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83-544: Bertrand Cantat and Serge Teyssot-Gay met in 1980 at secondary school after Cantat moved to Bordeaux from his hometown in Normandy ; Teyssot-Gay was 17 years old and Cantat 16. The two teenagers shared a love of music, particularly Led Zeppelin and the Who , so they decided to form a band. Teyssot-Gay had a strong musical background and a decade's worth of training in classical guitar; Cantat, who could not play any instrument at

166-467: A humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). However, the Trewartha climate classification system classifies the city as solely humid subtropical, due to a recent rise in temperatures related – to some degree or another – to climate change and the city's urban heat island . The city enjoys cool to mild, wet winters, due to its relatively southerly latitude , and the prevalence of mild, westerly winds from

249-761: A 14 May 2009 article in Le Parisien the album would not be ready until January 2010. On 29 November 2010, it was announced that guitarist Serge Teyssot-Gay was leaving the band citing "emotional, human and musical differences" with lead singer Cantat. On 30 November 2010, the band's drummer Denis Barthe announced that Noir Désir is "disbanded for good" adding that it is useless to let the band live with " artificial respiration ". On 24 January 2020, Noir Désir released an Acoustic/Live album, Débranché  [ fr ] Débranché , with 11 songs on it of live recordings from, Live á Radio Popolare, Milan 2002 and Live á Much Electric, Buenos Aires 1997. On 30 October 2020,

332-571: A bourgeois misappropriation of the Revolution, they executed a great number of Girondists. During the purge, the local Montagnard Section renamed the city of Bordeaux "Commune-Franklin" (Franklin-municipality) in homage to Benjamin Franklin . At the same time, in 1791, a slave revolt broke out at Saint-Domingue (current Haiti ), the most profitable of the French colonies.In the lively era of

415-470: A century beyond the municipal borders of Bordeaux due to the small size of the commune (49 km (19 sq mi)) and urban sprawl . By January 2020 there were 1,376,375 people living in the overall 6,316 km (2,439 sq mi) metropolitan area ( aire d'attraction ) of Bordeaux, only a fifth of whom lived in the city proper. The Christian Science Monitor The Christian Science Monitor ( CSM ), commonly known as The Monitor ,

498-615: A cultural center for exhibitions. In 2007, 40% of the city surface area, located around the Port of the Moon , was listed as World Heritage Site . UNESCO inscribed Bordeaux as "an inhabited historic city, an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble, created in the age of the Enlightenment, whose values continued up to the first half of the 20th century, with more protected buildings than any other French city except Paris". Bordeaux

581-518: A current affairs television series The Christian Science Monitor Reports , which was distributed via syndication to television stations across the United States. In 1988, The Christian Science Monitor Reports won a Peabody Award for a series of reports on Islamic fundamentalism. That same year, the program was cancelled, and The Monitor created a daily television program World Monitor , anchored by former NBC correspondent John Hart , which

664-511: A museum as well as a place of exhibitions, shows, movie projections and academic seminars on the theme of wine opened its doors in June 2016. The Laser Mégajoule will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the laser and plasma technologies. Some 15,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux. The city has some of

747-449: A one-off concert at the “Montpellier Radio-France” festival in 2002. For the 55 minute performance, titled "Nous n'avons fait que fuir", Cantat recited a long-form poem he'd written over musical improvisations played by the rest of the band. The text of the poem along with a recording of the performance on CD was released by French book publisher Éditions Verticales. In 2003, following an argument about infidelity, Bertrand Cantat , drunk at

830-584: A population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census), the sixth-most populated in France after Paris , Lyon , Marseille , Lille , and Toulouse . Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis , an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census,

913-495: A profit. Subsequently, The Monitor began relying more on the Internet as an integral part of its business model. The Monitor was one of the first newspapers to put its text online in 1996 and also one of the first to launch a PDF edition in 2001. It was also an early pioneer of RSS feeds. In 2005, Richard Bergenheim , a Christian Science practitioner , was named the new editor. Shortly before his death in 2008, Bergenheim

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996-516: A radiator, and that this impact, not his blows, rendered her unconscious. On 29 March 2004, a Lithuanian court sentenced Cantat to eight years in prison after he was found guilty of manslaughter. After one year spent in Lukiškės prison of Vilnius, he was moved to a prison near Toulouse , France, and was released on parole in October 2007 after serving half his sentence. A condition of Cantat's release

1079-502: A remix of their song " Septembre, en attendant " in the mail, they decided to produce the album One Trip/One Noise  [ fr ] which comprised a collection of their songs remixed by young musicians. Their most recent studio album, 2001's Des visages des figures was much quieter than any of their previous albums, but was very well received, selling over 1 million copies. The group received five Victoires de la Musique award nominations for 2001, winning both Best Rock Album of

1162-574: A weekly, which launched in 1960, and the weekly World Edition, which replaced the London edition in 1974. Mark Sappenfield became the editor in March 2017. The Christian Science Monitor is not primarily a religious-themed paper and does not evangelize, though each issue of the paper does usually contain a single religious themed article in the Home Forum section, generally related to a topic from

1245-420: A wine glut ( wine lake ) in the generic production, the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes , the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly. In the meantime, the global demand for first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed. The Cité du Vin ,

1328-540: Is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in electronic format and a weekly print edition. It was founded in 1908 as a daily newspaper by Mary Baker Eddy , the founder of the new religious movement Christian Science , Church of Christ, Scientist . The newspaper has been based in Boston since its establishment. The Christian Science Monitor has won multiple Pulitzer Prizes and other journalistic accolades in its history. The Monitor

1411-454: Is a central and strategic hub for the aeronautics, military and space sector, home to major companies such as Dassault Aviation , ArianeGroup , Safran and Thales . The link with aviation dates back to 1910, the year the first airplane flew over the city. A crossroads of knowledge through university research, it is home to one of the only two megajoule lasers in the world, as well as a university population of more than 130,000 students within

1494-686: Is a major centre for business in France as it has the sixth largest metropolitan population in France. It serves as a major regional center for trade, administration, services and industry. The vine was introduced to the Bordeaux region by the Romans, probably in the mid-first century, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since. Bordeaux wine growing area has about 116,160 hectares (287,000 acres) of vineyards , 57 appellations , 10,000 wine-producing estates (châteaux) and 13,000 grape growers. With an annual production of approximately 960 million bottles,

1577-512: Is a tourism company operating in the Bordeaux wine region. Access to the port from the Atlantic is via the Gironde estuary . Almost nine million tonnes of goods arrive and leave each year. This list includes indigenous Bordeaux-based companies and companies that have major presence in Bordeaux, but are not necessarily headquartered there. In January 2020, there were 259,809 inhabitants in

1660-515: Is called claret in the United Kingdom. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot , Cabernet Franc , Petit verdot , Malbec , and, less commonly in recent years, Carménère . White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon blanc , Sémillon , and Muscadelle . Sauternes is a sub-region of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wines such as Château d'Yquem . Because of

1743-524: Is located close to the European Atlantic coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. It is around 500 km (310 mi) southwest of Paris. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne , and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the east and left bank in the west. Historically the left bank is more developed because when flowing outside the bend,

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1826-416: Is the fifth most populated metropolitan council in France after those of Paris , Marseille , Lyon and Lille . Bordeaux is a world capital of wine: many châteaux and vineyards stand on the hillsides of the Gironde , and the city is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo . Bordeaux is also one of the centers of gastronomy and business tourism for the organization of international congresses. It

1909-604: The House of Poitiers ) brought continuity of government. From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux flourished once more following the marriage of Eléonore , Duchess of Aquitaine and the last of the House of Poitiers , to Henry II Plantagenêt , Count of Anjou and the grandson of Henry I of England , who succeeded to the English crown months after their wedding, bringing into being the vast Angevin Empire , which stretched from

1992-546: The Monitor published an account of Carroll's kidnapping and subsequent release, with first-person reporting from Carroll and others involved. In October 2008, citing net losses of US$ 18.9 million per year versus US$ 12.5 million in annual revenue, The Monitor announced that it would cease printing daily and instead print weekly editions. The last daily print edition was published on March 27, 2009. The weekly magazine follows on from The Monitor 's London edition, also

2075-454: The Pyrenees to Ireland. After granting a tax-free trade status with England, Henry was adored by the locals as they could be even more profitable in the wine trade, their main source of income, and the city benefited from imports of cloth and wheat. The belfry (Grosse Cloche) and city cathedral St-André were built, the latter in 1227, incorporating the artisan quarter of Saint-Paul. Under

2158-688: The Umayyads , eventually engaging them in the Battle of the River Garonne somewhere near the river Dordogne . The battle had a high death toll, and although Eudes was defeated he had enough troops to engage in the Battle of Poitiers and so retain his grip on Aquitaine. In 737, following his father Eudes's death, the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion to which Charles responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux. However, it

2241-485: The prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called " Bordelais " (masculine) or " Bordelaises " (feminine). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region. The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of 49 km (19 sq mi), but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had

2324-471: The 18th century, Bordeaux emerged as a center of economic activity, particularly known at first for its successful wine trade. The city's placement along the Gironde River was very strategic, helping to facilitate the transportation of produce to markets both internationally and domestically, which led to an increase in exports and Bordeaux's economic prosperity. There was a significant transformation to

2407-605: The American band Passion Fodder . Hakola urged the French label Barclay Records to sign the band, and the label's artistic director agreed to see the band in concert first. At first the label wanted the band to produce a single, but after two months of negotiations it was agreed that a mini-album would be made instead. The label did not expect much success, the director commenting "If we sell 1,500 copies of your disk, that will already be very good" (Si on vend 1 500 exemplaires de votre disque, ce sera déjà très bien). The label disliked

2490-452: The Atlantic. Its summers are warm and somewhat drier, although wet enough to avoid a Mediterranean classification. Frosts occur annually, but snowfall is quite infrequent, occurring for no more than 3–4 days a year. The summer of 2003 set a record with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F), while February 1956 was the coldest month on record with an average temperature of −2.00 °C at Bordeaux Mérignac-Airport. Bordeaux

2573-667: The Bible in science classrooms. In 1997, the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs , a publication critical of United States policy in the Middle East, praised The Monitor for its objective and informative coverage of Islam and the Middle East. During the 27 years while Nelson Mandela was in prison in South Africa after having been convicted of sabotage, among other charges, The Christian Science Monitor

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2656-529: The Bordeaux Metropolis. Bordeaux is an international tourist destination for its architectural and cultural heritage with more than 362 historic monuments , making it, after Paris, the city with the most listed or registered monuments in France. The "Pearl of Aquitaine" has been voted European Destination of the year in a 2015 online poll. The metropolis has also received awards and rankings by international organizations such as in 1957, Bordeaux

2739-511: The Bordeaux area produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area's five premier cru ( First Growth ) red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion , from Graves ), established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 : Both red and white wines are made in the Bordeaux region. Red Bordeaux wine

2822-453: The Bus d'Acier for 1989, an award given by the press to the best French rock group of the year. It was certified gold, selling over 150,000 copies, and became recognised as one of the best French rock albums ever made. It also produced the hit single: "Aux sombres héros de l'amer", a sea-shanty -like harmonica-driven ballad that uses the concept of sailors lost at sea as a metaphor for life. However

2905-412: The Moon supplied the majority of Europe with coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton and indigo, becoming France's busiest port and the second busiest port in the world after London. Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period. Bordeaux was also a major trading centre for slaves. In total, the Bordeaux shipowners deported 150,000 Africans in some 500 expeditions. At

2988-815: The Portuguese consul-general, Aristides de Sousa Mendes , who illegally granted thousands of Portuguese visas, which were needed to pass the Spanish border, to refugees fleeing the German occupation. From 1941 to 1943, the Italian Royal Navy established BETASOM , a submarine base at Bordeaux. Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic from that base, which was also a major base for German U-boats as headquarters of 12th U-boat Flotilla . The massive, reinforced concrete U-boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as

3071-572: The Year and Music Video of the Year for " Le vent nous portera " in collaboration with the French/Spanish artist Manu Chao . During the awards ceremony Cantat read out a speech on behalf of the band, addressed to Jean-Marie Messier , the CEO of Vivendi , the group that owns Noir Désir's record company, Universal . Messier was a controversial figure in France at the time, due to the perception that he

3154-709: The amphitheatre and the monument Les Piliers de Tutelle . In 276 AD, it was sacked by the Vandals . The Vandals attacked again in 409, followed by the Visigoths in 414, and the Franks in 498, and afterwards the city fell into a period of relative obscurity. In the late 6th century AD the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks , but royal Frankish power

3237-470: The band released a new single, Imbécile. Bordeaux Bordeaux ( / b ɔːr ˈ d oʊ / bor- DOH ; French: [bɔʁdo] ; Gascon Occitan : Bordèu [buɾˈðɛw] ; Basque : Bordele ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department , southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as

3320-422: The band's manager.) When Robène quit in 1985 Cantat succeeded in getting their original guitarist, Teyssot-Gay, back into the band. The new lineup of Cantat on vocals, Teyssot-Gay on guitar, Vidalenc on bass and Barthe on drums continued for 11 more years. Now with a new and finally solid lineup the band decided to make an attempt at getting a recording contract. They created a demo which was heard by Théo Hakola of

3403-477: The beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia , the French government temporarily relocated to Bordeaux from Paris. That recurred during World War I and again very briefly during World War II , when it became clear that Paris would fall into German hands. During World War II, Bordeaux fell under German occupation . In May and June 1940, Bordeaux was the site of the life-saving actions of

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3486-598: The beginning of the French Revolution (1789), many local revolutionaries were members of the Girondists . This Party represented the provincial bourgeoisie, favorable towards abolishing aristocracy privileges, but opposed to the Revolution's social dimension. The Gironde valley's economic value and significance was satiated by the city's commercial power which was in dire contrast to the emerging widespread poverty affecting its inhabitants. Trade and commerce were

3569-630: The biggest companies including Dassault , EADS Sogerma , Snecma , Thales , SNPE, and others. The Dassault Falcon private jets are built there as well as the military aircraft Rafale and Mirage 2000 , the Airbus A380 cockpit , the boosters of Ariane 5 , and the M51 SLBM missile . Tourism, especially wine tourism , is a major industry. Globelink.co.uk mentioned Bordeaux as the best tourist destination in Europe in 2015. Gourmet Touring

3652-499: The body. A periodical of our own will counteract to some extent this public nuisance; for through our paper, at the price at which we shall issue it, we shall be able to reach many homes with healing, purifying thought. Eddy declared that The Monitor ' s mission should be "to spread undivided the Science that operates unspent" (The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Miscellany, Mary Baker Eddy, p. 353:16). MonitoRadio

3735-423: The city proper (commune) of Bordeaux. The commune (including Caudéran which was annexed by Bordeaux in 1965) had its largest population of 284,494 at the 1954 census. The majority of the population is French, but there are sizable groups of Italians, Spaniards (Up to 20% of the Bordeaux population claim some degree of Spanish heritage), Portuguese , Turks , Germans . The built-up area has grown for more than

3818-417: The day's news. The paper reports on issues including natural disasters, disease and mental health issues, homelessness, terrorism, and death. The paper's editorials have advocated against government interference in an individual's right to choose their own form of healthcare. They also support the separation of church and state , and the paper has opposed efforts to teach fundamentalist interpretations of

3901-487: The driving factors in the region's economic prosperity, still this resulted in a significant number of locals struggling to survive on a daily basis due to lack of food and resources. This socioeconomic disparity served as fertile ground for discontent, sparking frequent episodes of mass unrest well before the tumultuous events of 1783. [1] In 1793, the Montagnards led by Robespierre and Marat came to power. Fearing

3984-493: The economic landscape of Bordeaux in 1785, which was spurred by the attraction of large profits, traders and merchants in Bordeaux began to turn their attention to the slave trade. This was a very important moment in the city's economic history seeing as it diversified its commercial expansion, at a serious moral cost. This introduced a new layer of difficulty to Bordeaux's economic activities. Even though it brought along significant wealth to certain segments of society, it complicated

4067-420: The era of McCarthyism , a term first coined by The Monitor , the paper was one of the earliest critics of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy . The paper's circulation has ranged widely, from a peak of over 223,000 in 1970 to just under 56,000 shortly before the suspension of the daily print edition in 2009. Partially in response to declining circulation and the struggle to earn a profit, the church's directors and

4150-500: The first bridge of Bordeaux, and customs warehouses. The shipping traffic grew through the new African colonies . Georges-Eugène Haussmann , a longtime prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th-century large-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform the quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud. Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he said: "Take Versailles , add Antwerp , and you have Bordeaux". In 1870, at

4233-439: The group to form BAM (Boîte A Musique). The remaining band members, Barthe and Cantat, went in search of a replacement guitarist and bassist. For bass they found Frédéric Vidalenc, who had played in the well-known local group Dernier Métro, and eventually they settled on Luc Robène for guitar. (The following year Cantat also left the band temporarily, being replaced during his six-month absence by Emmanuel Ory-Weil, who later became

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4316-434: The group to pursue his own projects; he was replaced by a longtime friend of the band, Jean-Paul Roy. Serge Teyssot-Gay used his spare time during the break to record a solo album, Silence Radio , which would be finished and released in 1996. In December 1996 the success of Tostaky was continued with the release of 666.667 Club , which would be certified double platinum a year after its release. In 1998, after receiving

4399-403: The group were dismayed that many people had missed this double meaning of the song, interpreting it as a meaningless sea shanty. They were also disappointed that many people judged them based on the one song, without listening to the rest of the album. In their next two albums the band would return to the harder sound of Où veux-tu qu'je r'garde ? and develop it even further. This development

4482-462: The grunge wave." In January 1994, the live album Dies Irae was released, showcasing the frenzy of the band's performances. However the touring took its toll on Cantat, who eventually ended up in hospital for an operation on his vocal cords. After this gruelling tour the band decided to take a year's break, both from playing and from each other. During their break Bertrand Cantat received professional voice training and bass-player Frédéric Vidalenc quit

4565-486: The inclusion of " Christian Science " in the paper's name, over initial opposition by some of her advisors who thought the religious reference might repel a secular audience. Eddy also saw a vital need to counteract the fear often spread by media reporting: Looking over the newspapers of the day, one naturally reflects that it is dangerous to live, so loaded with disease seems the very air. These descriptions carry fears to many minds, to be depicted in some future time upon

4648-610: The manager of the Christian Science Publishing Society were purportedly forced to plan cutbacks and closures (later denied), which led in 1989 to the mass protest resignations by its chief editor Kay Fanning (an ASNE president and former editor of the Anchorage Daily News ), managing editor David Anable, associate editor David Winder, and several other newsroom staff. Those developments also presaged administrative moves to scale back

4731-619: The manumission law but lost the war against the army of former slaves. In 1804, Haiti became independent. The loss of this "Pearl" of the West Indies generated the collapse of Bordeaux's port economy, which was dependent on the colonial trade and trade in slaves. Towards the end of the Peninsular War of 1814, the Duke of Wellington sent William Beresford with two divisions and seized Bordeaux, encountering little resistance. Bordeaux

4814-758: The mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when they appeared in c. 844. In Autumn 845, the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux and Saintes, count Seguin II marched on them but was captured and executed. Although the port of Bordeaux was a buzzing trade center, the stability and success of the city was threatened by Viking and Norman incursions and political instability. The restoration of the Ramnulfid Dukes of Aquitaine under William IV and his successors (known as

4897-501: The name Noirs Désirs, feeling it to be old fashioned, so the band agreed to drop two letters, unpluralizing the name to Noir Désir. In 1987 they released the mini-album, Où veux tu qu'je r'garde? . After two months it had sold 5,000 copies, exceeding the expectations of Barclay, who signed the band for another three albums. Their first critical and popular success came two years later in 1989, with their next album, Veuillez rendre l'âme (à qui elle appartient) . The album won Noir Désir

4980-520: The north). During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine (760–768), it was one of Waifer's last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King Pepin the Short . Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac ( Frontiacus , Franciacus ) near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques ( Wascones ), where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty (769). In 778, Seguin (or Sihimin)

5063-414: The print newspaper in favor of expansions into radio, a magazine, shortwave broadcasting, and television. Expenses, however, rapidly outpaced revenues, contradicting predictions by church directors. On the brink of bankruptcy, the board was forced to close the broadcast programs in 1992. By late 2011, The Monitor was receiving an average of about 22 million hits per month on its website, slightly below

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5146-746: The region was the settlement of a Celtic tribe , the Bituriges Vivisci , who named the town Burdigala , probably of Aquitanian origin. In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges , a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, and the Tigurini led by Divico . The Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus , was killed in battle. The city came under Roman rule around 60 BC, and it became an important commercial centre for tin and lead . During this period were built

5229-583: The socio-economic inconsistencies within the region. The entry into the slave trade brought even more tension within Bordeaux society. The trade exacerbated the divide between an elite with growing wealth and those living in poverty. This economic divide laid out the foundation for the mass unrest that would break out in the French Revolution. [2] Three years later, the Montagnard Convention abolished slavery. In 1802, Napoleon revoked

5312-692: The terms of the Treaty of Brétigny it became briefly the capital of an independent state (1362–1372) under Edward, the Black Prince , but after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it was annexed by France. In 1462, Bordeaux created a local parliament. Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde , being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city. The 18th century saw another golden age of Bordeaux. The Port of

5395-486: The time, became the singer. While on summer vacation they met Denis Barthe, who shared their passion for music and agreed to play drums for the band, though he had never played them before and learned on the fly. They went through a series of temporary bassists, eventually settling on Vincent Leriche. The band originally called themselves "Psychoz", then "6.35", "Station Désir" and finally "Noirs Désirs" (to be changed later to Noir Désir). In 1982 Teyssot-Gay and Leriche left

5478-505: The time, severely beat his girlfriend, the French actress Marie Trintignant , in a hotel room in Vilnius , Lithuania . The following morning Marie Trintignant was found in a coma in her bed and died a few days later. A post mortem examination showed that she had suffered multiple head injuries. Cantat admitted to hitting her four times; prosecutors argued that it was in fact 19 times in all. He later alleged she had fallen and hit her head on

5561-536: The water makes a furrow of the required depth to allow the passing of merchant ships, which used to offload on this side of the river. But, today, the right bank is developing, including new urban projects. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to ocean liners through the Gironde estuary . The right bank of the Garonne is a low-lying, often marshy plain. Bordeaux's climate can be classified as oceanic ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ), bordering on

5644-793: Was a radio service produced by the Church of Christ Scientist between 1984 and 1997. It featured several one-hour news broadcasts a day, as well as top of the hour news bulletins. The service was widely heard on public radio stations throughout the United States. The Monitor later launched an international broadcast over shortwave radio, called the World Service of the Christian Science Monitor . Weekdays were news-led, but weekend schedules were exclusively dedicated to religious programming. That service ceased operations on June 28, 1997. In 1986, The Monitor started producing

5727-522: Was abandoning his French roots in favour of Americanization. In their speech, Noir Désir accused Vivendi of exploiting their band's name in order to rebut criticism of Messier's treatment of French culture. The band played few concerts for their Des visages des figures tour, but all were held in large stadium-like venues except for the Middle East tour, where the band was able to go back to their roots playing in small clubs. They were invited to perform

5810-592: Was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo , and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . In 814, Seguin was made Duke of Vasconia , but was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress a Basque rebellion. Under the Carolingians , sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia . They were to keep the Basques in check and defend

5893-708: Was awarded the Europe Prize for its efforts in transmitting the European ideal. In June 2007, the Port of the Moon in historic Bordeaux was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List , for its outstanding architecture and urban ensemble and in recognition of Bordeaux's international importance over the last 2000 years. Bordeaux is also ranked as a Sufficiency city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Around 300 BC,

5976-508: Was cut short after four songs when Bertrand Cantat collapsed on stage. As a result, the band took a break from touring until the release of their next album, Tostaky . Tostaky was produced in London, a city the group admired for its musical output. Unlike Du ciment sous les plaines , Tostaky was released to much acclaim and popular success and was certified gold a few days after its release. In August 1993, The Christian Science Monitor heralded Noir Désir as France's "leading entry in

6059-476: Was founded in 1908 in part as a response by Mary Baker Eddy to the journalism of her day, which relentlessly covered the sensations and scandals surrounding her new religion with varying accuracy . In addition, Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World was consistently critical of Eddy, and this, along with a derogatory article in McClure's , furthered Eddy's decision to found her own media outlet. Eddy also required

6142-530: Was initially shown on the Discovery Channel . In 1991, World Monitor moved to the Monitor Channel , a 24-hour news and information channel. The channel launched on May 1, 1991, with programming from its Boston TV station WQTV . The only religious programming on the channel was a five-minute Christian Science program early each morning. In 1992, after eleven months on the air, the service

6225-459: Was largely a reaction to their worries about the success of the single Aux sombres héros de l'amer . With its harder and more aggressive sound and an almost complete lack of promotion, the third album Du ciment sous les plaines (1991) received lacklustre reviews compared to Veuillez rendre l'âme (à qui elle appartient) and no singles were released from it. In May 1991, a concert in Besançon

6308-537: Was largely anti- Bonapartist and the majority supported the Bourbons . The British troops were treated as liberators. Distinguished historian of the French revolution Suzanne Desan explains that "examining intricate local dynamics" is essential to studying the Revolution by region. [3] From the Bourbon Restoration , the economy of Bordeaux was rebuilt by traders and shipowners. They engaged to construct

6391-519: Was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia . Around 585 Gallactorius was made Count of Bordeaux and fought the Basques . In 732, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman who stormed the fortifications and overwhelmed the Aquitanian garrison. Duke Eudes mustered a force to engage

6474-527: Was not retained for long, during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles's sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald's power and defeated him. Hunald's son Waifer replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city (along with Bourges in

6557-550: Was obtained for the imprisoned Cantat to participate in the development of both the CD and the DVD. In November 2008, the band released two free tracks on their website, performed by the whole band. The songs are "Gagnants / Perdants (Bonne nuit les petits)" and a cover of " Le Temps des cerises ". The group was in the process of composing and recording a new album, which Teyssot-Gay had predicted would be completed in 2009. However, according to

6640-476: Was one of the newspapers he was allowed to read. Five months after his release, Mandela visited Boston and stopped by The Monitor offices, telling the staff "The Monitor continues to give me hope and confidence for the world's future" and thanking them for their "unwavering coverage of apartheid". Mandela called The Monitor "one of the more important voices covering events in South Africa". During

6723-555: Was replaced by a veteran Boston Globe editor and former Monitor reporter John Yemma. In 2006, Jill Carroll , a freelance reporter for The Monitor , was kidnapped in Baghdad . Although Carroll was initially a freelancer, the paper worked tirelessly for her release, even hiring her as a staff writer shortly after her abduction to ensure that she had financial benefits. She was released safely after 82 days. Beginning in August 2006,

6806-592: Was shut down amid huge financial losses. Programming from the Monitor Channel was also carried nationally via the WWOR EMI Service , a nationally oriented feed of WWOR-TV , a New Jersey –based television station launched in 1990 due to the SyndEx laws put into place the year prior. The print edition continued to struggle for readership, and, in 2004, faced a renewed mandate from the church to earn

6889-671: Was that he must receive regular psychological counseling and refrain from public reference to his crime in interviews or in music. In July 2010, the conditional status of Cantat's release was lifted and he was declared as having completely served his sentence. September 2005 brought two new releases of Noir Désir's work. The album, Noir Désir en public , which had been started before the incident in Vilnius, contained highlights of their last tour, during which every concert had been recorded. The DVD set, Noir Désir en images , contained various live performances footage and videos. Special permission

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