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106-506: In ancient Greece, pankration emerged as a popular combat sport around the 7th century BCE. Pankration combined striking and grappling techniques, including joint locks and chokes, and was even included in the Olympic Games. In Japan, jujutsu became prominent in the 17th century. Jujutsu focused on using an opponent's energy against them and included techniques like joint locks, throws, and pins. Jigoro Kano later developed Judo in

212-402: A keikogi (" gi ") or training uniform. The choke has two variations. In one version, the attacker's arm encircles the opponent's neck and then grabs his own biceps on the other arm (see below for details); in the second version, the attacker clasps his hands together instead after encircling the opponent's neck. These are very effective moves. A counter to the choke from behind involves

318-483: A "pile driver" or, alternatively, with a simple release of the opponent so that he falls to the ground. The athlete passes to the back of his opponent, secures a regular waist lock, lifts and throws/drops the opponent backwards and sideways. As a result of these moves, the opponent would tend to land on his side or face down. The athlete can follow the opponent to the ground and place himself on his back, where he could strike him or choke him from behind while holding him in

424-407: A 'proper smashing' so that she abandons her 'crazy feminest/climate nonese' [ sic ]. Shields' comments were widely criticized as being derogatory and misogynistic. Would you support public executions of anyone who helps a child transition? This would include doctors, therapists, teachers, guidance counselors, etc On April 25, 2023, Shields had addressed support via a tweet , which

530-594: A backlash from the Brazilian community, although Cornelius continued promoting his academy. Pankration Pankration ( / p æ n ˈ k r eɪ t i . ɒ n , - ʃ ən / ; Ancient Greek : παγκράτιον [paŋkráti.on] ) was an unarmed combat sport introduced into the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC. The athletes used boxing and wrestling techniques but also others, such as kicking, holds, joint locks , and chokes on

636-614: A bench warrant was issued for his arrest. Shields describes himself as a right-wing extremist in his X profile. According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), his output promoted a range of positions including antisemitism , the Great Replacement theory and anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric . On December 28, 2022, following an online altercation between climate activist Greta Thunberg and influencer Andrew Tate , Shields suggested that Tate should give Thunberg

742-596: A bout for the Elite XC Welterweight Championship. At Strikeforce: Lawler vs. Shields he fought EliteXC's last middleweight champion and former two-time ICON Sport middleweight champion at a catchweight of 182 pounds (83 kg). Lawler took the center of the cage and looked comfortable on his feet. Robbie Lawler said in the post fight interview, "His striking was good. He threw a lot of kicks. He worked. He threw hands and wasn't shying away from standup, that's for sure." Two minutes into

848-419: A challenge from one of Alexander's most skilled soldiers named Coragus to fight in front of Alexander and the troops in armed combat. While Coragus fought with weapons and full armour, Dioxippus showed up armed only with a club and defeated Coragus without killing him, making use of his pankration skills. Later, however, Dioxippus was framed for theft, which led him to commit suicide. In an odd turn of events,

954-465: A circle. He then joins the athlete holding the alpha to the other who has drawn the alpha for wrestling or pankration, the one who has the beta to the other with the beta, and the other matching inscribed lots in the same manner. This process was apparently repeated every round until the finals. There would be a bye ( ἔφεδρος – ephedros "reserve") in every round containing an odd number of athletes, which could potentially be in every round until

1060-483: A daughter, born December 2000, and is a single father. On August 29, 2011, Shields' father and manager, Jack Shields, died at age 67. Shields is a lifelong vegetarian . He appeared in both print and video ads for PETA , touting his vegetarian lifestyle. Shields is critical of vaccines . On September 21, 2023, he failed to appear at an arraignment in a Nevada court. He was charged with misdemeanor battery related to an altercation between himself and Mike Jackson, and

1166-484: A few weeks he fought his first fight, filling in for an injured teammate at 185 pounds (84 kg). Shields fought five fights at 185 lbs "for fun, to stay in shape and learn some self defense". In 2001, Shields decided he wanted to make a career of mixed martial arts and began fighting at his natural weight of 170 pounds (77 kg). In the summer of 2001, Shields received a wrestling scholarship to San Francisco State University . At that time he began training with

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1272-570: A form of competition and training that does not use the gi, the "combat kimono" worn in traditional martial arts. "No-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu " is often used as a synonymous of submission wrestling in some circles, thanks to this art being a primarily ground fighting and submission seeking fighting style. In submission wrestling, the primary objective is to force an opponent to submit through the application of joint locks , chokes , or other submission holds . Unlike freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, which often involve pinning an opponent's shoulders to

1378-474: A grip would have been considered gouging and thus illegal in the Panhellenic Games. The athlete grabs the throat of the opponent with the four fingers on the outside of the throat and the tip of the thumb pressing in and down the hollow of the throat, putting pressure on the trachea. The rear naked choke (RNC) is a chokehold in martial arts applied from an opponent's back. Depending on the context,

1484-529: A multi-fight deal with the World Series of Fighting . Shields was expected to compete at WSOF 11 on July 5, 2014, against Jon Fitch . Shields was forced out of the bout due to a shoulder injury. Shields made his debut for World Series of Fighting at WSOF 14 on October 11, 2014, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada against WSOF Canadian Welterweight Champion Ryan Ford . He won the fight via submission in

1590-414: A pankration fighter named Arrhichion ( Ἀρριχίων ) of Phigalia won the pankration competition at the Olympic Games despite being dead. His opponent had locked him in a chokehold and Arrhichion, desperate to loosen it, broke his opponent's toe (some records say his ankle). The opponent nearly passed out from pain and submitted. As the referee raised Arrhichion's hand, it was discovered that he had died from

1696-518: A tie. Pankration competitions were held in tournaments, most being outside of the Olympics. Each tournament began with a ritual which would decide how the tournament would take place. Grecophone satirist Lucian describes the process in detail: A sacred silver urn is brought, in which they have put bean-size lots. On two lots an alpha is inscribed, on two a beta, and on another two a gamma, and so on. If there are more athletes, two lots always have

1802-528: A tournament without being an ephedros in any of the rounds ( ἀνέφεδρος – anephedros "non-reserve") was thus an honorable distinction. There is evidence that the major Games in Greek antiquity easily had four tournament rounds, that is, a field of sixteen athletes. However, there is clear evidence from Plato , who refers to competitors in the Panhellenic Games , with opponents numbering in

1908-539: A very wide variety of methods, most of which would be immediately recognizable by the trainers of modern high level athletes, including competitors in modern mixed martial arts competitions. These methods included among others the periodization of training; a wealth of regimens for the development of strength, speed-strength, speed, stamina, and endurance; specialized training for the different stages of competition (i.e., for anō pankration and katō pankration ), and methods for learning and engraining techniques. Among

2014-505: A victory over Fitch in a submission grappling match. The match was later canceled due to contract issues between Shields and the company. On September 13, 2016, it was announced that Shields would challenge for the WSOF Welterweight Championship against Jon Fitch on November 12, 2016, at WSOF 34 . On October 17, 2016, it was announced that the fight was then rescheduled to take place on December 31, 2016, in

2120-431: A welterweight bout on June 15, 2013, at UFC 161 . The bout was contested on the feet for nearly its entirety in a largely uneventful fight where neither fighter was able to deliver any significant offense. Shields defeated Woodley via split decision. Shields next faced Demian Maia on October 9, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 29 . As expected, the contest between the two decorated jiu jitsu practitioners took place mostly on

2226-468: Is a combination of wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu developed in the US. The first person who was associated with this term was MMA fighter Jake Shields , who stated that it was an "Americanized" form of BJJ. In 2019, Keenan Cornelius , a BJJ black belt from San Diego, founded his personal academy that he named Legion American Jiu-Jitsu (AJJ). After that, he started to explain the style to the media, which caused

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2332-493: Is a stance in which the athlete is ready at the same time to give a kick with the front leg as well as defend against the opponent's low-level kicks by lifting the front knee and blocking. The back leg is bent for stability and power and is facing slightly to the side, to go with the slightly sideways body position. The head and torso are behind the protecting two upper limbs and front leg. Pankration uses boxing punches and other ancient boxing hand strikes. Strikes delivered with

2438-437: Is a submission grappling style developed by multiple grappling black belts Gokor Chivichyan and Gene LeBell that blends elements of judo , sambo , catch wrestling , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling . This system includes all forms of submissions, including leg locks, footlocks, kneebars, heel hooks, shoulder locks, wrist locks, neck cranks, body cranks, chokes and others. American Jiu-Jitsu

2544-405: Is evidence that, although knockouts were common, most pankration competitions were decided on the basis of submission (yielding to a submission or joint lock). Pankratiasts were highly skilled grapplers and were extremely effective in applying a variety of takedowns , chokes and joint locks . In extreme cases a pankration competition could even result in the death of one of the opponents, which

2650-411: Is nearly fully extended but not entirely so; the rear arm is more cambered than the front arm, but more extended than a modern-day boxer's rear arm. The back of the athlete is somewhat rounded, but not as much as a wrestler's would be. The body is only slightly leaning forward. The weight is virtually all on the back (right) foot with the front (left) foot touching the ground with the ball of the foot. It

2756-544: Is older, and would later become used less than the term pankration . The mainstream academic view has been that pankration developed in the archaic Greek society of the 7th century BC, whereby, as the need for expression in violent sport increased, pankration filled a niche of "total contest" that neither boxing nor wrestling could. However, some evidence suggests that pankration, in both its sporting form and its combative form, may have been practiced in Greece already from

2862-481: The Ancient Olympic Games specifically there were only two such age groups: men ( andres – ἄνδρες ) and boys ( paides – παῖδες ). The pankration event for boys was established at the Olympic Games in 200 BC. In pankration competitions, referees were armed with stout rods or switches to enforce the rules. In fact, there were only two rules regarding combat: no eye gouging or biting. Sparta

2968-697: The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) challenging Georges St. Pierre for the UFC Welterweight Championship . He has trained extensively with Fairtex SF and Cesar Gracie and is a member of the "Skrap Pack", which includes fellow Cesar Gracie students Dave Terrell , Nick Diaz , Nate Diaz , and Gilbert Melendez . After his loss to Akira Kikuchi , he won 15 consecutive fights over six years until his loss to UFC Welterweight Champion Georges St-Pierre . He describes his style as "American Jiu-Jitsu." Shields

3074-694: The battle of Mycale between the Greeks and the Persians in 479 BC, those of the Greeks who fought best were the Athenians, and the Athenian who fought best was a distinguished pankratiast, Hermolycus, son of Euthynus. Polyaemus describes King Philip II , the father of Alexander the Great, practicing with another pankratiast while his soldiers watched. The feats of the ancient pankratiasts became legendary in

3180-675: The chokehold . His body was crowned with the olive wreath and returned to Phigaleia as a hero. By the Imperial Period , the Romans had adopted the Greek combat sport (spelled in Latin as pancratium ) into their Games. In 393 AD, the pankration, along with gladiatorial combat and all pagan festivals, was abolished by edict by the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I . Pausanias mentions

3286-668: The gi in [his] life", and the Pan Americans is one of the largest Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions in the world. He continued to improve on the kickboxing skills he picked up with Chuck Liddell, by cross-training with the professional Muay Thai kickboxing team at the Fairtex Combat Academy, training with Muay Thai Champions Jongsanan Fairtex and Alex Gong. He was awarded the rank of black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu by Cesar Gracie in February 2007. Shields

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3392-523: The "grapevine" body lock (see above), stretching him face down on the ground. This technique is described by the Roman poet Statius in his account of a match between the hero Tydeus of Thebes and an opponent in the Thebaid . Tydeus is described to have followed this takedown with a choke while applying the "grapevine" body lock on the prone opponent. As the pankration competitions were held outside and in

3498-719: The Cesar Gracie Fight Team. He is a three-time Grapplers Quest Advance Champion, Pan American Championships Jiu Jitsu Champion, Pan Am Open Advance Submission Champion, Gracie Open Superfight Champion and finished 3rd place at the ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship in 2005. His victory at the Pan American Championships (which requires wearing a uniform) as a purple belt is notable because Jake Shields claims he has trained "about four hours with

3604-549: The Hellenic world for centuries, as Pausanias , the ancient traveller and writer indicates when he re-tells these stories in his narrative of his travels around Greece. Dioxippus was an Athenian who had won the Olympic Games in 336 BC, and was serving in Alexander the Great's army in its expedition into Asia. As an admired champion, he naturally became part of the circle of Alexander the Great . In that context, he accepted

3710-413: The afternoon, appropriately positioning one's face in relation to the low sun was a major tactical objective. The pankratiast, as well as the boxer, did not want to have to face the sun, as this would partly blind him to the blows of the opponent and make accurate delivery of strikes to specific targets difficult. Theocritus, in his narration of the (boxing) match between Polydeukēs and Amykos , noted that

3816-416: The annals of Greek athletics. Stories abound of past champions who were considered invincible beings. Arrhichion , Dioxippus , Polydamas of Skotoussa and Theogenes (often referred to as Theagenes of Thasos after the first century AD) are among the most highly recognized names. Their accomplishments defying the odds were some of the most inspiring of ancient Greek athletics and they served as inspiration to

3922-416: The armpit of the athlete. To trap the left arm, the athlete has pushed (from outside) his own left arm underneath the left elbow of the opponent. The athlete's left hand ends up pressing down on the scapula region of his opponent's back. This position does not permit the opponent to pull out his hand from the athlete's armpit and puts pressure on the left shoulder. The right arm of the athlete is pulling back at

4028-412: The athlete has the option of either dropping his opponent head-first to the ground, or driving him into the ground while retaining the hold. To execute the latter option, the athlete bends one of his legs and goes down on that knee while the other leg remains only partially bent; this is presumably to allow for greater mobility in case the "pile driver" does not work. Another approach emphasizes less putting

4134-410: The athlete sets a waist lock by encircling, from the back, the torso of the opponent with his arms and securing a "handshake" grip close to the abdomen of the opponent. He then heaves the opponent back and up, using the muscles of his legs and his back, so that the opponent's feet rise in the air and he ends up inverted, perpendicular to the ground, and facing away from the athlete. The throw finishes with

4240-408: The beginning of the competition and as long as the athletes remained standing. The decision to remain standing or go to the ground obviously depended on the relative strengths of the athlete, and differed between anō and katō pankration. However, there are indications that staying on one's feet was generally considered a positive thing, while touching the knee(s) to the ground or being put to

4346-466: The co-main event. Shields lost the fight by unanimous decision. Shields made his PFL debut at PFL Everett on July 29, 2017, against Danny Davis Jr. He won the bout via unanimous decision. On July 5, 2018, Shields made his PFL season debut at PFL 3 . Despite being a heavy favorite, he lost to Ray Cooper III via technical knockout in the second round. On August 16, 2018, Shields defeated Herman Terrado at PFL 6 via unanimous decision advancing to

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4452-424: The competitor. The pankratiast faces his opponent with a nearly frontal stance—only slightly turned sideways. This is an intermediate directional positioning, between the wrestler's more frontal positioning and the boxer's more sideways stance, and is consistent with the need to preserve both the option of using striking and protecting the center line of the body and the option of applying grappling techniques. Thus,

4558-470: The conflict to gain an audience, whose combined follower count increased by over 1070% in the period, Shields reaching over 760,000 in late 2023. According to The Jerusalem Post , Shields voiced his support for Iran 's April 2024 Missile attacks against Israel . One May 2024 post on X, according to the ADL, was viewed over 1.3 million times and has 21K likes and said that Jews control America, as Congress

4664-433: The development of submission wrestling. Some Mixed martial arts schools and fighters may use the term submission wrestling to refer to their grappling methods while avoiding association with any one particular martial art. The label is sometimes also used to describe the tactic in mixed martial arts competition of relying primarily upon submission wrestling skills to defeat an opponent. The term "no-gi" usually refers to

4770-523: The efforts of Savvidis E. A. Lazaros, founder of modern Pankration Athlima, the technical examination programma, the endyma, the shape of the Palaestra and the terminology of Pankration Athlima, in 2010 the sport was accepted by FILA, known today as United World Wrestling (UWW), which governs the Olympic wrestling codes, as an associated discipline and a "form of modern Mixed Martial Art ". Pankration

4876-699: The explosive takedowns , throws and transitions of wrestling. Shields is perhaps best known for his 15-fight winning streak, finishing eight of his eleven opponents before being defeated by UFC welterweight champion Georges St-Pierre in a hard-fought five round battle at UFC 129 . Shields has captured the Shooto World Mixed Martial Arts Championship and the Rumble on the Rock World Championship . He submitted Nick Thompson via guillotine choke in

4982-556: The film is directed by James Z. Feng and released in 2013. Shields appeared in three episodes of Bully Beatdown on MTV and MTV2 on April 12, 2009, a different episode on September 10, and again in an MTV.com-exclusive episode. Shields also served as a grappling coach for Chuck Liddell on The Ultimate Fighter 11 , and appeared on the Animal Planet channel for episodes of Wild Recon and Venom in Vegas . Shields has

5088-400: The final (but also potentially in none of the rounds, if the number of competitors was a power of 2 and none of the winners quit before fighting their next round, or any other irregularities). The same athlete could be an ephedros more than once, and this could of course be of great advantage to him as the ephedros would be spared the wear and tear of the rounds imposed on his opponent(s). To win

5194-616: The first round, Shields pounced and secured a guillotine choke to finish his opponent via submission at 2:02 of the first round. At Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Rogers he fought Jason 'Mayhem' Miller for the vacant Strikeforce Middleweight Championship after Cung Le stepped down as champion to pursue his acting career. Shields defeated Miller via unanimous decision (48–47, 49–46, and 49–46). Shields successfully defended his title, defeating former Pride World Welterweight and Pride Middleweight Champion Dan Henderson via unanimous decision on April 17, 2010, at Strikeforce: Nashville . Shields

5300-457: The first round. In his second fight for the promotion, Shields faced Brian Foster in the main event at WSOF 17 on January 17, 2015. He again won the fight via submission in the first round. Shields faced Rousimar Palhares on August 1, 2015, at WSOF 22 . He lost the fight by submission due to a kimura, marking his first loss by submission. This wasn't without controversy as Palhares repeatedly eye gouged Shields after several warnings from

5406-548: The first team world championship took place at the end of 2022. Combat Submission Wrestling (CSW) is a modern form of submission wrestling (and MMA system) developed by Erik Paulson , former Shooto light heavyweight champion. It includes grappling, submissions, and striking. It is a style that borrows elements and techniques from grappling styles including catch wrestling, Shooto, judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu along with striking styles such as boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai. Hayastan Grappling System or Hayastan Freestyle Wrestling,

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5512-405: The ground and rolling, the athlete steps with his left leg over the left leg of the opponent and wraps his foot around the ankle of the opponent stepping on his instep, while pushing his body weight on the back of the opponent. In this technique, the position of the bodies is very similar to the one described just above. The athlete executing the technique is standing over his opponent's back, while

5618-467: The ground for victory, submission wrestling emphasises techniques that can lead to a submission such as tapping out or verbally submitting. Submission wrestling competitions, often referred to as no-gi, grappling tournaments or submission-only events, can vary in rulesets. Some competitions allow competitors to use strikes, while others focus solely on grappling techniques. Points may be awarded for takedowns, dominant positions, and near-submissions. However,

5724-508: The ground was overall considered disadvantageous. It has been suggested that in antiquity, as today, falling to one's knee(s) was a metaphor for coming to a disadvantage and putting oneself at risk of losing the fight. Regarding the choice of attacking into the attack of the opponent versus defending and retreating, there are indications, e.g. from boxing, that it was preferable to attack. Dio Chrysostom notes that retreat under fear tends to result in even greater injuries, while attacking before

5830-556: The ground, and Shields won via split decision. Shields fought Héctor Lombard on March 15, 2014, at UFC 171 . Shields lost the fight via unanimous decision. On April 6, 2014, it was announced that Shields was released from the promotion. After his release from the UFC, the outspoken and often candid president of the organization, Dana White, had this to say about Shields: "We look at everything. Everything. Money has something to do with it. I'd be lying if I said it didn't. But that wasn't

5936-534: The ground, making it similar to modern mixed martial arts . The term comes from the Ancient Greek word παγκράτιον ( pankrátion ), meaning "all of power" (from πᾶν ( pân )  'all' and κράτος ( krátos )  'strength, might, power'). In Greek mythology , it was said that the heroes Heracles and Theseus invented pankration as a result of using both wrestling and boxing in their confrontations with opponents. Theseus

6042-457: The hand grip to be used with this choke, the web area between the thumb and the index finger is to be quite high up the neck and the thumb is bent inward and downward, "reaching" behind the Adam's apple of the opponent. The main fingers which do much of the squeezing, is the thumb, index and middle finger, with the ring finger putting minimal force and, the pinky having no impact. It is unclear if such

6148-461: The head of trust and safety on Twitter, that it was an incitement to violence . For the tweet, he was given a seven-day suspension from the platform and commented that he was suspended for "simply asking a question". Shields had also stated in February that teachers that tell a child that they can transition their gender should be "arrested, tried and then executed" so that the " trans kid issue would disappear ". In September 2023, Shields supported

6254-446: The heel" and "the one who wrestles with the ankle", which indicates early knowledge of what is now known as the straight ankle-lock, and the heel hook . In executing this choking technique ( ἄγχειν – anchein ), the athlete grabs the tracheal area ( windpipe and " Adam's apple ") between his thumb and his four fingers and squeezes. This type of choke can be applied with the athlete being in front or behind his opponent. Regarding

6360-532: The high country, and wrestling . Shields began amateur wrestling at age nine. He has competed in over 601 folkstyle , freestyle , and submission wrestling matches. Shields was a four-year varsity wrestler and state qualifier at Calaveras High School, finished 2nd place at the Amateur Athletic Union National Freestyle Championships, qualified for U.S. / FILA Nationals & World Team Trials in both

6466-465: The junior & university men's divisions. He is also a two-time junior college All-American wrestler from Cuesta College , placing 4th in the California JC state tournament in the 177-pound (80 kg) weight class in 1997 and 3rd in the 197-pound (89 kg) weight class a year later. In September 1999, Shields began his MMA training by joining Chuck Liddell 's SLO Kickboxing Academy. Within

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6572-467: The late 19th century, incorporating many grappling techniques from jujutsu, Judo influenced the development of various grappling styles around the world in particular Brazilian jiu-jitsu . Other styles of submission grappling also emerged, such as freestyle wrestling and sambo in the Soviet Union , which blended elements of Judo and traditional wrestling. All of these grappling arts contributed to

6678-431: The latter is down on his right knee. The left leg of the athlete is straddling the left thigh of the opponent—the left knee of the opponent is not on the floor—and is trapping the left foot of the opponent by stepping on it. The athlete uses his left hand to push down on the side/back of the head of the opponent while with his right hand he pulls the opponent's right arm back, against his midsection. This creates an arm bar on

6784-407: The left side of the body is slightly forward than the right side of the body and the left hand is more forward than the right one. Both hands are held high so that the tips of the fingers are at the level of the hairline or just below the top of the head. The hands are partially open, the fingers are relaxed, and the palms are facing naturally forward, down, and slightly toward each other. The front arm

6890-438: The legs were an integral part of pankration and one of its most characteristic features. Kicking well was a great advantage to the pankratiast. Epiktētos makes a derogatory reference to a compliment one may give another: " μεγάλα λακτίζεις " ("you kick great"). Moreover, in an accolade to the fighting prowess of the pankratiast Glykon from Pergamo, the athlete is described as "wide foot". The characterization comes actually before

6996-410: The major games could include upwards of hundreds of competitors, of which a select few will qualify to compete in the most important games. The athletes engaged in a pankration competition – i.e., the pankratiasts (sg. παγκρατιαστής , pl. παγκρατιασταί – employed a variety of techniques in order to strike their opponent as well as take him to the ground in order to use a submission technique. When

7102-526: The methods and techniques used by different athletes varied, i.e., there were different styles. While specific styles taught by different teachers, in the mode of Asian martial arts, cannot be excluded, it is very clear (including in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics ) that the objective of a teacher of combat sports was to help each of his athletes to develop his personal style that would fit his strengths and weaknesses. The preparation of pankratiasts included

7208-428: The middleweight division and faced Ed Herman on August 11, 2012, at UFC 150 . He won the bout via unanimous decision. On October 12, 2012, it was announced that Jake Shields had failed his drug test at UFC 150 and he was subsequently fined and suspended. The result of the fight was overturned to a No Contest. In January 2015 Shields said the failed test was due to a banned diuretic. Shields faced Tyron Woodley in

7314-475: The multitude of the latter were also training tools that appear to be very similar to Asian martial arts forms or kata , and were known as cheironomia ( χειρονομία ) and anapale ( ἀναπάλη ). Punching bags ( kōrykos κώρυκος "leather sack") of different sizes and dummies were used for striking practice as well as for the hardening of the body and limbs. Nutrition, massage, and other recovery techniques were used very actively by pankratiasts. At

7420-550: The only reason or the main reason. It was a part of the piece of the puzzle as we were doing our evaluation of him. Mixed martial arts is a young man's game. I like Jake Shields a lot. But let's be honest here: Where was he going in this [welterweight] division of animals we have? He's on the downswing, and he's never going to be the guy. His stand-up never improved. He hasn't really shown anything in his last couple of fights to make you go, 'Holy [expletive].' Right now, at this point, he's just another guy." In April 2014, Shields signed

7526-457: The opponent backward. The athlete executing the counter has to lean forward to avoid hand strikes by the opponent. This counter is shown on a Panathenaic amphora now in Leiden . In another counter, the athlete sidesteps, but now to the outside of the oncoming kick and grasps the inside of the kicking leg from behind the knee with his front hand (overhand grip) and pulls up, which tends to unbalance

7632-536: The opponent in an inverted vertical position and more the throw; it is shown in a sculpture in the metōpē ( μετώπη ) of the Hephaisteion in Athens, where Theseus is depicted heaving Kerkyōn . The opponents are facing in opposite directions with the athlete at a higher level, over the back of his opponent. The athlete can get in this position after making a shallow sprawl to counter a tackle attempt. From here

7738-463: The opponent so that he falls backward as the athlete advances. The back hand can be used for striking the opponent while he is preoccupied maintaining his balance. Arm locks can be performed in many different situations using many different techniques. The athlete is behind the opponent and has him leaning down, with the right knee of the opponent on the ground. The athlete has the opponent's right arm straightened out and extended maximally backward at

7844-406: The opponent strikes is less injurious and could very well end in victory. As indicated by Plato in his Laws , an important element of strategy was to understand if the opponent had a weak or untrained side and to force him to operate on that side and generally take advantage of that weakness. For example, if the athlete recognizes that the opponent is strictly right-handed, he could circle away from

7950-494: The opponent's right wrist (or forearm). In this way, the athlete keeps the right arm of his opponent straightened and tightly pulled against his right hip/lower abdomen area, which results in an arm bar putting pressure on the right elbow. The athlete is in full contact on top of the opponent, with his right leg in front of the right leg of the opponent to block him from escaping by rolling forward. Pankratiasts would refer to two different kinds of athletes: "the one who wrestles with

8056-784: The organization during his contract renegotiation period. Shields then entered into talks with the UFC , with his manager and father, Jack Shields, stating that his son was eager to fight against top UFC fighters, such as Anderson Silva . In July 2010, it was reported that Shields was close to signing a deal with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to compete in the promotion's Welterweight division. Shields made his UFC debut against Martin Kampmann on October 23, 2010, at UFC 121 . Prior to Shields's UFC debut, Dana White stated that, if Shields defeated Martin Kampmann , he

8162-511: The original Gracie Challenge . CJJ incorporates No-Gi BJJ techniques while adding open palm strikes allowing competitors to strike each other on the ground to open up the defense, CJJ matches are won by submission within the regulation period, or a winner is determined by EBI overtime rules. First ran as competitive matches during his invitational events, starting with EBI 11 in 2017, the first Combat Jiu-Jitsu World event took place in 2018. Since then, multiple world champions have been crowned and

8268-621: The pankratiasts fought standing, the combat was called Anō Pankration ( ἄνω παγκράτιον , "upper Pankration"); and when they took the fight to the ground, that stage of pankration competition was called Katō pankration ( κάτω παγκράτιον , "lower Pankration"). Some of the techniques that would be applied in anō pankration and katō pankration , respectively, are known to us through depictions on ancient pottery and sculptures, as well as in descriptions in ancient literature. There were also strategies documented in ancient literature that were meant to be used to obtain an advantage over

8374-459: The playoffs. On October 20, 2018, Shields faced Ray Cooper III in a rematch at PFL 10 . He lost the fight via technical knockout in the first round to advance to the semifinals of the playoffs. On November 22, 2014, Shields fought Roberto Satoshi in a grappling match in Metamoris V . The fight ended in a draw. On April 2, 2016, Shields then fought AJ Agazarm at Polaris 3. The match

8480-530: The ref, Palhares also held onto the submission well after Shields had tapped. In response, Shields punched Palhares in the face after the fight was over, and attempted a kick which the referee blocked. Both Shields and Palhares were temporarily suspended by the NSAC after the fight. Shields was lined up to face Jon Fitch for the vacant WSOF welterweight championship at WSOF 30 on April 1, 2016. Though they have never competed together in an MMA contest, Shields holds

8586-510: The reference to his "unbeatable hands", implying at least as crucial a role for strikes with the feet as with the hands in pankration. That proficiency in kicking could carry the pankratiast to victory is indicated in a sarcastic passage of Galen, where he awards the winning prize in pankration to a donkey because of its excellence in kicking. The straight kick with the bottom of the foot to the stomach ( γαστρίζειν / λάκτισμα εἰς γαστέραν – gastrizein or laktisma eis gasteran , "kicking in

8692-422: The right arm with the pressure now being mostly on the elbow. The fallen opponent cannot relieve it, because his head is being shoved the opposite way by the left hand of the athlete executing the technique. In this technique, the athlete is again behind his opponent, has the left arm of his opponent trapped, and is pulling back on his right arm. The trapped left arm is bent, with the fingers and palm trapped inside

8798-669: The right hand of the opponent and towards the left side of the opponent. Moreover, if the opponent is weak in his left-side throws, the athlete could aim to position himself accordingly. Training in ambidexterity was instrumental in both applying this strategy and not falling victim to it. The basic instruction of pankration techniques was conducted by the paedotribae ( παιδοτρίβαι , "physical trainers" ), who were in charge of boys' physical education. High level athletes were also trained by special trainers who were called gymnastae ( γυμνασταί ), some of whom had been successful pankration competitors themselves. There are indications that

8904-483: The same letter. Each athlete comes forth, prays to Zeus, puts his hand into the urn and draws out a lot. Following him, the other athletes do the same. Whip bearers are standing next to the athletes, holding their hands and not allowing them to read the letter they have drawn. When everyone has drawn a lot, the alytarch, or one of the Hellanodikai walks around and looks at the lots of the athletes as they stand in

9010-399: The second millennium BC. Pankration, as practiced in historical antiquity, was an athletic event that combined techniques of both boxing ( pygmē / pygmachia – πυγμή / πυγμαχία ) and wrestling ( palē – πάλη ), as well as additional elements, such as the use of strikes with the legs, to create a broad fighting sport similar to today's mixed martial arts competitions. There

9116-446: The shoulder joint. With the opponent's right arm across his own torso, the athlete uses his left hand to keep the pressure on the opponent's right arm by grabbing and pressing down on it just above the wrist. The right hand of the athlete is pressing down at the (side of) the head of the opponent, thus not permitting him to rotate to his right to relieve the pressure on his shoulder. As the opponent could escape by lowering himself closer to

9222-547: The social media campaign to ban the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) from Twitter . In March 2024, the ADL described him as an " antisemitic conspiracy theorist ", after he claimed that Israel created the terrorist group ISIS . In 2023, Shields began promoting himself as a pro-Palestine activist, amassing followers on social media for his strongly anti-Israel rhetoric during the Israel–Hamas war . The ADL identified him as one of five key far right influencers on X who had used

9328-443: The stomach") was apparently a common technique, given the number of depictions of such kicks on vases. This type of kick is mentioned by Lucian. Counter : The athlete sidesteps the oncoming kick to the inside of the opponent's leg. He catches and lifts the heel/foot of the planted leg with his rear hand and with the front arm goes under the knee of the kicking leg, hooks it with the nook of his elbow, and lifts while advancing to throw

9434-409: The strength of his hips and legs ( ἀναβαστάσαι εἰς ὕψος – anabastasai eis hypsos , "high lifting"). Depending on the torque the athlete imparts, the opponent becomes more or less vertically inverted, facing the body of the athlete. If however the reverse waist lock is set from the back of the opponent, then the latter would face away from the athlete in the inverted position. To finish the attack,

9540-405: The term may refer to one of two variations of the technique, either arm can be used to apply the choke in both cases. The term "rear naked choke" likely originated from the technique in jujutsu and judo known as the hadaka jime or "naked strangle". The word "naked" in this context suggests that, unlike other strangulation techniques found in jujutsu/judo, this hold does not require the use of

9646-480: The thousands. Moreover, in the first century A.D., the Greco-Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria —who was himself probably a practitioner of pankration—makes a statement that could be an allusion to preliminary contests in which an athlete would participate and then collect his strength before coming forward fresh in the major competition. Therefore, we can assume regional and preliminary contests leading up to

9752-667: The time of the revival of the Olympic Games (1896), despite the efforts of Pierre de Coubertin , pankration was not reinstated as an Olympic event. Neo-Pankration (modern pankration) was first introduced to the martial arts community by Greek-American combat athlete Jim Arvanitis in 1969 and later exposed worldwide in 1973 when he was featured on the cover of Black Belt magazine . Arvanitis continually refined his reconstruction with reference to original sources. His efforts are also considered pioneering in what became mixed martial arts (MMA). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) does not list pankration among Olympic sports , but

9858-447: The twisting of one of the fingers of the choking arm. This counter is mentioned by Philostratus. In case the choke was set together with a grapevine body lock, another counter was the one applied against that lock; by causing enough pain to the ankle of the opponent, the latter could give up his choke. From a reverse waist lock set from the front, and staying with hips close to the opponent, the athlete lifts and rotates his opponent using

9964-407: The two opponents struggled a lot, vying to see who would get the sun's rays on his back. In the end, with skill and cunning, Polydeukēs managed so that Amykos' face was struck with sunlight while his own was in the shade. While this positioning was of paramount importance in boxing, which involved only upright striking (with the eyes facing straight), it was also important in pankration, especially in

10070-401: The ultimate goal is to secure a submission, which ends the match. Combat Jiu-Jitsu (CJJ) is a submission grappling style innovated by American BJJ black belt Eddie Bravo in 2013. Following the success of his Eddie Bravo Invitational (EBI) events, Bravo decided to create a martial art aimed for self-defense that could also be used in competition. Inspired from Pancrase matches as well as from

10176-483: The wrestler Leontiscus ( Λεοντίσκος ) from Messene . He wrote that Leontiscus's technique of wrestling was similar to the pankration of Sostratus the Sicyonian because Leontiscus didn't know how to throw his opponents; he won by bending their fingers instead. There were neither weight divisions nor time limits in pankration competitions. However, there were two or three age groups in the competitions of antiquity. In

10282-574: Was considered a win for the surviving combatant. However, pankration was more than just an event in the athletic competitions of the ancient Greek world; it was also part of the arsenal of Greek soldiers – including the famous Spartan hoplites and Alexander the Great 's Macedonian phalanx . It is said that the Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae fought with their bare hands and teeth once their swords and spears broke. Herodotus mentions that in

10388-402: Was controversial as it was plagued with eye gouges and strikes coming from both fighters. At one point in the match Shields slapped Agazarm while both men were standing. The fight ended in a draw. Shields defeated Diego Sanchez in a grappling match at High Rollerz 4 on February 5, 2020. Jake Shields stars in and co-produced Fight Life , an award-winning documentary on the sport of MMA,

10494-604: Was first contested at the World Combat Games in 2010. Modern pankration has a ruleset resembling amateur MMA, divided into two rulesets: Jake Shields Jake Shields (born January 9, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist . He was the last Rumble on the Rock Welterweight Champion , the only Elite XC Welterweight Champion, a former Shooto Welterweight Champion and former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion . He also fought in

10600-453: Was later deleted for violating Twitter's terms of service, for the public executions of people who help a child transition their gender , and recommended that doctors, therapists , teachers, and guidance counselors be publicly executed for their assistance in helping the gender transitions of children. The post was widely condemned by transgender activists and personalities on Twitter, with Alejandra Caraballo stating to Ella Irwin,

10706-953: Was most likely next in line for an opportunity to compete for the UFC Welterweight Championship . After Shields defeated Kampmann via split decision, White confirmed that Shields would receive a title shot against the winner of the Georges St-Pierre vs. Josh Koscheck fight at UFC 124 . Georges St-Pierre won his UFC 124 bout against Josh Koscheck . Shields fought St-Pierre for the UFC Welterweight Championship on April 30, 2011, at UFC 129 in Toronto. Shields lost via unanimous decision. Shields faced Jake Ellenberger on September 17, 2011, at UFC Fight Night 25 , losing via first-round TKO. Shields faced Yoshihiro Akiyama on February 26, 2012, at UFC 144 , winning via unanimous decision. Shields returned to

10812-620: Was raised near Mountain Ranch, California , in the Sierra Nevada . He was home schooled up to junior high. He and his two older brothers grew up at the end of a dirt road on the rim of the Jesus Maria Canyon. Their nearest friends were a 45-minute hike down one side of the canyon and up the other. Their activities included mountain biking, wild caving , snowboarding, clearing brush, bucking firewood, climbing mountains, exploring

10918-523: Was said to have used pankration to defeat Cercyon of Eleusis in a wrestling match, as well as the minotaur in the labyrinth . Heracles too was often depicted in ancient artworks subduing the Nemean lion using pankration. In this context, pankration was also referred to as pammachon or pammachion ( πάμμαχον or παμμάχιον ), meaning "total combat", from πᾶν- , pān- , "all-" or "total", and μάχη , machē , "matter". The term pammachon

11024-594: Was spotted and shown on camera next to UFC President Dana White at the WEC 48 PPV. With Dana White saying, "He's mine!" and his arm around Shields, this fueled rumors of Shields signing with the UFC. Jake Shields stated in an interview that it was tough for Strikeforce to provide him with exciting fights and this would be a key aspect in his decision to stay or leave. Dana White also stated in this interview he would be willing to pay huge sums to strip away one of Strikeforce's champions. On June 30, Strikeforce released Shields from

11130-595: Was the head instructor of BJJ (Brazilian jiu-jitsu) and MMA at the Fairtex-Gracie affiliate in San Francisco from March 2002 until April 2008. Shields has developed a style of fighting called "American Jiu-Jitsu", which he has tattooed on his forearm. Shields's American Jiu-Jitsu is a no- gi style of grappling for MMA and self-defense is a complete combat art that combines the relaxed and ready position and submission techniques of Brazilian jiu-jitsu with

11236-406: Was the only place eye gouging and biting were allowed. The contest itself usually continued uninterrupted until one of the combatants submitted, which was often signalled by the submitting contestant raising his index finger. The judges appear, however, to have had the right to stop a contest under certain conditions and award the victory to one of the two athletes; they could also declare the contest

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