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24-717: Novgorod Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR , which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod . The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire. The governorate was established in 1727 from Belozersk, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver and Velikiye Luki Provinces of St. Petersburg Governorate . It

48-452: A governor of an oblast or a krai . The Russian Empire had nine governorates in modern-day Ukrainian territories: Chernigov , Kharkov , Kherson , Kiev , Podolia , Poltava , Volhynia , Yekaterinoslav , and Taurida . Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912. After the events of 1917, which led to the declaration of independence of

72-455: A set of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities. The cities were In 1764, Jacob Sievers was appointed governor of Novgorod. He discovered that most of the towns in the governorate were located along the western border and were in fact former fortresses, whereas large spaces like for instance between Novgorod and Ustyuzhna, had no towns at all. The general policy of Catherine the Great at

96-669: The Grand Duchy of Finland , Congress Poland , Russian Turkestan and others. There were also military governors such as Kronstadt , Vladivostok and others. Aside from governorates, other types of divisions were oblasts (region) and okrugs (district). This subdivision type was created by the edict ( ukase ) of Peter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia into eight governorates . In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces ( Russian : провинции , romanized :  provintsii ). Later

120-743: The Russian Empire . After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, governorates remained as subdivisions in the Byelorussian , Russian and Ukrainian Soviet republics, and in the Soviet Union from its formation in 1922 until 1929. The term is also translated as government or province . A governorate was headed by a governor ( губернатор , gubernator ), a word borrowed from Latin gubernator , in turn from Greek kyvernítis ( Greek : κυβερνήτης ). Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor-general such as

144-800: The Ukrainian People's Republic , these governorates became subdivisions, which also annexed Ukrainian-inhabited parts of Mogilev , Kursk , Voronezh and Minsk governorates in 1918. By the end of the Soviet–Ukrainian War in 1920, the Bolsheviks had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into 12 governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union 's founding, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925. The West Ukrainian People's Republic in former Austro-Hungarian Empire territory

168-558: The Novgorod Governorate (Beloozersky, Kirillovsky, Tikhvinsky, Ustyuzhensky , and Cherepovetsky) were split off to create Cherepovets Governorate , with the administrative centre located in Cherepovets . Thus, by 1927 the governorate consisted of the following six uyezds: The administration of the governorate was performed by a governor. The governors of Novgorod Governorate were In 1809, Duke George of Oldenburg

192-710: The Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under the GOELRO plan , Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts , using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights". Eventually, in 1929,

216-565: The administrative center located in Kresttsy ), Kirillovsky Uyezd ( Kirillov ), and Cherepovetsky Uyezd ( Cherepovets ) were re-established. In 1816, Novgorod Governorate became the area where military settlements were deployed, in accordance with the project designed by Aleksey Arakcheyev , an influential statesman. It was inconvenient to have both civial and military administration in Staraya Russa, and therefore Starorussky Uyezd

240-465: The areas of what is currently Novgorod Oblast and Pskov Oblast , the greater parts of the Republic of Karelia , as well as parts of Arkhangelsk , Vologda , Leningrad , and Tver Oblasts . In 1927, it only comprised a larger part of current Novgorod Oblast and a small part of Tver Oblast. In 1727, the description of Novgorod Governorate's borders was not given. Instead, the territory was defined as

264-561: The centers in Olonets, Vytegra , and Padansky Pogost . In the same year, Porkhovsky , Gdovsky , Ladozhsky , Starorussky , and Tikhvinsky Uyezds were established. By 1775, Novgorod Governorate was subdivided as follows: In 1796, after the governorate was restored, it consisted of eleven uyezds, In 1802, Olonets Governorate was restored in pre-1796 borders. It included Petrozavodsky, Olonetsky, Kargopolsky, Vytegorsky, and Lodeynopolsky Uyezds . Simultaneously, Krestetsky Uyezd (with

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288-615: The number of governorates was increased to 23 . By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further into uezds ( Russian : уезды ), was based on population size, and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin: namestnichestvo ( наместничество ), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty", other times as " vicegerency ". The term guberniya , however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed by namestniki ( наместник ) (literal translation: "deputy") or " governors general " ( генерал-губернатор , general-gubernator ). Correspondingly,

312-403: The subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast, okrug , and raion . Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land. In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the term Guberniya is considered obsolete, yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to

336-492: The term governorate general ( генерал-губернаторство , general-gubernatorstvo ) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates. By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general

360-469: The time was to diminish the number of towns and to create large uyezds, and in 1764, most of the uyezds were abolished, however, Sievers argued that this policy was not appropriate for Novgorod Governorate, since it was large, sparsely populated, and difficult to administer. He suggested that Vyshny Volochyok , Valday , Borovichi , and Ostashkov would be chartered instead. In 1770, these towns were indeed chartered. Novgorod Governorate bordered Poland in

384-569: The west until 1772. In 1772, as a result of the First Partition of Poland , parts of Livonia and what is now eastern Belarus were transferred to Russia. In order to accommodate these areas, Pskov Governorate was created, and Velikiye Luki and Pskov Provinces (with the exception of future Gdovsky Uyezd ) were transferred to this governorate. In 1773, Olonetsky Uyezd was incorporated as Olonets Province but still remained in Novgorod Governorate. The province consisted of three uyezds with

408-407: Was abolished by a decree ( ukase ) of Catherine II on September 5 [ O.S. August 24], 1776, which established Novgorod and Tver Viceroyalties instead. Novgorod Viceroyalty included Novgorod and Olonets Oblast , whereas Tver Viceroyalty was made of the former Tver Province . The viceroyalty was never formally abolished, however, after a number of administrative transformations it

432-664: Was abolished in 1824. The town of Staraya Russa and some adjacent territories were directly subordinated to the Defense Ministry. Simultaneously, Demyansk was chartered, and Demyansky Uyezd was established. Military settlements were established in Novgorodsky, Demyansky, and Krestetsky Uyezds. The military settlements were proven inefficient, in particular, in 1831, the area participated in the Cholera Riots . They were abolished in 1856. In 1857, Starorussky Uyezd

456-613: Was also applied to subdivisions of the Kingdom of Poland ("Russian Poland") and the Grand Duchy of Finland . After the February Revolution , the Russian Provisional Government renamed governors into governorate commissars . The October Revolution left the subdivision in place, but the governing apparatus was replaced by governorate soviets ( губернский совет ). Actual subdivisions of

480-402: Was appointed governor general and supervised Novgorod, Tver, and Yaroslavl Governorates. In 1812, he died, and the position of the governor general was abolished. Guberniya A governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , romanized :  gubérniya , pre-1918 spelling : губе́рнія , IPA: [ɡʊˈbʲernʲɪjə] ) was a major and principal administrative subdivision of

504-486: Was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided into volosts ( волость ); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The governorate ( Russian : губе́рния , Polish : gubernia , Swedish : län , Finnish : lääni ) system

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528-408: Was divided into what was later to become Olonets Governorate , and into Novgorod Viceroyalty proper. After 1796, Novgorod Viceroyalty was mentioned in official documents only as Novgorod Governorate. This second Novgorod Governorate existed until 1927, when its territory was included into Leningrad Oblast . In terms of the modern political division of Russia, Novgorod Governorate as of 1727 comprised

552-666: Was not subdivided into governorates, and would be annexed by the Second Polish Republic from 1920 until the Soviet invasion of 1939 . There is another meaning of the word as it denoted a type of estate in Lithuania of the until 1917. Starorussky Uyezd Starorussky Uyezd ( Старорусский уезд ) was one of the subdivisions of the Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire . It was situated in

576-509: Was re-established. From 1859 to 1917, the governorate consisted of eleven uezds: In 1917, two towns of the governorate were chartered but did not become uyezd centers: Bologoye (Valdaysky Uyezd) and Lyuban (Novgorodsky Uyezd). In 1920, Malovishersky Uyezd was established, however, Malaya Vishera (formerly in Krestetsky Uyezd) was not chartered until 1921. In 1922, Krestetsky Uyezd was abolished. In June 1918, five uyezds of

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