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65-831: The list—along with the Secondary Security Screening Selection , which tags would-be passengers for extra inspection—was created after the September 11 attacks of 2001. The No Fly List, the Selectee List, and the Terrorist Watch List were created by George W. Bush's administration and have continued through the administrations of Barack Obama , Donald Trump and Joe Biden . Former U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee chair Dianne Feinstein said in May 2010: "The no-fly list itself

130-501: A Redress Control Number to enter it when making their reservation. DHS TRIP may make it easier for an airline to confirm a traveler's identity. False-positive travelers, whose names match or are similar to the names of persons on the No Fly List, will continue to match that name even after using DHS TRIP, so it will not restore a traveler's ability to use Internet or curbside check-in or to use an automated kiosk. It does usually help

195-619: A boarding pass and entering the departures terminal, so a person on the No Fly List can simply travel under a different name. A " false positive " occurs when a passenger who is not on the No Fly List has a name that matches or is similar to a name on the list. False positive passengers will not be allowed to board a flight unless they can differentiate themselves from the actual person on the list, usually by presenting ID showing their middle name or date of birth. In some cases, false positive passengers have been denied boarding or have missed flights because they could not easily prove that they were not

260-765: A consular aid. It was repurposed and expanded after 9/11, and again in 2016. The names in Tuscan come from the US Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment (Tide), which is vetted by the FBI's Terrorist Screening Center and populates various US traveller databases, Canada's Tuscan and the Australian equivalent, "Tactics". In a 2010 report, the Government Accountability Office noted that "Membership in

325-419: A designated neutral party, one who is high-ranking in an organization, but who is not part of executive management. Using an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) or appropriate dispute resolution approach, an organisational ombudsman can provide options to whistleblowers or employees and managers with ethical concerns; provide coaching, shuttle diplomacy, generic solutions (meaning a solution which protects

390-565: A gun and it could become a permanent ban if a judge determines there is probable cause during that time window." The measure, too, failed, on a 55-45 vote (60 votes were required to proceed). The votes on both the Feinstein measure and the Cornyn measure were largely along party lines . With the aim of preventing individuals on the No Fly List from flying in commercial airliners, U.S. airports require all passengers to show valid picture ID (e.g.

455-477: A less controversial entry point that they are calling the " Registered Traveler " program. TSA has also begun testing of another program called " Secure Flight ", which is supposed to solve some of the problems of CAPPS I while avoiding the privacy issues of CAPPS II. In January 2009, Marcus Holmes conservatively estimated the total cost of the program to be $ 536 million since 9/11, with a reasonable estimation range that approaches $ 1 billion, and he questioned whether

520-506: A much longer list of people said to be suspected of some involvement with terrorism. As of June 2014, the Terrorist Watch List is estimated to contain over 2,484,446 records, consisting of 1,877,139 individual identities. Before the attacks of September 11, 2001 , the U.S. federal government had a list of 16 people deemed "no transport" because they "presented a specific known or suspected threat to aviation." The list grew in

585-412: A national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature. Below the national level, an ombudsman may be appointed by a state, local, or municipal government. Unofficial ombudsmen may be appointed by, or even work for, a corporation such as a utility supplier, newspaper, NGO , or professional regulatory body. In some jurisdictions, an ombudsman charged with handling concerns about national government

650-430: A nationwide class-action challenge to the government's No Fly List", in which they charge that "many innocent travelers who pose no security risk whatsoever are discovering that their government considers them terrorists – and find that they have no way to find out why they are on the list, and no way to clear their names." The case was settled in 2006, when "the federal government agreed to pay $ 200,000 in attorneys' fees to

715-527: A passport or driver's license) along with their boarding pass before entering the boarding terminal. At this checkpoint, the name on the ID is matched to that on the boarding pass, but is not recorded. In order to be effective, this practice must assume that 1) the ticket was bought under the passenger's real name (at which point the name was recorded and checked against the No Fly List), 2) the boarding pass shown

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780-533: A report critical of the CAPPS II system. It characterized the proposal as incomplete and seriously behind schedule, and noted that the TSA had failed to address "developmental, operational, and privacy issues identified by Congress". On July 14, 2004, TSA officials announced that CAPPS II was being pulled from consideration without proceeding to full testing. Critics have alleged that the TSA has merely chosen to start with

845-537: A terrorist organization does not prohibit a person from possessing firearms or explosives under current federal law," and individuals on the No Fly List are not barred from purchasing guns. According to GAO data, between 2004 and 2010, people on terrorism watch lists—including the No Fly List as well as other separate lists—attempted to buy guns and explosives more than 1,400 times, and succeeded 1,321 times (more than 90% of cases). Senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey repeatedly introduced legislation to bar individuals on

910-437: A wide mandate to deal with the entire public sector, and sometimes also elements of the private sector (for example, contracted service providers). In some cases, there is a more restricted mandate to a certain sector of society. More recent developments have included the creation of specialized children's ombudsmen . In some countries, an inspector general , citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of

975-532: Is ombudsmen . In Nigeria, the ombudsman is known as the Public Complaints Commission or the ombudsman . In general, an ombudsman is a state official appointed to provide a check on government activity in the interests of the citizen and to oversee the investigation of complaints of improper government activity against the citizen. If the ombudsman finds a complaint to be substantiated, the problem may get rectified, or an ombudsman report

1040-548: Is a "sacred" liberty protected by the U.S. Constitution and ordered the government to change its system for challenging inclusion. A Malaysian academic has been the first to successfully bring a suit involving the No Fly List to trial. On August 18, 2008, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco issued a ruling on behalf of Rahinah Ibrahim, who was a Stanford University graduate student when she

1105-404: Is a government employee who investigates and tries to resolve complaints, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or mediation . They are usually appointed by the government or by parliament (often with a significant degree of independence). Ombudsmen also aim to identify systemic issues leading to poor service or breaches of people's rights. At the national level, most ombudsmen have

1170-860: Is an airport security measure in the United States which selects passengers for additional inspection. People from certain countries are subject to it by default. The passengers may be known as Selectee , Automatic Selectee or the Selectee list . The size and contents of the list fluctuates and is a secret, although the Transportation Security Administration has stated there are tens of thousands of names on it. The Selectee list has been cited by civil liberties groups to be infringing on privacy rights and potential for racial and ethnic discrimination . Passengers who have been selected for secondary screening will have

1235-659: Is more formally referred to as the "parliamentary commissioner" (e.g. the United Kingdom Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration , and the Western Australian state Ombudsman ). In many countries where the ombudsman's responsibility includes protecting human rights, the ombudsman is recognized as the national human rights institution . The post of ombudsman had by the end of the 20th century been instituted by most governments and by some intergovernmental organizations such as

1300-421: Is one of our best lines of defense." However, the list has been criticized on civil liberties and due process grounds, due in part to its potential for ethnic, religious, economic, political, or racial profiling and discrimination . It has raised concerns about privacy and government secrecy and has been criticized as prone to false positives . The No Fly List is different from the Terrorist Watch List,

1365-418: Is published making recommendations for change. Further redress depends on the laws of the country concerned, but this typically involves financial compensation. Ombudsmen in most countries do not have the power to initiate legal proceedings or prosecution on the grounds of a complaint. This role is sometimes referred to as a "tribunician" role, and has been traditionally fulfilled by elected representatives –

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1430-424: Is real, and 3) the ID shown is real. However, the rise of print-at-home boarding passes, which can be easily forged, allows a potential attacker to buy a ticket under someone else's name, to go into the boarding terminal using a real ID and a fake boarding pass, and then to fly on the ticket that has someone else's name on it. Additionally, a 2007 investigation showed that obviously false IDs could be used when claiming

1495-413: Is that the government has not provided a constitutionally adequate means of allowing individuals to challenge their inclusion on the list and that "constitutional rights are at stake when the government stigmatizes Americans as suspected terrorists and bans them from international travel." Among the complaints about the No Fly List is the use of credit reports in calculating the risk score. In response to

1560-506: The Department of Homeland Security website, print and sign the application, and then submit it with copies of several identifying documents. After reviewing their records, DHS notifies the traveler that if any corrections of data about them were warranted, they will be made. Travelers who apply for redress through TRIP are assigned a record identifier called a "Redress Control Number". Airline reservations systems allow passengers who have

1625-785: The European Union . As of 2005, including national and sub-national levels, a total of 129 offices of ombudsman have been established around the world. A prototype of an ombudsman may have flourished in China during the Qin dynasty (221 BC), and later in Korea during the Joseon dynasty . The position of secret royal inspector , or amhaeng-eosa ( 암행어사 , 暗行御史 ) was unique to the Joseon dynasty, where an undercover official directly appointed by

1690-525: The Liao dynasty , Japan, and China. An indigenous Swedish , Norwegian , and Danish term, ombudsman , ombodsmann , ombudsmann or ombudsmand is etymologically rooted in the Old Norse word umboðsmaðr , essentially meaning 'representative' (with the word umbud /ombod/ ombud meaning 'proxy', 'attorney'; that is, someone who is authorized to act for someone else, a meaning it still has in

1755-1120: The No Fly List or the Selectee List. One minor was placed on this list in 2014 and, as of July 2017 , minors with similar names to those on the lists still have difficulty in obtaining boarding passes and are subjected to additional screening. Critics of the George W. Bush administration, including Sen. Edward Kennedy , Rep. John Lewis , feminist Naomi Wolf , peace activists Father John Dear and Sister Virgine Lawinger, Center for Constitutional Rights lawyers Barbara Olshansky and Nancy Chang, and Green Party activists Nancy Oden and Doug Stuber have been pulled aside for enhanced screening, leading activists to believe that some selectees were being harassed for speaking out against government policies. Ombudsman An ombudsman ( / ˈ ɒ m b ʊ d z m ən / OM -buudz-mən , also US : /- b ə d z -, - b ʌ d z -/ -⁠bədz-, -⁠budz- ), ombud , ombuds , bud , ombudswoman , ombudsperson , or public advocate

1820-449: The 4th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the government's motion to dismiss Mohamed's lawsuit. On January 22, 2014, Judge Anthony J. Trenga denied most of another government motion to dismiss the lawsuit, allowing the case to proceed toward trial. In 2015 Yonas Fikre of Oregon sued the FBI for harm to his reputation and violation of his due process rights to travel, after he was placed on the No Fly List and then removed. In September 2023,

1885-482: The ACLU of Northern California" and to "[make] public, for the first time, hundreds of records about the government's secret 'no fly' list used to screen airline passengers after September 11, 2001." On August 5, 2010, the ACLU filed a lawsuit on behalf of 14 plaintiffs challenging their placement on the No Fly List. and on June 24, 2014, U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown ruled in favor of the plaintiffs saying that air travel

1950-610: The CEO or board of directors, and according to the International Ombudsman Association (IOA) Standards of Practice, they do not have any other role in the organisation. Organisational ombudsmen often receive more complaints than alternative procedures such as anonymous hot-lines. Since the 1960s, the profession has grown in the United States, and Canada, particularly in corporations, universities, and government agencies. The organizational ombudsman works as

2015-660: The FBI, Alsup ruled on January 14, 2014 "that Ibrahim did have the right to sue and ordered the government to tell Ibrahim whether she is still on the list." Ibrahim was represented by the San Jose-based law firm of McManis Faulkner. Ibrahim was awarded $ 400,000 in court costs; in January 2019 the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that she was entitled to the "vast majority" of the millions of dollars in costs her lawyers were requesting, and ordered Alsup to rule on whether

No Fly List - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-500: The House Paul Ryan oppose this measure, citing due process concerns and efficacy, respectively. Republicans have blocked attempts by Democrats to attach these provisions to Republican-backed measures. The American Civil Liberties Union has voiced opposition to barring weapons sales to individuals listed on the current form of the No Fly List, stating that: "There is no constitutional bar to reasonable regulation of guns, and

2145-463: The No Fly List contained only 2,500 names, with an additional 16,000 "selectees" who "represent a less specific security threat and receive extra scrutiny, but are allowed to fly." As of 2011, the list contained about 10,000 names. In 2012, the list more than doubled in size, to about 21,000 names. In August 2013, a leak revealed that more than 47,000 people were on the list. In 2016, California Senator Dianne Feinstein disclosed that 81,000 people were on

2210-487: The No Fly List could serve as one tool for it, but only with major reform." Specifically, the ACLU's position is that the government's current redress process—the procedure by which listed individuals can petition for removal from the list—does not meet the requirements of the Constitution's Due Process Clause because the process does not "provide meaningful notice of the reasons our clients are blacklisted,

2275-474: The No Fly List of 1.56 million entries and Selectee List of 250,000 entries posted by CommuteAir on an unsecured Amazon Web Services cloud server. An analysis published in 2024 concerns over-representation of ethno-religious groups in the list, based on a redacted copy of the leak. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has long criticized the No Fly List and similar lists because of the lack of notification to persons included on such lists. The ACLU's stance

2340-451: The No Fly List. There is a huge, secretive US anti-terrorism database for Canada specifically, "Tuscan" (Tipoff US/Canada), revealed by Canada's access to information system. The database is used by both the US and Canada, and applies to all borders, not just airports. It is believed to contain information on about 680,000 people thought to be linked with terrorism. The list was created in 1997 as

2405-619: The No Fly List. Laura K. Donohue would later write in The Cost of Counterterrorism: Power, Politics, and Liberty that "antiwar activists, such as Jan Adams and Rebecca Gordan, and political opponents of the Bush administration, such as Senator Edward Kennedy and civil rights attorney David Cole , found themselves included." In June 2016, Timothy Healy, the former director of the FBI Terrorist Screening Center , disputed

2470-706: The Scandinavian languages). In the Danish Law of Jutland from 1241, the term is umbozman and concretely means a royal civil servant in a hundred . From 1552, it is also used in other Nordic languages such as the Icelandic and Faroese umboðsmaður , the Norwegian ombudsmann / ombodsmann , and the Swedish ombudsman ( pronounced [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ). The general meaning

2535-689: The Swedish Office of Supreme Ombudsman became the Chancellor of Justice . The Parliamentary Ombudsman was established in 1809 by the Swedish Riksdag , as a parallel institution to the still-present Chancellor of Justice, reflecting the concept of separation of powers as developed by Montesquieu . The Parliamentary Ombudsman is the institution that the Scandinavian countries subsequently developed into its contemporary form, and which subsequently has been adopted in many other parts of

2600-604: The U.S., but the airline denied him boarding, presumably because he was on the U.S. No Fly List, and he was returned to prison. While he was imprisoned in Kuwait, a lawsuit was filed on his behalf in the Eastern District of Virginia by the Council on American–Islamic Relations . After the lawsuit was filed, he was allowed to return to the U.S.; the U.S. government then moved to dismiss the lawsuit as moot. On May 28, 2013,

2665-657: The US "Tuscan" (Tipoff US/Canada) database is provided to every Canadian border guard and immigration officer; they have the power to detain, interrogate, arrest and deny entry to anyone listed on it. Unlike the no-fly list, which only applies to airports, Tuscan is used for every Canadian land and sea border, and visa and immigration application. In Pakistan , the no fly list is known as the Exit Control List . Secondary Security Screening Selection Secondary Security Screening Selection or Secondary Security Screening Selectee , known by its initials SSSS ,

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2730-480: The US Supreme Court agreed to hear the FBI's appeal against the litigation. Canada's federal government has created its own no fly list as part of a program called Passenger Protect . The Canadian list incorporates data from domestic and foreign intelligence sources, including the U.S. No Fly List. It contains between 500 and 2,000 names. In addition, Canada's access to information system revealed that

2795-491: The airline identify the traveler as not being the actual person on the No Fly List, after an airline agent has reviewed their identity documents at check-in. However, DHS TRIP has not been very helpful to travelers who accidentally end up on the No Fly List, as their efforts to clear their names are often futile to the extent that they are not told why they are on the list. On January 19, 2023, Swiss hacker maia arson crimew reported that she had gained access to 2019 versions of

2860-482: The basis for those reasons, and a hearing before a neutral decision-maker." In December 2015, Feinstein's amendment to bar individuals on the terror watch list from purchasing firearms failed in the Senate on a 45-54 vote. Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn of Texas put forth a competing proposal to "give the attorney general the power to impose a 72-hour delay for individuals on the terror watch list seeking to purchase

2925-545: The benefits of the list outweigh the costs. The 2023 leak re-ignited criticisms that the No-Fly list is insufficiently secure. Critics note that if it is not possible to abolish the No-Fly list or make placement on it appealable, Congress should at least review and improve the federal government's data security to prevent any future leaks. On April 6, 2004, the American Civil Liberties Union "filed

2990-514: The case of film or other items that cannot be X-rayed , the agent may perform a test for possible explosive materials. The screener may also use a hand held metal detector to search the passenger for metal objects. Neither the TSA nor the airlines publish the criteria that are used when boarding passes are issued to identify passengers who will be given extra screening or be denied boarding. Some criteria are: The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has insisted no minors are listed on

3055-457: The claim that Kennedy had ever appeared on the list, saying that another person with a similar name—who had accidentally tried to bring ammunition on to a plane—was placed on an airline's watch list and Kennedy was mistakenly detained by the airline, not based on the No Fly List. In October 2006, CBS News ' 60 Minutes reported on the program after it obtained a March 2006 copy of the list containing 44,000 names. Many individuals were "caught in

3120-529: The controversy, Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officials said in 2005 that they would not use credit scores to determine passengers' risk score and that they would comply with all rights guaranteed by the First and Fourth amendments to the United States Constitution . In the midst of this controversy, the Government Accountability Office of the U.S. Congress produced

3185-466: The government had acted in bad faith. Gulet Mohamed , a U.S. citizen from Virginia, was placed on the no-fly list as a teenager in 2011 while he was visiting family in Kuwait. Because he was on the no-fly list, he was unable to return to the U.S. before his visa expired. He was taken into custody in Kuwait for overstaying his visa, where he alleges that he "was repeatedly beaten and tortured by his interrogators". Kuwaiti authorities tried to deport him to

3250-548: The immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, reaching more than 400 names by November 2001, when responsibility for keeping it was transferred to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In mid-December 2001, two lists were created: the "No Fly List" of 594 people to be denied air transport, and the " Selectee " list of 365 people who were to be more carefully searched at airports. By 2002,

3315-674: The individual from others who may be on the list.'" In April 2007, the U.S. federal government's "terrorist watch list" administered by the Terrorist Screening Center (which is managed principally by the FBI) contained 700,000 records. A year later, the ACLU estimated the list to have grown to over 1,000,000 names and to be continually expanding. However, according to Homeland Security secretary Michael Chertoff , in October 2008

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3380-647: The king was sent to local provinces to monitor government officials and look after the populace while travelling incognito. The Roman Tribune had some similar roles, with the power to veto acts that infringed upon the Plebeians . Another precursor to the ombudsman was the Diwān al-Maẓālim ( دِيوَانُ الْمَظَالِمِ ) which appears to go back to the second caliph , Umar (634–644), and the concept of Qaḍī al-Quḍāt ( قَاضِي الْقُضَاةِ ). They were also attested in Siam, India,

3445-450: The letters SSSS or *S* (all capitals) printed on their boarding passes as a signal for the need for a thorough search at security checkpoints. In the case of Southwest Airlines , secondary screening selectees may have a "checkerboard" pattern printed on their boarding passes. SSSS passengers will go through a more intensive screening process which may include enhanced pat-downs. Their carry-on luggage may also be inspected by hand. In

3510-425: The list. Under the settlement, the government paid $ 200,000 in the plaintiffs' attorneys' fees. A separate suit was brought as a class action "filed by people caught in the name game." In response, "TSA created an ombudsman process, whereby individuals now can download and print out a Passenger Identity Verification Form and mail it, along with certain notarized documents, to the TSA 'so the agency can differentiate

3575-743: The modern plural form ombudsmen of the English borrowed word ombudsman is likely. Use of the term in its modern sense began in Sweden with the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman instituted by the Instrument of Government of 1809, to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency independent of the executive branch . The predecessor of the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman

3640-459: The person on the No Fly List. False positives and abuses that have been in the news include: The DHS Traveler Redress Inquiry Program (TRIP) is a procedure for travelers who are delayed or denied boarding of an aircraft, consistently receive excess scrutiny at security checkpoints, or are denied entry to the U.S. because they are believed to be or are told that they are on a government watch list. The traveler must complete an online application at

3705-636: The selection of an appropriate individual for the office, and on the cooperation of at least some effective official from within the apparatus of the state. The institution has also been criticized: "Ombudsmen are relics of absolutism, designed to iron out the worst excesses of administrative arbitrariness while keeping the power structures intact." Many private companies, universities, non-profit organisations, and government agencies also have an ombudsman (or an ombuds office) to serve internal employees, managers and/or other constituencies. These ombudsman roles are structured to function independently, by reporting to

3770-537: The system" as a result of sharing the exact or similar name of another person on the list; TSA officials said that, as of November 2005, 30,000 people in 2005 had complained that their names were matched to a name on the list via the name matching software used by airlines. In January 2006, the FBI and ACLU settled a federal lawsuit, Gordon v. FBI , brought by Gordon and Adams under the Freedom of Information Act in order to obtain information about how names were added to

3835-409: The term refers to the ancient Roman " tribunes of the plebeians " ( tribuni plebis ), whose role was to intercede in the political process on behalf of common citizens. The significant advantage of an ombudsman is that they examine complaints from outside the offending state institution, thus avoiding the conflicts of interest inherent in self-policing. However, the ombudsman system relies heavily on

3900-530: The terror watch lists (such as the No Fly List) from buying firearms or explosives, but these efforts have not succeeded. Senator Dianne Feinstein of California revived the legislation after the November 2015 Paris attacks and President Barack Obama has called for such legislation to be approved. Republicans in Congress such as Senate Homeland Security Committee chair Ron Johnson and former Speaker of

3965-470: The two lists combined contained over a thousand names, and by April 2005 contained about 70,000 names. For the first two and a half years of the program, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Transportation Security Administration (TSA) denied that the program existed. In 2004, then-U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy was denied boarding a flight because his name was similar to an alias found on

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4030-419: The world. The word ombudsman and its specific meaning have since been adopted in various languages, such as Dutch. The German language uses Ombudsmann , Ombudsfrau and Ombudsleute . Notable exceptions are French, Italian, Spanish, and Finnish , which use translations instead. Modern variations of this term include ombud , ombuds , ombudsperson , or ombudswoman , and the conventional English plural

4095-511: Was and is approximately 'a man representing (someone)' (i.e., a representative) or 'a man with a commission (from someone)' (a commissioner). The Swedish-speaking minority in Finland uses the Swedish terminology. The various forms of the suffix -mand , -maður , et cetera, are just the forms the common Germanic word represented by the English word man have in the various languages. Thus,

4160-517: Was arrested at the San Francisco-Oakland International Airport in 2005, overturning a lower court decision and allowing her case against inclusion in the No Fly List to proceed through the court system. A public trial began on December 2, 2013 in San Francisco in the courtroom of U.S. District Judge William Alsup . After the government revealed that Ibrahim had ended up on the list because of human error by

4225-638: Was the Office of Supreme Ombudsman ( Högste Ombudsmannen ), which was established by the Swedish King, Charles XII , in 1713. Charles XII was in exile in Turkey and needed a representative in Sweden to ensure that judges and civil servants acted in accordance with the laws and with their duties. If they did not do so, the Supreme Ombudsman had the right to prosecute them for negligence. In 1719

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