An adjective ( abbreviated adj. ) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase . Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun.
49-473: In mathematics, the adjective Noetherian is used to describe objects that satisfy an ascending or descending chain condition on certain kinds of subobjects, meaning that certain ascending or descending sequences of subobjects must have finite length. Noetherian objects are named after Emmy Noether , who was the first to study the ascending and descending chain conditions for rings. Specifically: Noetherian group ,
98-404: A group that satisfies the ascending chain condition on subgroups . Noetherian ring , a ring that satisfies the ascending chain condition on ideals . Noetherian module , a module that satisfies the ascending chain condition on submodules. More generally, an object in a category is said to be Noetherian if there is no infinitely increasing filtration of it by subobjects. A category
147-565: A part of speech (word class) in most languages . In some languages, the words that serve the semantic function of adjectives are categorized together with some other class, such as nouns or verbs . In the phrase "a Ford car", "Ford" is unquestionably a noun but its function is adjectival: to modify "car". In some languages adjectives can function as nouns: for example, the Spanish phrase " un rojo " means "a red [one]". As for "confusion" with verbs, rather than an adjective meaning "big",
196-464: A scheme in algebraic geometry that admits a finite covering by open spectra of Noetherian rings. See also [ edit ] Artinian ring , a ring that satisfies the descending chain condition on ideals. [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with the same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change
245-419: A Niger-Congo language of Nigeria, allows a possessive word, a demonstrative and an article all to occur as noun modifiers in the same noun phrase: ani wife wò 2SG . POSS âka that nà the ani wò âka nà wife 2SG.POSS that the ´that wife of yours´ There are also languages in which demonstratives and articles do not normally occur together, but must be placed on opposite sides of
294-487: A beautiful park is beautiful, but a car park is not "car". The modifier often indicates origin (" Virginia reel"), purpose (" work clothes"), semantic patient (" man eater") or semantic subject (" child actor"); however, it may generally indicate almost any semantic relationship. It is also common for adjectives to be derived from nouns, as in boyish , birdlike , behavioral (behavioural) , famous , manly , angelic , and so on. In Australian Aboriginal languages ,
343-447: A cause "), relative clauses (as in "the man who wasn't there "), and infinitive phrases (as in "a cake to die for "). Some nouns can also take complements such as content clauses (as in "the idea that I would do that "), but these are not commonly considered modifiers . For more information about possible modifiers and dependents of nouns, see Components of noun phrases . In many languages, attributive adjectives usually occur in
392-403: A determiner present are called "bare noun phrases", and are considered to be dominated by determiner phrases with null heads. For more detail on theoretical approaches to the status of determiners, see Noun phrase § With and without determiners . Some theoreticians analyze pronouns as determiners or determiner phrases. See Pronoun: Theoretical considerations . This is consistent with
441-502: A distinct category. The linguistics term "determiner" was coined by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933. Bloomfield observed that in English , nouns often require a qualifying word such as an article or adjective . He proposed that such words belong to a distinct class which he called "determiners". If a language is said to have determiners, any articles are normally included in the class. Other types of words often regarded as belonging to
490-514: A general quantity of objects, not a precise number such as twelve , dozen , first , single , or once (which are considered numerals ). Determiners are distinguished from pronouns by the presence of nouns. Plural personal pronouns can act as determiners in certain constructions. Some theoreticians unify determiners and pronouns into a single class. For further information, see Pronoun § Linguistics . Distributive determiners, also called distributive adjectives, consider members of
539-406: A group separately, rather than collectively. Words such as each and every are examples of distributive determiners. Interrogative determiners such as which , what , and how are used to ask a question: Some theoretical approaches regard determiners as heads of their own phrases , which are described as determiner phrases . In such approaches, noun phrases containing only a noun without
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#1732794426788588-639: A language might have a verb that means "to be big" and could then use an attributive verb construction analogous to "big-being house" to express what in English is called a "big house". Such an analysis is possible for the grammar of Standard Chinese and Korean , for example. Different languages do not use adjectives in exactly the same situations. For example, where English uses " to be hungry " ( hungry being an adjective), Dutch , French , and Spanish use " honger hebben ", " avoir faim ", and " tener hambre " respectively (literally "to have hunger",
637-461: A lexically distinct class of determiners. In some languages, the role of certain determiners can be played by affixes (prefixes or suffixes) attached to a noun or by other types of inflection . For example, definite articles are represented by suffixes in Romanian , Bulgarian , Macedonian , and Swedish . In Swedish, bok ("book"), when definite, becomes boken ("the book"), while
686-420: A nominal element within a particular context. They generally do this by indicating definiteness ( a vs. the ), quantity ( one vs. some vs. many ), or another such property. An adjective acts as the head of an adjective phrase or adjectival phrase (AP). In the simplest case, an adjective phrase consists solely of the adjective; more complex adjective phrases may contain one or more adverbs modifying
735-585: A noun, they are far more circumscribed than adjectives in their use—typically, only a single determiner would appear before a noun or noun phrase (including any attributive adjectives). This means that, in English, adjectives pertaining to size precede adjectives pertaining to age ("little old", not "old little"), which in turn generally precede adjectives pertaining to colour ("old white", not "white old"). So, one would say "One (quantity) nice (opinion) little (size) old (age) round (shape) [ or round old] white (colour) brick (material) house." When several adjectives of
784-401: A proper town (a real town, not a village) vs. They live in the town proper (in the town itself, not in the suburbs). All adjectives can follow nouns in certain constructions, such as tell me something new . In many languages, some adjectives are comparable and the measure of comparison is called degree . For example, a person may be "polite", but another person may be " more polite", and
833-688: A small closed class of adjectives, and new adjectives are not easily derived. Similarly, native Japanese adjectives ( i -adjectives) are considered a closed class (as are native verbs), although nouns (an open class) may be used in the genitive to convey some adjectival meanings, and there is also the separate open class of adjectival nouns ( na -adjectives). Many languages (including English) distinguish between adjectives, which qualify nouns and pronouns, and adverbs , which mainly modify verbs , adjectives, or other adverbs. Not all languages make this exact distinction; many (including English) have words that can function as either. For example, in English, fast
882-433: A special comparative form of the adjective. In such cases, as in some Australian Aboriginal languages , case-marking, such as the ablative case may be used to indicate one entity has more of an adjectival quality than (i.e. from —hence ABL) another. In English, many adjectives can be inflected to comparative and superlative forms by taking the suffixes "-er" and "-est" (sometimes requiring additional letters before
931-547: A specific order. In general, the adjective order in English can be summarised as: opinion, size, age or shape, colour, origin, material, purpose. Other language authorities, like the Cambridge Dictionary , state that shape precedes rather than follows age. Determiners and postdeterminers—articles, numerals, and other limiters (e.g. three blind mice)—come before attributive adjectives in English. Although certain combinations of determiners can appear before
980-414: A statement is only tentative or tendential: one might say "John is more the shy-and-retiring type", where the comparative "more" is not really comparing him with other people or with other impressions of him, but rather, could be substituting for "on the whole" or "more so than not". In Italian, superlatives are frequently used to put strong emphasis on an adjective: bellissimo means "most beautiful", but
1029-486: A third person may be the " most polite" of the three. The word "more" here modifies the adjective "polite" to indicate a comparison is being made, and "most" modifies the adjective to indicate an absolute comparison (a superlative ). Among languages that allow adjectives to be compared, different means are used to indicate comparison. Some languages do not distinguish between comparative and superlative forms. Other languages allow adjectives to be compared but do not have
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#17327944267881078-539: Is Noetherian if every object in it is Noetherian. Noetherian relation , a binary relation that satisfies the ascending chain condition on its elements. Noetherian topological space , a topological space that satisfies the descending chain condition on closed sets . Noetherian induction , also called well-founded induction, a proof method for binary relations that satisfy the descending chain condition. Noetherian rewriting system, an abstract rewriting system that has no infinite chains. Noetherian scheme ,
1127-460: Is a term used in some models of grammatical description to describe a word or affix belonging to a class of noun modifiers. A determiner combines with a noun to express its reference . Examples in English include articles ( the and a ), demonstratives ( this , that ), possessive determiners ( my, their ), and quantifiers ( many , both ). Not all languages have determiners, and not all systems of grammatical description recognize them as
1176-503: Is already absolute in its semantics. Such adjectives are called non-comparable or absolute . Nevertheless, native speakers will frequently play with the raised forms of adjectives of this sort. Although "pregnant" is logically non-comparable (either one is pregnant or not), one may hear a sentence like "She looks more and more pregnant each day". Comparative and superlative forms are also occasionally used for other purposes than comparison. In English comparatives can be used to suggest that
1225-519: Is an adjective in "a fast car" (where it qualifies the noun car ) but an adverb in "he drove fast " (where it modifies the verb drove ). In Dutch and German , adjectives and adverbs are usually identical in form and many grammarians do not make the distinction, but patterns of inflection can suggest a difference: A German word like klug ("clever(ly)") takes endings when used as an attributive adjective but not when used adverbially. Whether these are distinct parts of speech or distinct usages of
1274-503: Is being fronted . For example, the usual order of adjectives in English would result in the phrase "the bad big wolf" (opinion before size), but instead, the usual phrase is "the big bad wolf". Owing partially to borrowings from French, English has some adjectives that follow the noun as postmodifiers , called postpositive adjectives , as in time immemorial and attorney general . Adjectives may even change meaning depending on whether they precede or follow, as in proper : They live in
1323-1022: Is called agreement or concord. Usually it takes the form of inflections at the end of the word, as in Latin : In Celtic languages , however, initial consonant lenition marks the adjective with a feminine singular noun, as in Irish : Here, a distinction may be made between attributive and predicative usage. In English, adjectives never agree, whereas in French, they always agree. In German, they agree only when they are used attributively, and in Hungarian, they agree only when they are used predicatively: Semanticist Barbara Partee classifies adjectives semantically as intersective , subsective , or nonsubsective, with nonsubsective adjectives being plain nonsubsective or privative . Determiner (class) Determiner , also called determinative ( abbreviated DET ),
1372-462: Is in fact more commonly heard in the sense "extremely beautiful". Attributive adjectives and other noun modifiers may be used either restrictively (helping to identify the noun's referent, hence "restricting" its reference) or non-restrictively (helping to describe a noun). For example: Here "difficult" is restrictive – it tells which tasks he avoids, distinguishing these from the easy ones: "Only those tasks that are difficult". Here difficult
1421-435: Is non-restrictive – it is already known which task it was, but the adjective describes it more fully: "The aforementioned task, which (by the way) is difficult." In some languages, such as Spanish , restrictiveness is consistently marked; for example, in Spanish la tarea difícil means "the difficult task" in the sense of "the task that is difficult" (restrictive), whereas la difícil tarea means "the difficult task" in
1470-649: Is not grammatically correct because a central determiner cannot precede a predeterminer. Articles are words used (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify the grammatical definiteness of a noun, and, in some languages, volume or numerical scope. Articles often include definite articles (such as English the ) and indefinite articles (such as English a and an ). Demonstratives are words, such as this and that , used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are usually deictic , which means their meaning changes with context . They can indicate how close
1519-882: Is that some nominals seem to semantically denote entities (typically nouns in English) and some nominals seem to denote attributes (typically adjectives in English). Many languages have participle forms that can act as noun modifiers either alone or as the head of a phrase. Sometimes participles develop into functional usage as adjectives. Examples in English include relieved (the past participle of relieve ), used as an adjective in passive voice constructs such as "I am so relieved to see you". Other examples include spoken (the past participle of speak ) and going (the present participle of go ), which function as attribute adjectives in such phrases as "the spoken word" and "the going rate". Other constructs that often modify nouns include prepositional phrases (as in "a rebel without
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1568-496: The Romanian caiet ("notebook") similarly becomes caietul ("the notebook"). Some languages, such as Finnish , have possessive affixes which play the role of possessive determiners like my and his . Determiners may be predeterminers , central determiners or postdeterminers , based on the order in which they can occur. For example, "all my many very young children" uses one of each. "My all many very young children"
1617-496: The adjective moorrooloo 'little' in the phrase moorrooloo baawa 'little child' can stand on its own to mean 'the little one,' while the attributive noun aamba 'man' in the phrase aamba baawa 'male child' cannot stand for the whole phrase to mean 'the male one.' In other languages, like Warlpiri , nouns and adjectives are lumped together beneath the nominal umbrella because of their shared syntactic distribution as arguments of predicates . The only thing distinguishing them
1666-512: The adjective (" very strong"), or one or more complements (such as "worth several dollars ", "full of toys ", or "eager to please "). In English, attributive adjective phrases that include complements typically follow the noun that they qualify ("an evildoer devoid of redeeming qualities "). In many languages (including English) it is possible for nouns to modify other nouns. Unlike adjectives, nouns acting as modifiers (called attributive nouns or noun adjuncts ) usually are not predicative;
1715-612: The determiner class include demonstratives and possessives. Some linguists extend the term to include other words in the noun phrase such as adjectives and pronouns, or even modifiers in other parts of the sentence. Qualifying a lexical item as a determiners may depend on a given language's rules of syntax . In English, for example, the words my , your etc. are used without articles and so can be regarded as possessive determiners whereas their Italian equivalents mio etc. are used together with articles and so may be better classed as adjectives. Not all languages can be said to have
1764-445: The determiner phrase viewpoint, whereby a determiner, rather than the noun that follows it, is taken to be the head of the phrase. Many functionalist linguists dispute that the determiner is a universally valid linguistic category. They argue that the concept ´determiner´ is Anglocentric , since it was developed on the basis of the grammar of English and similar languages of north-western Europe. The linguist Thomas Payne comments that
1813-476: The distinction between adjectives and nouns is typically thought weak, and many of the languages only use nouns—or nouns with a limited set of adjective-deriving affix es—to modify other nouns. In languages that have a subtle adjective-noun distinction, one way to tell them apart is that a modifying adjective can come to stand in for an entire elided noun phrase, while a modifying noun cannot. For example, in Bardi ,
1862-425: The grammatical tradition of Latin and Greek, because adjectives were inflected for gender, number, and case like nouns (a process called declension ), they were considered a type of noun. The words that are today typically called nouns were then called substantive nouns ( nōmen substantīvum ). The terms noun substantive and noun adjective were formerly used in English but are now obsolete. Depending on
1911-409: The language, an adjective can precede a corresponding noun on a prepositive basis or it can follow a corresponding noun on a postpositive basis. Structural, contextual, and style considerations can impinge on the pre-or post-position of an adjective in a given instance of its occurrence. In English, occurrences of adjectives generally can be classified into one of three categories: Adjectives feature as
1960-448: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noetherian&oldid=1200959942 " Categories : Set index articles on mathematics Mathematical analysis Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Adjective Traditionally, adjectives are considered one of
2009-533: The main parts of speech of the English language, although historically they were classed together with nouns . Nowadays, certain words that usually had been classified as adjectives, including the , this , my , etc., typically are classed separately, as determiners . Examples: Adjective comes from Latin nōmen adjectīvum , a calque of Ancient Greek : ἐπίθετον ὄνομα (surname) , romanized : epítheton ónoma , lit. 'additional noun' (whence also English epithet ). In
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2058-511: The same part of speech is a question of analysis. While German linguistic terminology distinguishes adverbiale from adjektivische Formen , German refers to both as Eigenschaftswörter ("property words"). Linguists today distinguish determiners from adjectives, considering them to be two separate parts of speech (or lexical categories ). Determiners formerly were considered to be adjectives in some of their uses. Determiners function neither as nouns nor pronouns but instead characterize
2107-516: The same type are used together, they are ordered from general to specific, like "lovely intelligent person" or "old medieval castle". This order may be more rigid in some languages than others; in some, like Spanish, it may only be a default ( unmarked ) word order, with other orders being permissible. Other languages, such as Tagalog , follow their adjectival orders as rigidly as English. The normal adjectival order of English may be overridden in certain circumstances, especially when one adjective
2156-420: The sense of "the task, which is difficult" (non-restrictive). In English, restrictiveness is not marked on adjectives but is marked on relative clauses (the difference between "the man who recognized me was there" and "the man, who recognized me , was there" being one of restrictiveness). In some languages, adjectives alter their form to reflect the gender, case and number of the noun that they describe. This
2205-438: The suffix; see forms for far below), respectively: Some adjectives are irregular in this sense: Some adjectives can have both regular and irregular variations: also Another way to convey comparison is by incorporating the words "more" and "most". There is no simple rule to decide which means is correct for any given adjective, however. The general tendency is for simpler adjectives and those from Anglo-Saxon to take
2254-411: The suffixes, while longer adjectives and those from French , Latin , or Greek do not—but sometimes the sound of the word is the deciding factor. Many adjectives do not naturally lend themselves to comparison. For example, some English speakers would argue that it does not make sense to say that one thing is "more ultimate" than another, or that something is "most ultimate", since the word "ultimate"
2303-471: The term determiner "is not very viable as a universal natural class", because few languages consistently place all the categories described as determiners in the same place in the noun phrase. The category ´determiner´ was developed because in languages like English traditional categories like articles, demonstratives and possessives do not occur together. But in many languages these categories freely co-occur, as Matthew Dryer observes. For instance, Engenni,
2352-522: The things being referenced are to the speaker, listener, or other group of people. In the English language, demonstratives express proximity of things with respect to the speaker. Possessive determiners such as my and their modify a noun by attributing possession (or other sense of belonging) to someone or something. They are also known as possessive adjectives. Quantifiers indicate quantity. Some examples of quantifiers include: all , some , many , little , few , and no . Quantifiers only indicate
2401-419: The words for "hunger" being nouns). Similarly, where Hebrew uses the adjective זקוק ( zaqūq , roughly "in need of" or "needing"), English uses the verb "to need". In languages that have adjectives as a word class, it is usually an open class ; that is, it is relatively common for new adjectives to be formed via such processes as derivation . However, Bantu languages are well known for having only
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