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92-663: The yeshiva was established in Novogrudok , Minsk Governorate, Russian Empire in 1896, together with a Kollel for married men, under the direction of Rabbi Yosef Yozel Horwitz , an alumnus of the Kovno Kollel and pupil of Rabbi Yisrael Salanter , like whom he was an advocate of the Mussar approach. He was known as the Alter fun Novardok , a Yiddish term meaning "the elder of Novardok ". Novardok established yeshivas all over

184-530: A Museum was opened in his honour on September 11, 1938. As of 1931, there were 1055 residential buildings in the city, 2 catholic churches, 2 orthodox churches, 3 synagogues, and a mosque; in addition to the Belarusian one, there was a polish gymnasium. In addition, there were 2 hospitals, 7 hotels, and 2 printing houses. At the beginning of World War II , after September 17, 1939, Soviet Air Forces' bombers began dropping leaflets written in broken Polish over

276-572: A city already existed on-site in the 9th–10th centuries, which had trade links with Byzantium , the Near East , Western Europe and Scandinavia . These trade links were related to the Amber Road . Archaeologically, Novogrudok was studied in the years 1957-1977. In the first half of the 11th century, the city consisted of two undefended settlements located on the Small castle and Castle hill . In

368-591: A group of glass carved glasses, known in medieval studies under the General name " Hedwig glass ". The "Cup of Saint Jadwiga" found in Novogrudok (under this name the vessel is listed in the collection of the Hermitage Museum , this Cup was not returned to Belarus, despite requests from the Belarusian side), carved images of a lion, a Griffin and a stylized tree of life in the form of two snakes entwining

460-554: A lecturer, and his son-in-law Rabbi Yehuda Leib Nekritz as Mashgiach ruchani . During the 1960s, Rabbi Avraham Yoffen moved to Jerusalem and established a branch of his yeshiva in Meah Shearim . Under the leadership of the younger Rabbi Yoffen and Rabbi Nekritz, the Brooklyn branch continued to thrive and became renowned as a center for advanced Talmudic studies. Following Rabbi Avraham Yoffen's death in 1970, leadership of

552-413: A new aspect: officers were not necessarily drawn solely from the nobility , but included talented commoners. This new class of officers might eventually be given a noble title upon attaining a certain rank. Conscription of peasants and townspeople was based on settlement and district quotas. Initially these were based on the number of households, later on the population numbers. The term of service during

644-465: A particular corps was on the basis of build and appearance (regiments of the Imperial Guard), education (literate conscripts became clerks or went to the technical branches), and skills (lighter men with equine experience went to the cavalry). The great mass of conscripted recruits were allocated to the line infantry. At least in peacetime this system of arbitrary allocation was to continue until

736-580: A total of fifteen males from every hundred available. In 1825 the duration of active service remained at 25 years for line regiments, with shorter periods of 22 years for the Imperial Guard and 15 in support and technical corps. In 1834 it was reduced to 20 years plus 5 years in the reserve and in 1855 to 12 years plus 3 years of reserve commitment. Following the 1834 changes depot battalions were established in recruiting districts for each regiment to enable basic training for conscripts. Allocation to

828-533: A war between Yaroslav I and Lithuanian tribes. It was also mentioned in the Hypatian Codex in 1252 as Novogorodok , meaning "new little town". Novogrudok was a major settlement in the remote western lands of the Krivichs that came under Kievan Rus' control at the end of the 10th century. However, this hypothesis has been disputed as the earliest archaeological findings date from the 11th century. In

920-734: Is a town in Grodno Region , Belarus . It serves as the administrative center of Novogrudok District . As of 2024, it has a population of 27,936. In the Middle Ages , the city was ruled by King Mindaugas ' son Vaišvilkas . During and after Mindaugas' rule, Novogrudok was part of the Kingdom of Lithuania , and later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , which was later part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In

1012-769: Is the Yeshiva of Far Rockaway in Far Rockaway, New York , founded by Rabbi Yechiel Perr , son-in-law of Rabbi Yehuda Leib Nekritz. The yeshiva is named after Rabbi Yoffen's book, Derech Ayson . Rabbi Perr led the yeshiva until he died in May 2024. Another branch in the footsteps of Novardok is Yeshiva Madreigas HaAdam in Queens, NY , named after the Alter's mussar compendium, headed by Rabbi Yoffen's grandson, Rabbi Moshe Faskowitz. A significant, additional network of Novardok Yeshivas

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1104-601: The 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment captured the city. Many Communist Poles from the Western Rifle Division fought in the battles on the Red Army 's side. With the city's capture, the Polish Army received large warehouses of military weaponry and ammunition, while also capturing about 300 prisoners of war . The Polish-Bolshevik front stopped for several months along the line of former German trenches on

1196-776: The 1st Legions Infantry Division . Ultimately captured by the Poles in October 1920, it was confirmed as part of the Second Polish Republic by the Peace of Riga . The civil authorities, headed by the headman Joseph Yellin, began to act on November 3. The traditions of the Lithuanian Tribunal were partially revived by the Novogrudok Voivodeship court, which opened on January 11, 1921, in

1288-589: The Alter's students, Rabbi Ben Tzion Bruk opened a branch of the Yeshiva in Jerusalem in the 1930s. The Yeshiva was called Bais Yoseph Novardok. Today, it is headed by his son and grandson, Rabbi Yitzchok Bruk and Rabbi Avrohom Bruk, respectively. With the exception of Gateshead Talmudical College which is officially called "Yeshivas Beis Yosef" of Gateshead , all Novardok yeshivas in Europe were wiped out during

1380-574: The Ancient Rus' state at the end of the 10th century. The ancient name of Novgorodok (Nov'gorodok, Nov'gorodok', though leaning both parts: to Novagorodka, in Novegorodtsy, "between Novym'gorodkom'", from "Novagorodka" in "Novegorodche"). In some sources, it is called Maly Novgorod . Archaeological excavations made by Gurevich F. D. in different places of the city, gave a huge number of interesting finds (Byzantine glass, jewellery, and even

1472-664: The Holocaust . Several Novardok yeshivas were established after the Holocaust. However, most of the post-World War II yeshivas are run as regular yeshivas, without the unique Novardok way of education. Rabbi Avraham Yoffen survived the Holocaust, came to the United States, and settled in Brooklyn , New York where he re-established the yeshiva. The faculty consisted of Rabbi Yoffen as dean, his son, Rabbi Yaakov Yoffen as

1564-560: The Novogrudok Ghetto , Novogrudok and nearby villages during the Holocaust . However, in mid-may 1943, the last remaining ghetto prisoners began to dig a 250-metre (820 ft) underground passage outside the ghetto, and five months later, on September 26, 1943, an escape was made through it. A total of 232 people escaped through the tunnel. Some of the fleeing Jews joined the Bielski partisans , which actively fought against

1656-697: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Union of Lublin in 1569. In 1505, the Tatars tried to capture the city, but failed. Novogrudok was designated as the capital of the Nowogródek Voivodeship from 1507 until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. On July 26, 1511, the town was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund I the Old , which were reconfirmed in 1562, 1595 and 1776. It

1748-594: The Red Army to occupy Vilnius. On 8 July 1944, the Red Army reoccupied Novogrudok after almost three years of German occupation. However, after retaking Western Belorussia from the Germans, the recent allies became enemies. Thus, on August 21, 1944, in the village of Surkontakh, the commander of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district, Lieutenant Colonel Maciej Kalenkiewicz , nicknamed "Kotvich" (1906-1944) from

1840-703: The Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. Thereafter, the Soviet Union annexed the area to the Byelorussian SSR . From 1941 to 1944, Novogrudok was occupied by the German Army , thereafter returning to the Soviet Union until 1991. The name comes from the Old East Slavic words "New town". It was a large settlement in the remote Western lands of the Krivichs , which came under the control of

1932-569: The 13th century, the Kievan Rus disintegrated due to Asian nomadic incursions, which climaxed with the Mongol horde's Siege of Kiev (1240) , resulting in the sack of Kiev and leaving a regional geopolitical vacuum in which the East Slavs splintered along pre-existing tribal lines and formed several independent, competing principalities. It is known that even prior to Mindaugas' arrival, there

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2024-714: The 14th century, it was an episcopal see of the Metropolitanate of Lithuania . From 1795 to 1915, the Russian Empire ruled over the lands, with brief periods of intercession, e.g. Napoleon 's Grande Armée in 1812 and the Uprisings of 1831 and 1863 . After 1915, Novogrudok was occupied by the Imperial German Army for three years in World War I , by the Second Polish Republic until

2116-421: The 18th century was for life. In 1793 it was reduced to 25 years. Individual conscripts were drawn from urban and rural males of Russian nationality who paid poll-tax (including serfs ), upon reaching the age of twenty. Because of the large population pool available, exemptions were common with the decisions largely being left to the village elders of each community. The final stage in the selection process involved

2208-740: The CP(b) of Belarus, it became a part of the Belarusian SSR . On May 25, 1919, the Novogrudok Belarusian gymnasium was opened here. During the Polish–Soviet War , Novogrudok changed hands several times. From mid-March 1919, Polish Army detachments began to appear in Novogrudok's vicinity. On April 18, 1919, at dawn, after several hours of fighting, soldiers of the 2nd Kaunas Rifle Regiment  [ pl ] of Major Leon Zawistowski  [ pl ] and two squadrons of

2300-526: The Cup of life. According to the British Museum , the vessels of this group are among the first hundred outstanding works of the material culture of universal civilization. All currently known cups of the "Hedwig glass" series, both preserved intact and individual fragments of these cups, were stored for many centuries exclusively in the capital cities of States that were either part of the medieval state of

2392-686: The Great founded the Roman Catholic Transfiguration Church in Novogrudok, in which the wedding of the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila with Sophia of Halshany took place. This marriage gave rise to the Jagiellonian dynasty . Their son Casimir IV Jagiellon granted town rights in 1444. After the Union of Krewo (1385), it was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union , which became

2484-573: The Holy Roman Empire, or in the capitals of dynasties that had a kinship with the dynasties that ruled these States. In 1997, Novogrudok and Novogrudoky district were merged into a single administrative unit. The city has links with the twin cities of Elbląg , Krynica Morska and Leymen . On September 10, 2011, in honour of the 500th anniversary of the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Magdeburg law (freed from feudal duties,

2576-655: The Jerusalem branch was assumed by his grandson, Rabbi Aaron Yoffen, editor of the Mossad Harav Kook edition of the Ritva 's commentary to Yevamot and Nedarim . Yearly, Rabbi Yaakov Jofen would travel to Jerusalem to teach the students of his father's yeshiva. Following Rabbi Nekritz's death and Rabbi Yaakov Yoffen's death in 2003, the leadership of the Brooklyn-based yeshiva fell to their sons, Rabbi Mordechai Yoffen and Rabbi Tzvi Nekritz. They chose to move

2668-751: The Khubala detachment, was killed in a battle with tenfold superior units of the NKVD . During the war, more than 45,000 people were killed in the city and the surrounding area, and over 60% of housing was destroyed. After the war, on this region did the organization "the black cat", which was aimed at the struggle against the Soviet regime, so in March 1948, the United group of troops of the organization "the black cat" with several units " bulbivtsiv " (total 200 men) attacked

2760-730: The Nazis in the region. During the German occupation , the city served as the administrative centre of Kreisgebiet Nowogrodek within the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . The local population was subjected to deportations for forced labour to Germany and executions. In February–March 1944, by order of the Gebietskommissar (Area Commissioner) of the Novogrudok district, SS- Obersturmbannführer Wilhelm Traub , former Lieutenant of

2852-630: The Novardok yehiva were deported as a group by the Soviet Union to internment camps in Siberia, and largely remained together as a group during their internment. Their experiences are recounted in The Alter of Novardok: The life of Rav Yosef Yoizel Horowitz and his worldwide impact, a book published in 2020 by Artscroll Publishing, a major publisher of numerous books on Jewish history. One of

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2944-605: The Novogrudok gymnasium in 1858. In 1837, Novogrudok had 4 unpaved and 9 paved streets and alleys. During the January Uprising , an insurgent organization led by V. Borzobogaty was formed in the city. In 1863, priest Felician Lashkevich from Novogrudok partook in this uprising. As part of anti-Catholic repression following the January Uprising , the tsarist administration closed down the gymnasium as well as Catholic churches, which were transformed into Orthodox churches. In 1896, Rabbi Yosef Yozel Horwitz founded one of

3036-480: The Novogrudok to release the arrested members of his organization. The city was the base of the MGB 's Special Department, which fought against anti-Soviet partisans . The anti-Soviet partisan movement continued until the early 1960s until it completely ceased to exist. After the war, the area remained part of the Byelorussian SSR , and most of the destroyed infrastructure was rapidly rebuilt. On 8 July 1954, following

3128-694: The Polish army Barys Rahula formed the Belarusian Novogrudok mounted squadron to fight the partisans. In February 1944, the 65th Belarusian Schutzmannschaft Battalion was formed in Novogrudok. However, in early July 1944, Barys Rahula curtailed the activities of the squadron. During the German occupation in Novogrudok, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth organized, at the request of

3220-402: The Polish-Lithuanian army, and was exempt from paying taxes for a period of 4 years. In the 16th–18th centuries, Novogrudok suffered numerous fires (1578, 1599, 1613, 1652, the most severe – in 1751, when 167 houses, 4 churches, the town hall and the Governor's office burned down) and epidemics (1590, 1592, 1603, 1708). In addition, military events and cataclysms of the 17th–18th centuries caused

3312-472: The Small Castle (an ancient roundabout city). Trade relations in the 12th–13th centuries were far-reaching, as evidenced by many imports: from Kyiv came glass bracelets , non-ferrous metal jewellery, engolpions , icons , spindle whorls , faience vessels from Iran , glassware from Byzantium and Syria , from the Baltic – amber . Novogrudok was first mentioned in the Sofia First Chronicle and Novgorod Fourth Chronicle in 1044 in reference to

3404-400: The Yeshiva to the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, and bring in Rabbi Yaakov Drillman of Yeshiva Chaim Berlin as a Rosh Yeshiva. The Jerusalem branch is headed by Rabbi Shmuel and Rabbi Eitan Yoffen, sons of Rabbi Aaron Yoffen. However, the latter is primarily a high level talmudic professor in the Chevron Yeshiva (Knesset Yisrael) of Jerusalem . Also influenced by the Novardok movement

3496-496: The age 20. The period of service was reduced to 6 years full-time plus 9 years in the reserve. This conscription measure created a large pool of military reserves ready to be mobilized in the event of war, while permitting a smaller active army during peacetime. Prior to the Milyutin reforms the Russian army had effectively been a long-service force with limited reserves, since many men who had completed their 25 years of service would not be physically fit for active service if recalled to

3588-520: The age of 21 with a commitment for active and reserve service that lasted until 43. Service "with the colours" varied from three years for infantry and artillery, to four years for cavalry, engineers and support corps. The individual conscript would then pass into the "First Reserve" for seven years and the "Second Reserve" for eight years. As had been the case since the 18th century, the commitment for conscription fell primarily on subjects of Russian nationality. Muslims and Finns were exempted, although

3680-408: The building of the former Russian County school. During the interwar period , Novogrudok served as the seat of the Novogrudok Voivodeship until the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Many new buildings were built, including the voivodeship office, district court, tax office, theatre, power plant, city bath and a narrow-gauge railway station. In 1938, a museum was created in

3772-433: The castle was besieged by the Teutonic Order . It was again attacked by the Teutons in 1321, 1341, 1390 and finally in 1394. As the centre of the appanage Principality, Novogrudok was owned from 1329 by Prince Karijotas , and then by his son Fyodor from 1358, and from 1386 by Kaributas . At that time, Novogrudok was part of the Trakai Voivodeship , whose population was entirely ethnically Lithuanian , hence Novogrudok

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3864-406: The city along with the surrounding villages in the lifetime possession of his wife Uliana . In 1415, at the Council of Orthodox bishops in Novogrudok, Gregory Tsamblak was elected Metropolitan of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Synod de facto declared autocephaly of the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and also reformed internal administration in the Church. In 1422, Vytautas

3956-418: The city had 428 wooden and 9 stone houses. At that time, mainly Jews , Belarusians , Poles , Lipka Tatars and Russians lived in the city. During the November Uprising , on July 22, 1831, Novogrudok was occupied for some time by the detachments of Y. Kashits and M. Mezheyevsky. After the liquidation of the Dominican school in 1834, the tsarist authorities opened a five-class school, which turned into

4048-404: The city's decline. During the Great Northern War in 1706, the city was occupied by Swedish Army , and later by Muscovite troops, who burned the city and blew up the castle . On 1 May 1751, there was great destruction due to a fire. On September 23, 1784, the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław August Poniatowski arrived in the city. On his way back from Nyasvizh , he visited

4140-402: The city's population were crafts and trade. Often, there is evidence of local jewelry craft – there were foundries and jewelry workshops that formed a whole block on the small castle . Bone-cutting, wood and stone processing were also common. Graffiti with old Russian letters was found on fragments of frescoed plaster from building No.12 ("house of the boyar" or "powalush") of the 12th century on

4232-413: The city, announcing the imminent liberation "from the yoke of the lords" and other oppressors. On 18 September 1939 Novogrudok was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . Many residents of the city and region were repressed and exiled to other regions of the USSR, and the region was subjected to severe Sovietization . In the administrative division of

4324-527: The city, the Novogrudok Castle 's ruins, the tribunal and the city archive. The 6th Lithuanian Infantry Regiment was stationed in the town in 1790. During the War in Defense of the Constitution , in early June 1792, Novogrudok was attacked by the 33,000-strong Tsarist army led by Mikhail Krechetnikov . In mid-June 1792, after the defeat in the battle of Mir , Lithuanian troops under Duke Louis of Württemberg 's command retreated through Novogrudok to Grodno . Tatars from General Józef Bielak 's Corps were among

4416-425: The city. In 1907-1909, a provincial branch of the Polish society "Enlightenment" worked in the city, which supported Polish education. It had a thriving Jewish community. In 1900, its population was 5,015. During the First World War , the city was under German occupation from 22 September 1915 to 27 December 1918. On September 22, 1915, Novogrudok was occupied by the German 10th Army . The Russian-German front

4508-402: The city: Stanisław Wojciechowski (May 25–27, 1924) and Ignacy Mościcki (September 1929 and the end of June 1931). In the 1920s and 1930s, more than 10 titles of periodicals were published in the city. In October 1922, the first Belarusian-language newspaper "Nasha Batskayshchyna" was published in Novogrudok. In 1924-1931, a mound was built on the small castle in honour of Adam Mickiewicz , and

4600-479: The colours. The six years of service "with the colours" required of Russian conscripts after 1874 was modified by a general practice of allowing individuals to take extended leave for the last twenty-four months of their obligation for active duty. Once released from full-time service, a former conscript was still liable to be recalled to help bring a regular unit up to full strength in the event of general mobilization or to replace casualty losses. After six years with

4692-433: The disestablishment of the Baranavichy Region, the raion , along with Novogrudok, became part of the Grodno Region , where it still is, now in Belarus. During the archaeological excavations at the Small Castle in Novogrudok in the period from 1955 to 1962, conducted by the Leningrad Department of the Institute of Archaeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences , an artefact was found, called "glass carved glass", belonging to

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4784-453: The drawing of names by lot, according to the actual requirements of the army in any given year. This might mean that virtually no recruits would be required in years where the Empire was at peace and the limited replacements required could be met through the voluntary re-enlistment of veterans nearing the end of their period of conscription. Alternatively, in the critical French invasion year of 1812 three separate levies were needed, calling up

4876-418: The end later added the letter "k" turned [ouk], so the chronicle "Novgorodou" transformed into "Novgorodouk" and was later simplified to "Novogrudok". Locals use the older name " Navаgradak ", especially the older people. The place of stress is recorded in the publication of the "Tribunal for the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania'" (Vilna, 1586), where it is marked in print "in Novа́gorodku". At

4968-454: The end of the Russian Empire with no provision being made for individual preferences. After the Russian defeat in the Crimean War during the reign of Alexander II , the Minister of War Dmitry Milyutin introduced sweeping proposals for military reform, with draft provisions presented in 1862. As part of these reforms, in 1856, a conscription statute was approved by the tsar making military service theoretically compulsory for all males at

5060-473: The establishment of numerous branches of the yeshiva. The most elite students of the yeshiva would set out on foot to strange communities without money in their pockets, simultaneously abstaining from speech and not asking for a ride or even food. Upon reaching a town, they would enter the Beth Midrash , and without a word to anyone, study Torah . With this method, Novardok established in Poland alone no less than seventy yeshivas of varying sizes. Dispatched from

5152-454: The former home of Adam Mickiewicz. The first voivode of Novogrudok (1921-1924) was Władysław Raczkiewicz , later (1939-1947) President of Poland in exile. On May 13, 1922, Adam Mickiewicz's eldest son, Wladyslaw, came to Novogrudok to stay, and on October 30, 1922, the chief of state , Marshal Józef Piłsudski , came here. In the following years, the former power station was converted into a city theatre. Several other Polish presidents visited

5244-412: The former were required to pay a special tax and the latter were enlisted in a separate corps of Finnish regiments with no commitment to serve outside their homeland. About half of potential Russian conscripts were able to obtain exemption for a variety of personal reasons, although they might be required to serve with the militia upon the general mobilization of the regular army. A continuing weakness in

5336-445: The last to leave the city. Earlier, they heroically defended the crossing of the Neman river against the Russian soldiers in the Battle of Stolbtsy . At the 18th century's end, there were 6 monasteries , 5 Catholic churches, 3 Orthodox churches, a synagogue , and a Tatar mosque in Novogrudok. In 1795, as a result of the third Partition of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , it was annexed by Imperial Russia . Administratively, it

5428-409: The most famous Jewish higher educational religious institutions in Novogrudok, the Novardok Yeshiva , which was one of the largest and most important yeshivas in pre-war Europe and a powerful force in the Musar movement . In 1905, the first gas street lamps appeared in Novogrudok. In 1910, there were 76 stone and 1074 wooden buildings in the city, and in 1914 there were 6 educational institutions in

5520-422: The mussar aspect of the yeshiva. During the outbreak of World War I, the Yeshiva moved en-masse to Gomel . Aside from functioning as a yeshiva, it also served as a safe house for young bochurim, seeking refuge from the war. The Yeshiva would have conscripts demanded from it, but the students would refuse to come. There were stories in the yeshiva about the soldiers threatening students at gunpoint, only to have

5612-418: The new territories, the city was briefly the centre of Navahrudak Region until it moved to Baranavichy , and region itself was renamed to Baranavichy Region and to the Novogrudok Raion (15 January 1940). On 22 June 1941, the city was subjected to German bombing, the former Starostvo, formerly the Radziwill Palace, and shopping malls were destroyed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union . On 4 July, Novogrudok

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5704-436: The opponents of that philosophy sought to close the yeshiva. They didn't succeed. By 1899, the yeshiva had swelled to 200 pupils. Some students came to Novardok yeshiva from as far as the Caucasus . At first, The Alter served as both the rosh yeshiva and mashgiach of the yeshiva, delivering shiurim in Gemara and mussar. In time, though, he appointed others to deliver the Gemara shiurim, while he focused on developing

5796-420: The parents of Polish children, underground teaching in the Polish language and history. On 1 August 1943, the underground school ceased to exist after 11 nuns, the Martyrs of Nowogródek , including the main organizer of the school, were shot by the German occupiers on August 1, 1943. In the summer of 1944, units of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district partook in Operation Ostra Brama , fighting alongside

5888-417: The power of voivodes, gave the right to create a magistrate-a self-government body, its seal and coat of arms – the image of the Archangel Michael) in the centre of the city as a memory of the history and former greatness of the ancient city, a memorial sign was installed. Conscription in the Russian Empire Conscription in the Russian Empire was introduced by Peter I of Russia . The system

5980-461: The purpose of these exercises were not to "put yourself down", as is commonly thought. The training, in fact, promoted the opposite; it gave the students the emotional freedom from the chains of public approval. They discovered that the fear of embarrassment was actually much greater than the reality. This strengthened their confidence to do the right thing, oblivious to what others might think. An extension of Novardok's unconventional approach entailed

6072-435: The region, in major cities such as Kyiv , Kharkiv , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov-on-Don , Zhytomyr , Berdychiv , Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd), Saratov , Plogid , and Chernihiv . Influenced by the Alter , his students also created Yeshivas in Kherson , Mohyliv-Podilskyi , Kamieniec-Podolski , Berdichev , Nikolaev , Bălţi , Odessa , Piotrków Trybunalski and other places. Novardok had its own unique outlook, stressing

6164-436: The reserve his commitment was reduced to service with a behind-the-lines garrison unit, unlikely to see actual battle. Families with only one son were exempted from conscription. Following the Russo-Japanese War major attempts were made at military reform, including the extension of the conscription system to enlarge the pool of trained reservists. The conscription system as evolved during 1910–1914 set call-up liability at

6256-432: The rivers Servech and Uschi. On the morning of July 19, 1920, the Red Army again occupied Novogrudok. After crushing defeats in the Battle of Warsaw and later of the Niemen River , on October 1, 1920, Polish troops again occupied the city. These were detachments of the 1st and 5th Legions' Infantry Regiments , the 16th Infantry Regiment , and 3 batteries of the 1st Legionary Artillery Regiment. Most of them belonged to

6348-425: The ruins of a house with painted walls from the inside, which had suspended lanterns in which oil was lit) this, as well as the conclusion of the archaeologist that the city appeared on this site no later than the 9th century, allows Novogrudok to claim the role of historical chronicle Novgorod. In favour of this version of localization is the fact that in the earliest annals of Novgorod called "Novgorodou", and [ou] in

6440-468: The second half of the 11th century, fortifications were built around the settlement on the Castle hill , thus forming the Novogrudok detinets . On the Small Castle to the West of the detinets formed a settlement, which in the 12th century was also fortified and turned into a roundabout city. On the territory of the detinets, wooden ground buildings with wood burning stoves made out of adobe and plank floors were studied. The most important activities of

6532-418: The son and successor of Mindaugas, took monastic vows in Lavrashev Monastery near Novgorodok and founded an Orthodox convent there. The enmity between Mindaugas and his relatives, who were refuged in Volhynia , led to a great war with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , which made several major campaigns against the city. These campaigns forced Mindaugas to ally with the Livonian Order . In 1253, Mindaugas

6624-463: The student respond that the soldier was powerless before God. After the Bolshevik takeover of Russia , the Alter ordered his students to cross the border into Poland. this was a top secret operation that not even the parents knew about. Many of the students were shot in the attempt; others were sent to Siberian prison camps , but six hundred made it across the border. In 1919, when the Yeshiva

6716-439: The time of entry into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the traditional Belarusian pronunciation Navа́gradak , transformed into the modern name Novogrudok , from Polish Nowogródek . Some historians believe that the chronicle versions of the name of the city – Novogorod , Novgorodok , Novy Gorodok , Novogorodok-Litovsky , etc. indicate that, perhaps, there was an old city center of the district – Radogoshcha. Novogrudok

6808-537: The total negation of ego and the physical world. Through this, the complete and total focus of a person can be on his spiritual and intellectual side. Like other Mussar schools, Novardok demanded the complete shattering of personal desires, eradicating any vestige of evil habits. For that purpose, students would carry notebooks, in which they would daily enter records of failures and achievements. Before bedtime, they would check their "bookkeeping" and make plans-of-action for correcting faults. One method of "breaking" oneself

6900-569: The townspeople of Novogrudok the privilege of 2 fairs a year for 2 weeks on the Catholic holidays Epiphany and Pentecost . In the 16th century, Novogrudok was also one of the Reformation 's centers. In September 1655, it was captured by Prince A. Trubetskoy's soldiers in the war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1661, the city was recaptured by

6992-476: The yeshiva base in Białystok, teams would investigate towns and cities and evaluate their suitability for a yeshiva. The extensive Novardok network supplied half of all the students to Eastern Europe 's other famous yeshivas. The yeshiva opened with ten students. A few months later there were already fifty. A year after the yeshiva's establishment, great criticism was levelled at the study and practice of Mussar, and

7084-543: The yeshiva became a mainstay of the French Jewish community until today. Reb Gershon would travel to Morocco to recruit Jewish students, whose only other option for Jewish education were the irreligious Alliance Israélite Universelle schools. Novogrudok Novogrudok or Navahrudak ( Belarusian : Навагрудак ; Russian : Новогрудок ; Polish : Nowogródek , Lithuanian : Naugardukas ; Yiddish : נאַוואַראַדאָק , romanized :  Navaradok )

7176-405: Was Black Rus' , whose center was Novogrudok. Encyclopædia Britannica mentions only the following Lithuanian capitals: Kernavė , Trakai and Vilnius , excluding Novogrudok from the list. During the 16th century, three centuries after the events, Maciej Stryjkowski was the first, in his chronicle, to propose the theory that Novogrudok was the capital of the 13th-century state. Vaišvilkas ,

7268-427: Was a Catholic church in Novogrudok. Maciej Stryjkowski , asserts that Ringold's father, Algimunt, ruled in Novogrudok over all Rus' and Lithuania, starting from Vilija River up to Starodub , Chernigov , Turau and Karachaev , as well as all of Podlasie with its adjacent castles, Brest , Mielnik , Drohiczyn , etc., holding them in peaceful tenure. Mindaugas son Vaišvilkas ruled Novogrudok. Novogrudok

7360-609: Was a royal city . In 1568, there were 10 churches in the city. From 1581 to 1775, the city hosted some of the Lithuanian Tribunal 's sessions. On March 18, 1595, King Sigismund III Vasa granted the city a coat of arms depicting Saint Michael the Archangel . After the Union of Brest of 1595-1596, the Department of the Orthodox Metropolitanate became a Uniate one. In 1597, Sigismund III Vasa gave

7452-413: Was by denying oneself extra pleasures of this world. Students of Novardok participated in deliberately humiliating behaviour, such as wearing old, patched clothing, or going to a shop and asking for a product not sold there, such as screws in a bakery. All Novardok students would share their personal belongings with friends to rid themselves of their desires for worldly possessions. One pupil related that

7544-457: Was called " conscript obligation " ( Russian : рекрутская повинность ). Russian tsars before Peter maintained professional hereditary musketeer corps ( streltsy in Russian) that were highly unreliable and undisciplined. In times of war the armed forces were augmented by feudal cavalry and peasant levies . Peter I introduced a modern regular army built on the German model, but with

7636-519: Was crowned king of Lithuania on behalf of the Pope . Vaišvilkas made peace on behalf of his father with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and handed over Novogrudok and all Lithuanian cities to Roman Danylovich . After breaking the peace in 1258, Vaišvilkas again became a duke in Novogrudok, and then passed it along with the entire country to Shvarn . The Golden Horde Tatars repeatedly attacked Novogrudok in 1255, 1274, and finally in 1279. In 1314,

7728-657: Was declared part of the Belarusian People's Republic . On December 27, 1918, the German army's cavalry left Novogrudok. In the evening, the Bolsheviks entered the city, greeted with an ovation by the Jewish and Russian population. Soon, some Polish activists were arrested, and in March 1919, the Bolsheviks executed some of them in the castle ruins. On January 1, 1919, following the resolution and Congress of

7820-502: Was established in Baltic Yotvingian lands. Eastern Slavs, specifically Dregoviches and Volhynians , were the first settlers who established Novogrudok at the end of the 10th century. According to archaeological research conducted in Novogrudok in the 1960s, the settlements arose on modern Novogrudok's territory at the end of the 10th century, and the fortifications by the mid-11th century. Research also suggests that

7912-588: Was fleeing the war and was stationed in Kiev, a typhus outbreak occurred in the Yeshiva. The Alter succumbed to it. The Alter's son-in-law, Rabbi Avraham Yoffen , was the head of the Novardok yeshiva in Białystok , the biggest Yeshiva in Poland between the two world wars. This yeshiva Beis Yosef , which was the name of all Novardok yeshivas in Poland, supervised 30 other Beis Yosef yeshivas. A group of students from

8004-569: Was founded after World War II in France by Rabbi Gershon Liebman , which in its heyday, had 40 schools and 6,000 students. Though "Rabenou Guerchon" as he is known in France had founded numerous yeshivos before the war, and had even managed to keep one going during the war, the Beth Yosef-France network found its origins within the newly liberated camp of Bergen-Belsen . Relocating to various DP camps, and then through several French cities,

8096-616: Was now only 20 km East of the city, along the Servechi river. The Germans built a power plant, a network of narrow-gauge railways, and telephone lines. The creation of polish and belarusian schools was also allowed in the city. Mickiewicz's house was occupied by General of Infantry Reinhard von Scheffer-Boyadel , the XVII Reserve Corps ' commander. Due to the front's proximity, Marshal Paul von Hindenburg came to Novogrudok. During German rule, on March 25, 1918, Novogrudok

8188-758: Was occupied by the Wehrmacht . Then, the Red Army was surrounded in the Novogrudok Cauldron . Nevertheless, during the German occupation, there was active resistance to the Nazis. In mid-December 1943, the Polish resistance separated the Novogrudok district of the Home Army from the Bialystok district. The headquarters of the Home Army's district was in Lida . The Nazis killed more than 10,000 Jews in

8280-478: Was one of Mindaugas' residences . Some identify Novogrudok as Lithuania 's first capital, later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , however, this is refuted by the fact that Voruta is the only contemporary mention of a possible early Lithuanian capital ruled by Mindaugas . Voruta's most likely location has been identified as Šeimyniškėliai mound . The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Mindaugas' state had no permanent capitals, but his early residence

8372-554: Was part of Lithuania Proper . Since 1392, Novogrudok was one of the centres of the Grand Ducal demesne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , where the stone Novogrudok Castle was built. The Novogrudok Castle's firmness allowed the existence of a Castellan and a Koniuszy . At the end of the 14th and start of the 15th century, Vytautas settled the Lipka Tatars in Novogrudok and its surroundings. In 1428, he recorded

8464-812: Was part of the Slonim Governorate since 1796, and the Lithuania Governorate since 1801. It was transferred to the Minsk Governorate in 1843. The city is one of two possible birthplaces of the world-renowned poet Adam Mickiewicz . Mickiewicz was baptized in the local Transfiguration Church and spent his childhood in the city. During the Napoleonic Wars , the Polish 20th Infantry Regiment and 19th Uhlan Regiment were formed from local residents after Novogrudok's occupation by Napoleon 's Grande Armée in 1812. In 1817,

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