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68-705: NSP may refer to: Companies and organizations [ edit ] Afghan National Solidarity Programme , an initiative to develop villages in Afghanistan National Ski Patrol , a rescue organization in ski areas in the United States National Solidarity Party (Singapore) Nature's Sunshine Products , US health supplement manufacturer Nebraska State Patrol Network of Spiritual Progressives , US political movement New Sarum Police, former name for

136-645: A parkway on the North Shore of Long Island , New York Nuovo Siluro Pesante , a torpedo used by the Italian Navy Nurse scheduling problem Nonstructural protein of viruses as to be found e. g. in Rotavirsues (NSP1–NSP6) and Corinaviruses (NSP1–NSP16): NSP1 , NSP2 , NSP3 , NSP4 , NSP5 , NSP6 . Nsp is the acronym for the gene encoding a nonstructural protein (in italics: Nsp1 , Nsp2 ...) Topics referred to by

204-558: A "historic test". On 18 August 2021, the United Arab Emirates acknowledged that Ghani and his family were in that country for "humanitarian considerations." He was granted stay by the government on humanitarian grounds. On 17 August, the Taliban announced that they were actively working to form a government that would be announced over the coming days. The same day, first vice president Amrullah Saleh asserted that he

272-713: A Master's in cultural anthropology from Columbia University on a government scholarship. While Ghani originally intended to stay for two years, the outbreak of the 1978 Saur Revolution led to much of his male family being imprisoned. He stayed at Columbia and received a PhD in cultural anthropology in 1983. His doctoral thesis was titled 'Production and domination: Afghanistan, 1747–1901'. His thesis advisors included Conrad M. Arensberg , Richard Bulliet , Morton Fried , and Robert F. Murphy . In 1983, after receiving his PhD, he taught briefly at University of California, Berkeley , and then at Johns Hopkins University as an associate professor from 1983 to 1991. His academic research

340-501: A National Health and Education Program to get basic health packages to citizens and get children back in school, a National Transportation Program to make Afghanistan a land bridge for South and Central Asia and the Gulf, a National Telecommunications Program to set up a cell phone network across the country and attract private investment and a National Accountability Program to build good financial management (Ghani and Lockart, 2008). The NSP

408-833: A business that provides access to the Internet Nvidia Shield Portable Other uses [ edit ] Natural swimming pool, another name for a natural pool Needle and syringe programme, another name for Needle exchange programme , a program to reduce disease in drug users Netaji Subhash Place metro station New Southbound Policy , an initiative of the Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Ninja Sex Party , an American musical comedy-rock and electronic band Non-starch polysaccharide, often incorrectly used interchangeably with dietary fiber The Northern State Parkway ,

476-520: A campaign advisor. Preliminary results placed Ghani fourth in a field of 38 , securing roughly 3% of the votes. From 2010 to 1 October 2013, he served as chairman of the Afghan Transition Coordination Commission (TCC), which was responsible for transferring power from ISAF/NATO troops to Afghan Security Forces. He travelled across Afghanistan extensively during this time. On 28 January 2010, Ghani attended

544-595: A candidate in the 2009 Afghan presidential election . Ghani's campaign emphasized the importance of a representative administration, good governance, a dynamic economy and employment opportunities for the Afghan people. Unlike other major candidates, Ghani asked the Afghan diaspora to support his campaign and provide financial support. He appointed Mohammed Ayub Rafiqi as one of his vice president candidate deputies, and hired Clinton campaign chief strategist James Carville as

612-603: A deal that outlined an extensive audit of nearly 8 million votes and formation of a national unity government with a new role for a chief executive officer who would carry out meaningful functions within the president's administration. After a three-month audit process, which was supervised by the United Nations with financial support from the U.S. government, the Independent Election Commission announced Ghani as president after Ghani agreed to

680-486: A democratic process. Ghani blamed the Taliban for the 2021 Kabul school bombing , but Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid denied involvement in the attack, in a message released to the media. Many of the Kabul residents held Ghani responsible for the attack and raised loud chants against the Afghan government and security forces. On 2 August 2021, Ghani blamed the sudden withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan for

748-628: A development strategy that held Afghans more accountable for their own future development. He assisted with the National Solidarity Program , which covered 13,000 of the country's estimated 20,000 villages. After Karzai was elected in October 2004, Ghani had declined to join his cabinet and instead asked to be appointed to the chancellorship at Kabul University. From 22 December 2004 to 21 December 2008, Ghani thus served as Chancellor of Kabul University. He focused on rebuilding

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816-431: A national unity deal. Initially, the election commission said it would not formally announce specific results. It later released a statement that said Ghani managed to secure 55.4% and Abdullah Abdullah secured 43.5% of the vote, although it declined to release the individual vote results. In September 2019, an explosion near an election rally attended by President Ashraf Ghani killed 24 people and injured 31 others, but Ghani

884-423: A policy of balanced budgets and using budgets as the central policy instrument, centralizing revenue collection, tariff reform and overhauling customs. He instituted regular reporting to the cabinet, the public and international stakeholders as a tool of transparency and accountability, and required donors to focus their interventions on three sectors, improving accountability with government counterparts and preparing

952-540: A trade hub between central and south Asia, were left unfulfilled. His position was also weakened by political rivalries, his attempt to lessen the power of ex- warlords , and an uneasy relationship with the United States regarding the war. He was also criticized for being aloof and short-tempered, including being in denial during the Taliban's offensive in 2021 . On 15 August 2021, his term ended abruptly, as

1020-720: Is an Afghan former politician, academic, and economist who served as the president of Afghanistan from September 2014 until August 2021, when his government was overthrown by the Taliban . Ghani was born in Logar , Afghanistan . After his grade-school education in Afghanistan, he spent much of his time abroad, studying in Lebanon and the United States . After receiving his PhD in cultural anthropology from Columbia University in 1983, he taught at various institutions and

1088-408: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Afghan National Solidarity Programme In 2001, after gaining power, Ashraf Ghani had envisioned the creation of several national development projects which would create public trust in governance. These programs included a National Emergency Employment Program to provide jobs across the country,

1156-691: Is inspired by the Kecamatan Development Program, a community-based program started in Indonesia by Scott Guggenheim of the World Bank in the late 1990s. After the Taliban were ousted from power in Afghanistan, the transitional power also realized that for the people to support the state, the most crucial national development project had to be visible to the 80% of the population in the rural areas. In order to interact with these people, engage them in development, include them in

1224-416: Is president of all Afghans'. Ashraf Ghani also said that he is willing to offer Afghan passports to the Taliban and to recognise them as a legitimate political group in Afghanistan, as an attempt to strike a peace deal with them. In March 2021, in an attempt to advance peace talks, Ghani expressed his intentions of convincing the Taliban to hold fresh elections and allow forming of a new government through

1292-503: Is responsible for initiating a fair and transparent election process to elect members of the locally governing community development council (CDC). The CDCs are elected through a process of identifying the eligible voters in a community, creating a cluster of approximately 25 families and ensuring at least 80% of the cluster votes for representatives. The elected CDC members then decide on the CDC president, deputy, secretary and treasurer. Thirdly,

1360-416: Is responsible for training the CDC members in project proposal writing, accounting and procurement. In the fourth step, if the proposal is approved, NSP block grants are disbursed to cover the purchase of materials. Arriving in installments the funds are also used for subproject implementation. The CDC continues to report to MRRD and to the community about the project's implementation process and budget. Lastly,

1428-792: The International Conference on Afghanistan in London , pledging his support to help rebuild their country. Ghani presented his ideas to Karzai as an example of the importance of cooperation among Afghans and with the international community, supporting Karzai's reconciliation strategy. Ghani said hearing Karzai's second inaugural address in November 2009 and his pledges to fight corruption, promote reconciliation and replace international security forces persuaded him to help. Ghani resigned his post on 1 October 2013 in order to run for president in 2014. After announcing his candidacy for

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1496-484: The Loya Jirgas that eventually elected Karzai. On 2 June 2002, Ghani became finance minister of the new Transitional Afghan government under President Karzai. This government would last until 2004, when it was to be replaced by a "fully representative government". He carried out extensive reforms, including issuing a new currency, computerizing treasury operations, instituting a single treasury account, adopting

1564-698: The Salisbury City Police in the 1830s Nevada State Prison Nordic Service Partners , fast food franchisee Northern States Power Company , a division of Xcel Energy Nova Scotia Power , Canada ICAO code for aircraft flown by Samaritan's Purse People's Freedom Movement ( Narodni slobodarski pokret ), a political party in Serbia Technology [ edit ] Native Signal Processing, Intel's term for host signal processing Network security policy , rules for computer network access Network service provider ,

1632-461: The Taliban took over Kabul . Ghani and staff fled Afghanistan and took refuge in the United Arab Emirates . He later stated he left in order to avoid further violence, and that staying and dying would have accomplished nothing but adding another tragedy to Afghanistan's history. However, he was also condemned across various spectrums for abandoning Afghanistan to the Taliban and has been alleged of corruption during his administration. Ghani

1700-651: The United Nations as Special Adviser to Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi , the United Nations Secretary-General 's special envoy to Afghanistan. In this role, he worked on design and implementation of the Bonn Agreement , which outlined the post-Taliban government of Afghanistan. During this time, he also worked pro bono as Chief Adviser to then-interim president Hamid Karzai . He approved the constitution and worked on preparing

1768-444: The advance of the Taliban and said the latter had not cut ties with terrorist organizations and had escalated attacks against women, which the Taliban denied. On 11 August 2021, Ghani appealed to local warlords and private militias to fight the Taliban and also appealed to a popular uprising against the Taliban. On the same day, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan reported that the Taliban would not negotiate or hold peace talks with

1836-519: The monitoring and evaluation of projects. An NSP project cycle for a community is broken down into 5 steps and usually takes 2 years to complete. First the NSP facilitating partner is assigned to the province by contracting through the MRRD. The facilitating partner then contacts the community to inform them of the NSP and commence the community mobilization process. In the second step, the facilitating partner

1904-502: The "center of the Taliban". Tolo News while quoting an unnamed source alleged that Ashraf Ghani had refused to take a call from the Pakistani prime minister, instead he sent a NDS delegation to hand over evidence that the terrorists were supported by Pakistan. However, Afghan envoy Omar Zakhilwal rejected such reports regarding Ghani's phone call rejection with Pakistan prime minister. He stated that no phone call took place between

1972-467: The 2014 elections, Ghani tapped General Abdul Rashid Dostum , a prominent Uzbek politician and former military official in Karzai's government, and Sarwar Danish, an ethnic Hazara who served as the justice minister in Karzai's cabinet, as his vice presidential candidates. After none of the candidates managed to win more than 50% of the vote in the first round of the election, Ghani and Abdullah Abdullah,

2040-557: The Bank, he attended the leadership training programs of Harvard - INSEAD and World Bank - Stanford Graduate School of Business . In December 2001, he finally returned to Afghanistan after 24 years of absence. After the ousting of the Taliban that year, Ghani became a key figure in the Afghan Interim Administration , which lasted from December 2001 until July 2002. He left his job at the World Bank and joined

2108-559: The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the NSP is the Afghan government's flagship programme. Acting as the oversight consultants and responsible for strengthening local capacity and programme management at the ministry were the consulting firms GIZ and DAI. NGOs act as facilitating partners contracted by the MRRD to initiate

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2176-478: The MRRD expects to reach all the communities across Afghanistan through the NSP. The NSP community expansion across Afghanistan has been divided into several phases. In Phase 1 which commenced in May 2003, 3 districts in each province were targeted in the first year reaching 6000 communities. In the second year this target was expanded reaching 4500 more communities which translated into half of Afghanistan being included in

2244-560: The NSP and provide technical and capacity building support to the communities. The MRRD has developed an operational manual and facilitating partners that are contracted utilize it for community implementation. The facilitating partners serve many different roles in NSP implementations including training social community organizers tasked with educating the community about NSP, engaging community facilitators, providing technical assistance in designing and building infrastructure, providing election experts to implement CDC elections and assisting with

2312-704: The Trans-Atlantic Policy Network, the annual meeting of the Norwegian Government's development staff, CSIS's meeting on UN reform, the UN–OECD–World Bank's meeting on Fragile States and TED Global. He also regularly gave interviews and contributed to the Financial Times , International Herald Tribune , Los Angeles Times , The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal , and The Washington Post . At

2380-524: The US embassy. He has since been described as the former president. A senior cabinet minister said that Ghani fled to Tajikistan , however it was then claimed that he landed in Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan . Later that day, Ghani wrote on his Facebook that he thought it was better for him to leave in order to avoid bloodshed and called on the Taliban to protect civilians and said the Taliban now faced

2448-485: The World Bank announced that it had approved a US$ 40 million grant to support Phase 3 of the NSP. The third phase will build on the achievements of the first two phases of the NSP and complete the expansion of CDCs to all the rural communities in Afghanistan. In Phase 3, the Afghan government has introduced several innovations to institute the CDCs as lasting sustainable bodies of local governance. The expansion will also support

2516-860: The World Bank estimates the economic rate of return on the NSP to be almost 20 percent (Zoellick, 2008). The NSP is funded by the International Development Association at the World Bank and the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund. Implemented by the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) and funded by the World Bank, the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Danish International Development and Assistance Agency (DANIDA),

2584-597: The accusation has been presented. A former senior official stated that Ghani left in haste. He said "He went to Termez in Uzbekistan, where he spent one night and then from there to the UAE (United Arab Emirates). There was no money with him. He literally just had the clothes he was wearing." On 8 September 2021, Ghani released a video where he apologized to the Afghan people and repeated that he left to avoid "bloody street fighting". He also strongly denied stealing money from

2652-677: The book Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World in 2008. In 2005, he became a member of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor , an independent initiative hosted by the United Nations Development Programme . Throughout 2005, Ghani gave many keynote speeches across the world, including the American Bar Association 's International Rule of Law Symposium,

2720-595: The collapse of the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Afghan government. The SIGAR described Ghani as a "paranoid president... afraid of his own countrymen" and that many of Ghani's dismissals of top military generals "undermined morale" of the ANA. The SIGAR report also reported that Ghani feared that the US was "plotting a coup" against him. SIGAR released a report on 9 August 2022 on the investigation of Ghani's flight from Kabul. The report could not corroborate

2788-421: The controversial 2014 Afghan presidential election . The election was so disputed that negotiations between Ghani and rival Abdullah Abdullah were mediated by the United States. Ghani became president and Abdullah chief executive, with power split 50-50. On 18 February 2020, Ghani was re-elected after a delayed result from the 2019 presidential elections . He was sworn in on 9 March 2020. As president, Ghani

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2856-483: The country when he fled. Ghani said that "leaving Kabul was the most difficult decision of my life, but I believed it was the only way to keep the guns silent and save Kabul and her 6 million citizens." The United Nations removed Ghani's name from its list of heads of state on 15 February 2022. In May 2022, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) released a report on

2924-444: The country. Afghanistan's Ambassador to Tajikistan , Mohammad Zahir Aghbar , stated that Interpol should apprehend Ghani for embezzling public funds. The Russian embassy in Kabul alleged that Ghani fled with "four cars and a helicopter" full of cash and had to leave some money behind as it would not all fit in. Ashraf Ghani, speaking on 18 August 2021 in UAE, has stated that the accusations are baseless. To this day, no evidence of

2992-529: The disbursement of block grants to the remaining 10320 communities for full NSP coverage across Afghanistan. In addition, to supporting the initial development needs, a second round of grants will be provided to 17,400 CDCs that have successfully used their initial grant. Most importantly, NSP III will focus on improving the institutional quality, sustainability and governance of CDCs and enhance their ability to engage with other institutions. Ashraf Ghani Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai (born 19 May 1949)

3060-613: The end of 2006, the Financial Times ran a front-page report speculating that Ghani was a top candidate to succeed Kofi Annan as secretary-general of the United Nations. He was quoted as saying, "I hope to win, through ideas." In January 2009, an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included Ghani on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan presidential election . On 7 May 2009, Ashraf Ghani registered as

3128-471: The facilitating partners and CDCs undertake an evaluation of the technical quality of completed subprojects and documents the lessons learned. Since there is no formal census data available about Afghanistan it is hard to accurately identify the number of villages. Previously, it was estimated that approximately 20000 rural settlements or villages existed, however this was markedly increased to 42000 villages. Since field coordinators have reported that several of

3196-435: The foundations of community managed sub-projects comprising reconstruction and development. The reconstruction efforts would be aimed at improving access of rural communities to social and productive infrastructure and services. Launched in 2003, the program was instrumental in generating employment and initiating the rehabilitation of rural infrastructure devastated by severe drought and two decades of conflict. The president of

3264-425: The government as long as Ghani remains as the president. The Taliban took control of Afghanistan on 15 August and Ghani was deposed. That day, Ghani left Afghanistan with his wife and two close aides to Uzbekistan as the Taliban captured Kabul. The Arg , the presidential palace, was captured a few hours later by the group. Afghan officials stated that Ghani had left the presidential palace Sunday morning to go to

3332-538: The inauguration of the Khan Steel iron smelting plant in Kabul, Ghani said that he is aiming for Afghanistan to become a steel exporter. In 2015, a survey conducted by the Afghan news channel TOLO News showed that the popularity of Ashraf Ghani in Afghanistan had fallen dramatically, with only 27.5% of respondents claiming that they were satisfied with his leadership. Since his election, Ghani wanted to improve relations with Pakistan , which in turn could pave

3400-549: The name Ashraf Ahmad. The American Field Service sponsored his foreign exchange stay. He served on the student council. In 1973, he received a Bachelor of Arts in political studies from the American University of Beirut in Lebanon . There, he met his future wife, Rula . From 1973 to 1977, Ghani served on the faculty of Kabul University and Aarhus University in Denmark in 1977. In 1977, he received

3468-499: The newly elected CDCs consult directly with members of the community to reach a consensus list of subproject ideas. This list called the community development plan (CDP) comprises projects which can be carried out with funds from the NSP and independent of outside support. The subprojects which require NSP funding are then submitted by the CDC to the MRRD and the Oversight Consultant in a proposal. The facilitating partner

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3536-505: The oldest incumbent president. During his tenure, Ghani strengthened ties with Central Asian countries such as Uzbekistan, with which it has made deals to increase mutual trading. New trade routes have also been launched within the wider region. The Chabahar Port in Iran allows increased trading with India whilst avoiding Pakistani territory. Plans for a railway line from Khaf , Iran to Herat , Afghanistan were set in motion in 2018, with

3604-469: The program. In 2005 or the third year of the NSP an additional 6000 communities were targeted. The NSP Phase 1 concluded in March 2007 reaching approximately 17300 communities. In Phase 2 which ran from April 2007 until March 2010 the World Bank proposed covering an additional 4300 new communities bringing the total to 21600. This coverage meant that approximately 80-90% of Afghanistan had CDCs. On June 27, 2010,

3672-702: The railway being completed in 2020. In 2017, a railway line from Turkmenistan was extended to Aqina in Afghanistan, the precursor of the "Lapis Lazuli" transport corridor that was signed by Ghani that same year and would link Afghanistan to the Caucasus and the Black Sea . Other regional projects include the CASA-1000 hydroelectricity transmission from Central Asia, and the TAPI gas pipeline, expected to be completed by 2018 and 2019 respectively. In January 2018, at

3740-530: The reconstruction process and provide a uniform approach across Afghanistan, the National Solidarity Program (NSP) was launched. As one of the Afghan government's National Priority Programs the NSP has been publicized as one of the most successful CDD programmes in the world to date . As a large scale rural reconstruction and development programme, the NSP had two primary goals: to strengthen local governance to foster rule of law and to lay

3808-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title NSP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NSP&oldid=1231240937 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3876-479: The two frontrunners from the first round, contested in a runoff election, which was held on 14 June 2014. Initial results from the run-off elections showed Ghani as the overwhelming favourite to win the elections. However, allegations of electoral fraud resulted in a stalemate, along with threats of violence and the formation of a parallel government by the camp of his opponent, Abdullah Abdullah. On 7 August 2014, US Secretary of State John Kerry flew to Kabul to broker

3944-897: The two leaders and that such reports are baseless. At a July 2021 conference in Tashkent , Ghani accused Pakistan of fomenting violence in Afghanistan through the Taliban; Pakistan accused Afghanistan of helping insurgent groups inside Pakistan (the Tehreek-e-Taliban and the Balochistan Liberation Army ). One of Ghani's major objectives was to improve South Asian ties to transform the region's economy. On his first official visit to India he envisioned "breakfast in Delhi , lunch in Peshawar , and dinner in Kabul–that's

4012-580: The university and its resources after years of conflict and neglect under the Taliban government. In January 2005, Ghani co-founded the Institute for State Effectiveness with Clare Lockhart , of which he was chairman. The institute focused on the role of the state and transparency in governance. The organization's work was discussed at the UN and World Bank in September 2005. With Lockhart, he later published

4080-436: The villages comprise less than the minimum of 25 families required to initiate a CDC, it is estimated by the MRRD that around 28500 NSP communities would be a reasonable equivalent to rural settlements estimate. This approximation thus average 1 NSP community = 1.474 rural settlements. However the current average used is 1 NSP community = 1.583 rural settlements. (National Solidarity Program Website, 2010). Once fully implemented

4148-729: The way for peace talks with the Taliban. He refused to recognize the border with Pakistan, known as the Durand Line , which Pakistan views as an existential issue. He made his first visit to Pakistan on 14 November 2014, meeting Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif . However, after many terror attacks in Afghanistan which were largely blamed on Pakistan, and failed Taliban peace talks, Ghani grew increasingly cold to Pakistan. Ghani claimed that Pakistan had hit an "undeclared war of aggression" against Afghanistan. Following two deadly Taliban/ Haqqani attacks in Kabul in January 2018, Ghani called Pakistan

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4216-465: The world we seek!" He voiced the idea that a stable Afghanistan can act as a bridge between Central, South, and West Asia, given the country's centrist location. Ghani had strong ties with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi . After Ghani's escape from Afghanistan, Modi spoke of his friendship with him on NPR . In an interview with Vice News , Ghani said that his 'heart breaks for [the] Taliban'. He further stated that ' Talibans are Afghans and he

4284-415: Was acting president, claiming that if the president is absent, escapes, resigns or dies then the first vice president becomes acting president. In an 18 August taped address from the UAE, Ghani said he fled to avoid being hanged , and vowed to eventually return to Afghanistan. Former MP Elay Ershad , who had worked as Ghani's spokeswoman, was scathing in criticism. She said he was "gutless" for fleeing

4352-665: Was an associate professor of anthropology at Johns Hopkins University . For much of the 1990s, he worked at the World Bank . In December 2001, he returned to Afghanistan after the collapse of the Taliban government . He then served as finance minister in Hamid Karzai 's cabinet. He resigned in December 2004 to become the dean of Kabul University . In 2009, Ghani ran in the 2009 Afghan presidential election but came in fourth. In 2014, Ghani became president after winning

4420-764: Was born on 19 May 1949 in the Logar Province in the Kingdom of Afghanistan to Shah Pesand, a clerk worker, and Kawbaba Lodin, who hailed from Kandahar . He belongs to the Ahmadzai Pashtun tribe. Ghani's grade-school education was mostly done in Afghanistan. He attended secondary-level schooling in Kabul . But for the 1966–1967 school year, Ghani studied as a foreign exchange student at Lake Oswego High School (LOHS) in Lake Oswego , Oregon under

4488-412: Was known for his intensity and energetic speeches. He aimed to transform Afghanistan into a technocratic state, winning him support from youth and urban demographics. His cabinets were relatively young and well-educated. Ghani made efforts to make peace with Taliban insurgents and improving relations with Pakistan . However many of his promises, such as fighting corruption and turning the country into

4556-482: Was on state-building and social transformation. In 1985, he completed a year of fieldwork researching Pakistani madrassas as a Fulbright Scholar . In 1991, Ghani became Lead Anthropologist at the World Bank . During this time, he spent five years working in China , India , and Russia working on various projects. After the mid-nineties, he switched to working on the Bank's social policy, reviewing country strategies, and designing reform programs. While working for

4624-411: Was unhurt. Ghani signed a law in September 2020 requiring mothers' names to be added to children's ID cards, in addition to fathers' names, which was seen as a win for women's rights activists in Afghanistan. At age 65, Ghani became the oldest inaugurated Afghan ruler since the foundation of the Durrani Empire in 1747. At his 2019 re-election, at age 70, he overtook Mohammed Daoud Khan to become

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