeria Fiction [ edit ] Starfleet starship registry prefix in the Star Trek series Sport [ edit ] Nondescripts Cricket Club , Colombo, Sri Lanka Nordic Challenge Cup ,

2584-431: The basal ganglia and, in a more distributed manner, into layer I of much of the neocortex. Comparatively small (1 cm or less) bilateral lesions in the thalamic ILN completely knock out all awareness. Many actions in response to sensory inputs are rapid, transient, stereotyped, and unconscious. They could be thought of as cortical reflexes and are characterized by rapid and somewhat stereotyped responses that can take

2652-425: The body rather than the mind. In this context the neuronal correlates of consciousness may be viewed as its causes, and consciousness may be thought of as a state-dependent property of an undefined complex , adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system. Discovering and characterizing neural correlates does not offer a causal theory of consciousness that can explain how particular systems experience anything,

2720-583: The conscious system may actually interfere somewhat with these automated programs. From an evolutionary standpoint it clearly makes sense to have both automated behavioral programs that can be executed rapidly in a stereotyped and automated manner, and a slightly slower system that allows time for thinking and planning more complex behavior. This latter aspect may be one of the principal functions of consciousness. Other philosophers, however, have suggested that consciousness would not be necessary for any functional advantage in evolutionary processes. No one has given

2788-590: The decision. Such studies were followed by Ranulfo Romo in the somatic sensory system, to confirm, using a different percept and brain area, that a small number of neurons in one brain area underlie perceptual decisions. Other lab groups have followed Mountcastle's seminal work relating cognitive variables to neuronal activity with more complex cognitive tasks. Although monkeys cannot talk about their perceptions, behavioral tasks have been created in which animals made nonverbal reports, for example by producing hand movements. Many of these studies employ perceptual illusions as

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2856-526: The dimensionality as well as the granularity of conscious experience to give an integrated-information-theoretical account of consciousness. As behavioral arousal increases so does the range and complexity of possible behavior. Yet in REM sleep there is a characteristic atonia , low motor arousal and the person is difficult to wake up, but there is still high metabolic and electric brain activity and vivid perception. Many nuclei with distinct chemical signatures in

2924-475: The excitability of the thalamus and forebrain, mediating alternation between wakefulness and sleep as well as general level of behavioral and brain arousal. After such trauma, however, eventually the excitability of the thalamus and forebrain can recover and consciousness can return. Another enabling factor for consciousness are the five or more intralaminar nuclei (ILN) of the thalamus. These receive input from many brainstem nuclei and project strongly, directly to

2992-437: The extent that their execution happens beyond the realms of our awareness. Take, as an example, the incredible fine motor skills exerted in playing a Beethoven piano sonata or the sensorimotor coordination required to ride a motorcycle along a curvy mountain road. Such complex behaviors are possible only because a sufficient number of the subprograms involved can be executed with minimal or even suspended conscious control. In fact,

3060-485: The fields of liberal arts , ministry , nursing , teacher education , accountancy , and commerce-secretarial. The school also offers a master's degree program in education. There are 80 members on the faculty, and student enrollment is approximately 2000. Northern Christian College, Inc. was first established as Northern Luzon Christian College in Vigan , Ilocos Sur in 1933. The college moved to Laoag City in 1943, but

3128-429: The form of rather complex automated behavior as seen, e.g., in complex partial epileptic seizures. These automated responses, sometimes called zombie behaviors , could be contrasted by a slower, all-purpose conscious mode that deals more slowly with broader, less stereotyped aspects of the sensory inputs (or a reflection of these, as in imagery) and takes time to decide on appropriate thoughts and responses. Without such

3196-419: The hemodynamic activity underlying visual consciousness in humans demonstrate quite conclusively that activity in the upper stages of the ventral pathway (e.g., the fusiform face area and the parahippocampal place area ) as well as in early regions, including V1 and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), follow the percept and not the retinal stimulus. Further, a number of fMRI and DTI experiments suggest V1

3264-426: The human cortex within 130–150 ms, far too brief for eye movements and conscious perception to occur. Furthermore, reflexes such as the oculovestibular reflex take place at even more rapid time-scales. It is quite plausible that such behaviors are mediated by a purely feed-forward moving wave of spiking activity that passes from the retina through V1, into V4, IT and prefrontal cortex, until it affects motorneurons in

3332-405: The inferior temporal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus of monkeys trained to report their percept during flash suppression follow the animal's percept: when the cell's preferred stimulus is perceived, the cell responds. If the picture is still present on the retina but is perceptually suppressed, the cell falls silent, even though primary visual cortex neurons fire. Single-neuron recordings in

3400-427: The medial temporal lobe of epilepsy patients during flash suppression likewise demonstrate abolishment of response when the preferred stimulus is present but perceptually masked. Given the absence of any accepted criterion of the minimal neuronal correlates necessary for consciousness, the distinction between a persistently vegetative patient who shows regular sleep-wave transitions and may be able to move or smile, and

3468-417: The monkeys' perceived. Neurons with such properties were less frequently observed in the primary visual cortex that corresponds to relatively early stages of visual processing. Another set of experiments using binocular rivalry in humans showed that certain layers of the cortex can be excluded as candidates of the neural correlate of consciousness. Logothetis and colleagues switched the images between eyes during

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3536-461: The only conditions which must have neural correlates are direct sensations and reactions; these are called "intonations". Neurophysiological studies in animals provided some insights on the neural correlates of conscious behavior. Vernon Mountcastle , in the early 1960s, set up to study this set of problems, which he termed "the Mind/Brain problem", by studying the neural basis of perception in

3604-468: The other involving content of consciousness and conscious states . To be conscious of anything the brain must be in a relatively high state of arousal (sometimes called vigilance ), whether in wakefulness or REM sleep , vividly experienced in dreams although usually not remembered. Brain arousal level fluctuates in a circadian rhythm but may be influenced by lack of sleep, drugs and alcohol, physical exertion, etc. Arousal can be measured behaviorally by

3672-404: The parietal region. However, parietal activity can affect consciousness by producing attentional effects on the ventral stream, at least under some circumstances. The conscious mode for vision depends largely on the early visual areas (beyond V1) and especially on the ventral stream. Seemingly complex visual processing (such as detecting animals in natural, cluttered scenes) can be accomplished by

3740-498: The perceived direction of visual stimulus movement (which could be an illusion) by making eye movements. Some prefrontal cortex neurons represented actual and some represented perceived displacements of the stimulus. Observation of perception related neurons in prefrontal cortex is consistent with the theory of Christof Koch and Francis Crick who postulated that neural correlate of consciousness resides in prefrontal cortex. Proponents of distributed neuronal processing may likely dispute

3808-447: The percept of one of the images. Surprisingly the percept stayed stable. This means that the conscious percept stayed stable and at the same time the primary input to layer 4, which is the input layer, in the visual cortex changed. Therefore, layer 4 can not be a part of the neural correlate of consciousness. Mikhail Lebedev and their colleagues observed a similar phenomenon in monkey prefrontal cortex. In their experiments monkeys reported

3876-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title NCC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCC&oldid=1259356958 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3944-424: The search for "correlation" and not "causation". There is much room for disagreement about the nature of this correlate ( e.g. , does it require synchronous spikes of neurons in different regions of the brain? Is the co-activation of frontal or parietal areas necessary?). The philosopher David Chalmers maintains that a neural correlate of consciousness, unlike other correlates such as for memory, will fail to offer

4012-400: The seemingly simple and unambiguous relationship between a physical stimulus in the world and its associated percept in the privacy of the subject's mind is disrupted. In particular a stimulus can be perceptually suppressed for seconds or even minutes at a time: the image is projected into one of the observer's eyes but is invisible, not seen. In this manner the neural mechanisms that respond to

4080-442: The sensory cortices in the back? Neurons that fire in a rhythmic manner? Neurons that fire in a synchronous manner ? The growing ability of neuroscientists to manipulate neurons using methods from molecular biology in combination with optical tools (e.g., Adamantidis et al. 2007 ) depends on the simultaneous development of appropriate behavioral assays and model organisms amenable to large-scale genomic analysis and manipulation. It

4148-623: The signal amplitude that triggers some criterion reaction (for instance, the sound level necessary to evoke an eye movement or a head turn toward the sound source). Clinicians use scoring systems such as the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess the level of arousal in patients. High arousal states are associated with conscious states that have specific content, seeing, hearing, remembering, planning or fantasizing about something. Different levels or states of consciousness are associated with different kinds of conscious experiences. The "awake" state

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4216-475: The so-called hard problem of consciousness , but understanding the NCC may be a step toward a causal theory. Most neurobiologists propose that the variables giving rise to consciousness are to be found at the neuronal level, governed by classical physics. There are theories proposed of quantum consciousness based on quantum mechanics . There is an apparent redundancy and parallelism in neural networks so, while activity in one group of neurons may correlate with

4284-570: The spinal cord that control the finger press (as in a typical laboratory experiment). The hypothesis that the basic processing of information is feedforward is supported most directly by the short times (approx. 100 ms) required for a selective response to appear in IT cells. Conversely, conscious perception is believed to require more sustained, reverberatory neural activity, most likely via global feedback from frontal regions of neocortex back to sensory cortical areas that builds up over time until it exceeds

4352-426: The strength of the percept elicited. More recently, Ken H. Britten, William T. Newsome, and C. Daniel Salzman have shown that in area MT of monkeys, neurons respond with variability that suggests they are the basis of decision making about direction of motion. They first showed that neuronal rates are predictive of decisions using signal detection theory, and then that stimulation of these neurons could predictably bias

4420-454: The subjective percept rather than the physical stimulus can be isolated, permitting visual consciousness to be tracked in the brain. In a perceptual illusion , the physical stimulus remains fixed while the percept fluctuates. The best known example is the Necker cube whose 12 lines can be perceived in one of two different ways in depth. A perceptual illusion that can be precisely controlled

4488-502: The temporal lobe. They created an experimental situation in which conflicting images were presented to different eyes ( i.e. , binocular rivalry ). Under such conditions, human subjects report bistable percepts: they perceive alternatively one or the other image. Logothetis and colleagues trained the monkeys to report with their arm movements which image they perceived. Temporal lobe neurons in Logothetis experiments often reflected what

4556-412: The view that consciousness has a precise localization in the brain. Francis Crick wrote a popular book, " The Astonishing Hypothesis ", whose thesis is that the neural correlate for consciousness lies in our nerve cells and their associated molecules. Crick and his collaborator Christof Koch have sought to avoid philosophical debates that are associated with the study of consciousness, by emphasizing

4624-468: Was closed the next year due to World War II . The school was reopened as Northern Christian College in 1946. In 2007, NCC registered approximately 2000 undergraduate and graduate students. All programs in offered by NCC are recognized by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and range from degrees (A.B., B.S., M.S., M.A., and Ph.D.) in several disciplines including: The college is affiliated with

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