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48-558: Nowshera District ( Pashto : نوښار ولسوالۍ ‎ , Urdu : ضلع نوشہرہ ) is a district in the Peshawar Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan . The capital and district headquarter is Nowshera city. Nowshera was previously a tehsil (subdivision) of Peshawar . In 1988, it received the elevated status of district. It is bordered by Peshawar District to the west, Mardan District to

96-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian

144-548: A campus of the University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar in Jalozai town. The district also has a public sector medical college: Nowshera Medical College . It is also home to many degree colleges which include Government Post Graduate College Nowshera , Government Home Economics College Nowshera , Government College Akbarpura, Government Degree College Pabbi and Government Girls Degree College Pabbi. According to

192-520: A device). Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian and Hindi-Urdu , with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian, but sometimes directly. Modern speech borrows words from English, French , and German . However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings: naṛә́i jahān dunyā tod/táwda garm aṛtyā́ ḍarurah híla umid də...pə aṛá bāra bolә́la qasidah Pabbi Pabbi town

240-665: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in

288-521: A sex ratio of 103.78 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 56.78%: 68.53% for males and 44.49% for females. 478,985 (27.6% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 341,959 (19.64%) live in urban areas. The major tribes of the district are the Pashtuns of the Durrani , Khattak , Yousafzai , Kakakhel and Babar tribes. The most dominant being the Khattak tribe and their largest subclan,

336-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that

384-421: Is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto

432-558: Is Pashto, though English is used in the educational institutions, while Urdu is understood throughout the city - as the national language. Pabbi hosted one of the largest number of afghan refugees during the Soviet Afghan War in 80s with one of the world largest refugees camp in Pabbi. Still a very large number of Afghan refugees are living in Pabbi. Here in Pabbi 5000 house belong to Khattak Pashtun families they own large part of

480-474: Is administratively divided into 3 Tehsils . The district is divided into 47 Union Councils . The largest by area is Nizampur & the smallest by area is Pabbi . The main towns in Nowshera District are Nowshera city (Capital) , Badrashi , Pabbi , Jalozai , Akora Khattak , Jehangira , Risalpur , Khairabad and Nizampur . The main villages are below. These cantonments were created by

528-585: Is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of

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576-573: Is located in Akbarpura town in Pabbi Tehsil of Nowshera. The shrine was attacked by Taliban militants in 2011 killing 11 people. The shrine of Sheikh Shahbaz Baba is named after Sheikh Shahbaz Baba commonly known as Sheikh Baba. The shrine is located in Pabbi town near Grand Trunk (GT), Nowshera. The shrine of Pir sabaq baba jee named Sheikh Abdus Salam sahib commonly known as Sahib Mubarak

624-522: Is located in (Pir Sabaq Sharif) 5 km from Nowshera Cantt on left side of Peshawar-Pindi GT road (after crossing Kabul river at Pirsabaq bridge 1.5 km). A list of some of the most prominent people from Nowshera District: 33°56′N 71°59′E  /  33.933°N 71.983°E  / 33.933; 71.983 Pashto language Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] )

672-654: Is located near(1.5 km) the village of Kana Khel. Bahadur Baba was follower of his father Mast Baba's maslak in Chishtiyyah and Suharwardiyah orders. Main Wali Sahib, Main Shadi Sahib, sheikh Afan sahib, Sheikh Syed Kasteer Gul Sahib(Kaka Sahib) , Akhund Mian Dad, Akhund Shareef Bali, Sheikh Allah Dad Khatak, Sheikh Nask, Faqeer Malik Meer. The shrine of Akhund Pangu Baba is named after Syed Abdul Wahab commonly known as Akhund Panju Baba and Baba Sahib. It

720-550: Is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in

768-564: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged

816-660: Is the capital and tehsil headquarters of Pabbi tehsil in Nowshera District . It has a train station called Pabbi station and is a market town . Peshawar City is located to the west around 20-km away while Nowshera City is located to the east around 17-km away. Pabbi is a hub of precast concrete industries located at the main GT road in Chowki Mumraiz. Currently, there are 43 precast concrete industries that are functional in Pabbi which supply different items to

864-722: The British Raj . There are three cantonments in Nowshera District: The district has 5 Provincial Seats in The Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Assembly . The district has 2 National Assembly Seats in The National Assembly of Pakistan . The District is currently represented by Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf who won all 7 Seats in the recent elections. The following are the rivers which flow through the Nowshera District. Some of

912-608: The 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to

960-825: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as

1008-587: The Akora Khattak. Languages of Nowshera district (2023) At the time of the 2023 census, 95.04% of the population spoke Pashto , 2.25% Hindko , 1.08% Punjabi and 0.99% Urdu as their first language. Nowshera district is home to many educational institutions. This includes the University of Technology, Nowshera , Northern University, Nowshera , a campus of the Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan in Pabbi town , and also

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1056-518: The Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings of 2017, Nowshera district was ranked 71 out of 155 districts in Pakistan in the quality of education while for facilities and infrastructure, the district was ranked 14 out of 155. A vast improvement from the rankings of 2016: the quality of education was ranked 71 out of 151, while facilities and infrastructure were ranked 42 out of 151. The district

1104-529: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in

1152-681: The Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian,

1200-680: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are

1248-511: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If

1296-711: The commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936

1344-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with

1392-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as

1440-548: The entire Khyber Paktunkhwa and to some parts of the Punjab. Topography Pabbi is located in the Valley of Peshawar, near the mountain range of Hindu kash on one side & River Kabul on the other side. The mountain range Hindu Kush is fomouse for its beautifule weather. The population of city in 1972 was 10,905 but according to the 2023 Census of Pakistan , the population has risen to 52,701. The primary native language spoken

1488-451: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still

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1536-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or

1584-834: The land in Pabbi. == Education == Pabbi is home to several notable educational institutions. It hosts a campus of the Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan . In addition, Pabbi has a campus of the University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar in Jelozai town, along with a Peshawar University campus for botany studies and research at the botanical garden in Azakhel. There are two boys' degree colleges and two girls' degree colleges in Pabbi: Government Degree College Pabbi Government Girls Degree College Pabbi Additionally, Pabbi also has

1632-617: The literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In

1680-401: The most famous parks are as follows: After the launch of CPEC project, Rashakai village of Nowshera is now an Economic Zone of KPK. Nowshera District is the home of many Sufi shrines. The shrine of 16th century’s most popular Sufi saint Sayyid Kastir Gul alias Hazrat Kaka Sahib is located in a rugged mountainous area around 12 km south of Nowshera district. It is considered one of

1728-545: The most frequently visited religious heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Born on the first of Ramazan in 1576, Kaka Sahib had received religious education from his Sufi father, Hazrat Sheikh Syed Bahadur Baba, and few Islamic scholars of his time. He used to practice all four Sufi orders – Naqshbandia, Suharwardia, Chistia and Qadria. Kaka Sahib also fondly called as Ziaree Kaka used to deliver lessons to his devotees. The shrine of Syed Nadir Shah (Mast Baba) He

1776-483: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن mečә́n i.e. a hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή ( mēkhanḗ , i.e.

1824-503: The north, Charsadda District to the northwest, Swabi District to the northeast, Kohat District to the south, Orakzai Agency to the southwest and Attock District to the east. Previously, it was known as Nowkhaar Province until it was annexed into British India via the Durand Line Agreement. Prior to its establishment as a separate district between 1988-1990, Nowshera was part of Peshawar District . The district

1872-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of

1920-435: The prosperity of Islam and spreading of spiritual light in the region, he died on (14 Shaban 1027 Hijri) 1627 AD. He married once and had four Sons one died as an infant, and the remaining three are Syed Sheikh Afan Sahib and Syed Sheikh Hayat Sahib(Alias Sheikh Attaan Sahib) Syed Sheikh Kasteer Gul (Sheikh Rahamkar, Kaka Sahib) . His descendants are known as Abbak Kheil and Kakakheil scattered all over Kpk province. The Shrine

1968-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes

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2016-550: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in

2064-418: The two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto

2112-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto

2160-658: The world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near the Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and

2208-418: Was also part of the Peshawar Division until the reforms of The Government of Pakistan . The total area of Nowshera is 1,748 km. The population density is 608 persons per square kilometre. The total agricultural area is 52,540 hectares. The main source of income of the region is agriculture. As of the 2023 census , Nowshera district has 259,774 households and a population of 1,740,705. The district has

2256-634: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended

2304-413: Was the father of Syed Sheikh Bahadur Baba (Abbak Sahib) and grand father of Syed Kasteer Gul (Kaka Sahib) . He died on (02 Safar 969 Hijri) 1561-62 AD. The Shrine is located at Khawara village Khatak Territory Nowshera. The shrine of Sheikh Bahadur Baba is named after Sheikh Bahadur Baba . He was born at Khawara Village Khatak territory, on (15 Ramadan 941 Hijri) 1524 AD. After a life of full struggle for

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