118-454: The Nonjuring schism refers to a split in the established churches of England , Scotland and Ireland , following the deposition and exile of James II and VII in the 1688 Glorious Revolution . As a condition of office, clergy were required to swear allegiance to the ruling monarch; for various reasons, some refused to take the oath to his successors William III and II and Mary II . These individuals were referred to as Non-juring , from
236-496: A Lutheran church has been fully or partially established as a state recognized religion include the Nordic States . Jurisdictions that give various degrees of recognition in their constitutions to Lutheranism without establishing it as the state religion: Many Muslim-majority countries have constitutionally established Islam, or a specific form of it, as a state religion. Proselytism (converting people away from Islam)
354-541: A Presbyterian -structured Church of Scotland , popularly known as the kirk. Those ministers who refused to accept these changes were expelled, leading to a divide recognised by the Scottish Episcopalians Act 1711 , which created a separate Scottish Episcopal Church . When George I became king in 1714, most Scottish Episcopalians refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverian regime, creating
472-472: A rebellion in 1641 , which developed into ethnic conflict with Protestant settlers. The Irish Catholic Confederation , formed to control the rebellion, held most of Ireland in the ensuing war against the Royalists, Parliamentarians, and Covenanters. Although all three agreed on the need to quell the rebellion, none trusted the other two with control of an army raised to do so. In August 1642, failure to break
590-522: A Non Juror bishop, and when Pennsylvania Governor Sir William Keith informed the church authorities, Talbot and Welton were suspended. Talbot remained in North America, where he died in 1727; Welton returned to England in 1726, dying shortly afterwards in Portugal . Failure to establish a colonial episcopate was partly due to opposition by American Nonconformists; combined with the activities of
708-464: A Non Juror himself. Outside politics, the Non Juror movement had an impact far greater than often appreciated, which continues today. Lady Elizabeth was part of a network of wealthy High Church philanthropists, linked by Non-Jurors like Robert Nelson, who supported measures intended to eliminate 'un-Christian behaviour', such as the conversion of Catholics and Nonconformists. In 1698, they established
826-807: A campaign against the Scots, they refused. They then declared themselves to be permanently in session— the Long Parliament —and soon presented Charles with a long list of civil and religious grievances requiring his remedy before they would approve any new legislation. During the English Civil War, the English overseas possessions became highly involved. In the Channel Islands, the island of Jersey and Castle Cornet in Guernsey supported
944-595: A few notable exceptions, as a form of state religion from this time until the collapse of the Chinese monarchy in 1912. Note, however, there is a debate over whether Confucianism (including Neo-Confucianism ) is a religion or purely a philosophical system. During the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China (1271–1368 CE), Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion by the Kublai Khan ,
1062-677: A law allowing religious freedom to everyone within the Roman Empire. Furthermore, the Edict of Milan cited that Christians may openly practice their religion unmolested and unrestricted, and provided that properties taken from Christians be returned to them unconditionally. Although the Edict of Milan allowed religious freedom throughout the Empire, it did not abolish nor disestablish the Roman state cult (Roman polytheistic paganism). The Edict of Milan
1180-750: A lesser degree in British North America and the Caribbean. The proximity of Catholic New France meant limited sympathy for James; in 1700, New York banned Catholic priests from the state. However, Virginia removed several Non Jurors from office in 1691. Richard Welton became a Non Juror in 1714, losing his parish in Whitechapel as a result; in 1724, he was ordained a bishop by Non-Usager Ralph Taylor , and moved to North America. He replaced John Urmiston as Rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia ; Urmiston demanded he be reinstated, and
1298-478: A marked attempt to bring the regime closer to the non-Mongol majority of the regions they ruled. In Ilkhanate, Christian and Jewish subjects lost their equal status with Muslims and again had to pay the poll tax; Buddhists had the starker choice of conversion or expulsion. 1918 Note: This only includes states that abolished their state religion themselves, not states with a state religion that were conquered, fell apart or otherwise disappeared. Wars of
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#17327722415731416-532: A reform movement within the Church of England. One of these was Lady Elizabeth Hastings' daughter-in-law, Selina Hastings (1707–1791), founder of the evangelical Methodist sect known as the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion . Methodists were often accused of Jacobitism, because they rejected existing structures and practices; conversely, many "Jacobite" demonstrations during the 1730s were led by Tories hostile to
1534-525: A religion, but the state does not need to be under the control of the clergy (as in a theocracy), nor is the state-sanctioned religion necessarily under the control of the state. Official religions have been known throughout human history in almost all types of cultures, reaching into the Ancient Near East and prehistory . The relation of religious cult and the state was discussed by the ancient Latin scholar Marcus Terentius Varro , under
1652-777: A split that lasted until the death of Charles Stuart in 1788. The Non-Juring movement in the Church of Ireland was insignificant, although it produced the Jacobite propagandist Charles Leslie . The Episcopal church in North America was then part of the Church of England, but largely unaffected until after the American Revolution when the Scottish non-juror liturgy influenced that of the new U.S. Episcopal Church . In modern usage, Presbyterian and Episcopalian implies differences in both governance and doctrine but this
1770-433: A state religion can vary. It can range from mere endorsement (with or without financial support) with freedom for other faiths to practice , to prohibiting any competing religious body from operating and to persecuting the followers of other sects. In Europe, competition between Catholic and Protestant denominations for state sponsorship in the 16th century evolved the principle Cuius regio, eius religio (states follow
1888-551: A violation of his coronation oath promising to maintain the primacy of the Church of England, making compliance with oaths a key issue. "Non-Juror" generally means those who refused to take the Oath of Allegiance to the new monarchs, William III and Mary II . It includes "Non-Abjurors", those who refused to swear the Oath of Abjuration in 1701 and 1714, requiring them to deny the Stuart claim. Nine bishops became Non-Jurors, including
2006-636: Is subsidized by the Russian government. The position of Islam as a major Russian religion, alongside Orthodox Christianity , dates from the time of Catherine the Great , who sponsored Islamic clerics and scholarship through the Orenburg Assembly . In addition, the Treaty of Lausanne explicitly guarantees the security and protection of both Greek and Armenian Orthodox Christian minorities and
2124-435: Is not recognized as a state religion, but holds special status: The following states recognize some form of Christianity as their state or official religion or recognize a special status for it (by denomination): Jurisdictions where Catholicism has been established as a state or official religion: Jurisdictions that give various degrees of recognition in their constitutions to Roman Catholicism without establishing it as
2242-481: Is often illegal in such states. In some countries, Islam is not recognized as a state religion, but holds special status: In some countries, there is a political ideology sponsored by the government that may be called political religion . Islam in Russia is recognized under the law and by Russian political leaders as one of Russia's traditional religions, Islam is a part of Russian historical heritage , and
2360-454: Is ruled by an exterior body; for example, in the case of Catholicism, the Vatican has control over the church. Disestablishment is the process of repealing a church's status as an organ of the state. In a state where an established church is in place, opposition to such a move may be described as antidisestablishmentarianism . This word is, however, most usually associated with the debate on
2478-571: Is the case in Alsace-Moselle in France under its local law , following the pre-1905 French concordatory legal system and patterns in Germany . A state church (or "established church") is a state religion established by a state for use exclusively by that state. In the case of a state church , the state has absolute control over the church, but in the case of a state religion , the church
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#17327722415732596-759: The English Civil War , while others have labelled them the British Civil Wars . After 1541, monarchs of England styled their Irish territory as a Kingdom —replacing the Lordship of Ireland —and ruled there with the assistance of a separate Irish Parliament . Also, with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , Henry VIII integrated Wales more closely into the Kingdom of England . Scotland,
2714-598: The 1689 Toleration Act , and 'occasional conformity', allowing Catholics and Nonconformists limited freedom of worship. As a result, Stuart Catholicism was an insuperable barrier to their restoration, although attempts were made to convert James and his successors; when Prince Charles visited London in 1750, he was inducted into the Non-Juring church, probably by Bishop Robert Gordon. Despite their limited numbers, Non Juror clergy exercised significant influence over church policy. Many opposed post 1689 changes that moved
2832-709: The 1707 Union as an opportunity to regain power via a unified British church, and began using English liturgy to help this process. The Scottish Episcopalians Act 1711 ( 10 Ann. c. 10) gave a legal basis for the Scottish Episcopal Church , while the Toleration Act 1711 ( 10 Ann. c. 6) provided legal protection for use of the Book of Common Prayer , whose rejection in 1637 sparked the Bishops' Wars . When George I succeeded Queen Anne in 1714,
2950-592: The 1715 and 1719 Risings. Moderates within the kirk facilitated the readmission of deprived ministers; from 1690 to 1693, 70 of the 200 returned after taking the Oath of Allegiance, plus another 116 after the 1695 Act of Toleration. In 1702, a contemporary estimated 200 of 796 parishes were held by Episcopalian ministers, but the numbers above suggest many were not Non Jurors. Before 1690, differences were largely about governance, but as they dwindled in numbers, Scottish Episcopalians increasingly focused on doctrine. They saw
3068-589: The American Episcopal Church . These were accepted by all the states, apart from Connecticut , which insisted each state must be controlled by its own bishop. Connecticut sent Loyalist Samuel Seabury to England to be made a bishop, but since he could not take the required Oath of Allegiance to George III , he was consecrated instead by the Scottish church in November 1784. Concerned at the prospect of another schism, Parliament agreed to waive
3186-658: The Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652. They resulted in the execution of Charles I , the abolition of monarchy , and founding of the Commonwealth of England , a unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660. Political and religious conflict between Charles I and his opponents dated to the early years of his reign. While the vast majority supported
3304-535: The Archbishop of Canterbury , William Sancroft , along with five of the seven bishops prosecuted by James in June 1688. One study estimates that 339 members of the clergy became Non Jurors, around 2% of the total; of these, 80 subsequently conformed, offset by another 130 who refused the Oath of Abjuration in either 1701 or 1714. This ignores natural decline, so the actual number at any time would have been lower, while
3422-591: The Bishops' Wars . Charles shared his father's belief in the Divine Right of Kings , and his persistent assertion of this standard seriously disrupted relations between the Crown and the English Parliament. The Church of England remained dominant, but a powerful Puritan minority, represented by about one third of Parliament, began to assert themselves; their religious precepts had much in common with
3540-514: The Church of England , while the majority of those excluded were Protestant Nonconformists who wanted to reverse the Act of Uniformity 1662 and be allowed to rejoin the Church. In Ireland, over 75% of the population were Catholic, while the Church of Ireland was a minority even among Irish Protestants, the majority of whom were Nonconformists concentrated in Ulster . Nearly 98% of Scots were members of
3658-420: The Church of Scotland , or kirk, far closer in doctrine to Irish Nonconformists than the Church of England and an organisational hybrid, with bishops presiding over Presbyterian structures. James became king in 1685 with widespread support in all three kingdoms but this changed when his policies seemed to move beyond tolerance for Catholicism and into an attack on the established church. The 1638 to 1652 Wars of
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3776-508: The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland would continue to run the church. The personal union of the three kingdoms under one monarch came about when King James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I to the English throne in 1603, when he also became King James I of England and of Ireland. In 1625, Charles I succeeded his father and marked three main concerns regarding England and Wales: how to fund his government, how to reform
3894-512: The Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) advocated Confucianism as the de facto state religion, establishing tests based on Confucian texts as an entrance requirement into government service—although, in fact, the "Confucianism" advocated by the Han emperors may be more properly termed a sort of Confucian Legalism or "State Confucianism". This sort of Confucianism continued to be regarded by the emperors, with
4012-676: The Privy Council of Scotland and controlling the Parliament of Scotland through the Lords of the Articles . He constrained the authority of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and stopped it from meeting, then increased the number of bishops in the Church of Scotland . In 1618, he held a General Assembly and pushed through Five Articles of Episcopalian practices, which were widely boycotted. After his death in 1625, James
4130-530: The Scottish Civil War . There, the Royalists gained a series of victories in 1644–1645, but were crushed after the main Covenanter armies returned to Scotland upon the end of the first English Civil War. The Scots handed Charles over to the English and returned to Scotland, the English Parliament having paid them a large sum for their expenses in the English campaign. After his surrender, Charles
4248-764: The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , or SPCK, followed in 1701 by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts , or SPG, which are still in existence. Its members included academics like Joseph Smith , who was a close advisor to Lady Elizabeth, and was well known for converting English Catholics. In 1701, the SPG sent George Keith to New Jersey , charged with converting Quakers . Some later became early advocates of Methodism , which began as
4366-516: The Turkish-Jews . Their religious institutions are recognized officially by the state. In Rome, the office of Pontifex Maximus came to be reserved for the Emperor, who was occasionally declared a god posthumously, or sometimes during his reign. Failure to worship the Emperor as a god was at times punishable by death, as the Roman government sought to link emperor worship with loyalty to
4484-578: The Welsh Methodist revival . Although associated with social conservatism, crypto Non-Jurors included Mary Astell (1666–1731), an educationalist sometimes called the first English feminist. Daughter of a wealthy, upper-class Non-Juror merchant, in 1709, she set up a girls' school in Chelsea, London . Supported by the SPCK, Nelson, Dodwell, Lady Elizabeth and Lady Catherine Jones , it is thought to be
4602-832: The de jure James III; he died in 1779 and his congregation in London was absorbed by the Scottish Episcopal church. This left a small congregation in Holborn , which was strongly Jacobite and in 1788 refused to acknowledge George III, before disappearing in the 1790s. Bishop Campbell was succeeded by the Usager Thomas Deacon , who led a separate group in Manchester known as the Orthodox British Church, or "OBC". It strayed further away from
4720-496: The regicide of Charles I. Royalists dug up Cromwell's corpse and performed a posthumous execution . The religiously and politically motivated individuals held responsible for the wars suffered harsh repression. Scotland and Ireland regained their Parliaments, some Irish retrieved confiscated lands, and the New Model Army was disbanded. However, the issues which had caused the wars—religion, the powers of Parliament vis-á-vis
4838-620: The 1650–1652 Anglo-Scottish war . Under Oliver Cromwell , the Commonwealth conquered Ireland and most Irish Catholic lands were seized . The British Isles became a united republic ruled by Cromwell and dominated by the army. There were sporadic uprisings until the monarchy was restored in 1660. The term Wars of the Three Kingdoms first appears in A Brief Chronicle of all the Chief Actions so fatally Falling out in
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4956-438: The 1830s Oxford Movement . Membership of the schismatic church was initially confined to clerics, then later expanded into the lay population. Largely restricted to urban areas, its congregations continually shifted, making it difficult to assess numbers; it is suggested these were negligible, certainly fewer than Catholics, who were around 1% of the population. Many more were so-called 'crypto-Non Jurors', those who remained with
5074-907: The Army, which began the Second English Civil War . The New Model Army vanquished the English Royalists and Parliamentarians, as well as their Scottish Engager allies. On account of his secret machinations with the Scottish Engagers, Charles was charged with treason against England. Subsequently, the Grandees and their civilian supporters failed to reconcile with the king or the Puritan majority in Parliament. The Grandees acted, and soldiers were used to purge
5192-442: The Church of England away from Laudian principles of authority, and allowed greater tolerance of different practices. This led to demands for Convocation , or church assembly, to have a greater say over policy; it is suggested this was a contest between a largely Tory, High Church clerical body, and Whig bishops. Francis Atterbury , later associated with a 1722 Jacobite plot , was a prominent supporter of Convocation, although not
5310-459: The Church of England, investigating primitive liturgies and insisting on no State control and was Jacobite in sympathy; several members, including three of Deacon's sons, joined the Manchester Regiment that participated in the 1745 Rising . The OBC limped on into the early nineteenth century, but was wound up within a decade after the death of Bishop William Cartwright of Shrewsbury in 1799. There are suggestions elements of its theology resurfaced in
5428-718: The Crown was rewarded after the 1660 Restoration of the Monarchy when Charles II dubbed it the Old Dominion . Meanwhile, in the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed such in 1541 but only fully conquered for the Crown in 1603), tensions had also begun to mount. Thomas Wentworth , Charles I's Lord Deputy of Ireland , angered Catholics by enforcing new taxes while denying them full rights as subjects; he further antagonised wealthy Irish Catholics by repeated initiatives to confiscate and transfer their lands to English colonists. Conditions became explosive in 1639 when Wentworth offered Irish Catholics some reforms in return for their raising and funding an Irish army (led by Protestant officers) to put down
5546-506: The Crown. Bermuda's Independent Puritans were expelled, settling the Bahamas under William Sayle as the Eleutheran Adventurers . Parliament passed An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego in October, 1650 that prohibited all trade with the rebellious colonies of Barbados, Antigua, Bermuda, and Virginia, and granting permission to English privateers to seize any ships belonging to merchants, including foreigners, who traded with those colonies. Far to
5664-434: The Empire. Many Christians and Jews were subject to persecution, torture and death in the Roman Empire because it was against their beliefs to worship the Emperor. In 311, Emperor Galerius , on his deathbed, declared a religious indulgence to Christians throughout the Roman Empire, focusing on the ending of anti-Christian persecution. Constantine I and Licinius , the two Augusti , by the Edict of Milan of 313, enacted
5782-414: The English Parliament of those who opposed the Army. The resultant Rump Parliament of the Long Parliament then passed enabling legislation for putting Charles I on trial for treason . He was found guilty of treason against the English commons and was executed on 30 January 1649. After the execution of King Charles I the Rump Parliament passed a series of acts declaring that England was a republic; that
5900-434: The English Parliament, but as this body never held real powers, representation was ineffective. When Cromwell died in 1658 the Commonwealth fell apart—but without major violence. Historians record that adroit politicians of the time, especially George Monck , prevailed over the looming crisis; Monck in particular was deemed the victor sine sanguine, i.e., "without blood" , of the Restoration crisis. And in 1660, Charles II
6018-408: The English and Scottish Parliaments, a small group of Irish conspirators launched the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , ostensibly in support of the "King's Rights". The uprising featured widespread violent assaults on Protestant communities in Ireland, both Anglican and dissenter Protestants in Ulster whose practice was similar to the Scottish Kirk. In England and Scotland, rumours spread that the killings had
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#17327722415736136-412: The House of Commons—without the House of Lords—would sit as the legislature; and that a Council of State would act as the executive power. In the other two kingdoms the execution of Charles caused the warring parties to unite, and they recognised Charles II as king of Great Britain, France and Ireland. To deal with the threat to the English Commonwealth posed by the two kingdoms (Ireland and Scotland),
6254-443: The Interregnum, the New Model Army occupied Ireland and Scotland. In Ireland, the new government confiscated almost all lands belonging to Irish Catholics as punishment for the rebellion of 1641; harsh Penal Laws also restricted this community. Thousands of Parliamentarian soldiers settled in Ireland on confiscated lands. The Commonwealth abolished the Parliaments of Ireland and Scotland. In theory, these countries had representation in
6372-496: The King until a surrender with honour in December 1651. Although the newer, Puritan settlements in North America, notably Massachusetts , were dominated by Parliamentarians, the older colonies to the south sided with the Crown. Friction between Royalists, most of whom were Anglican, and Puritans in Maryland came to a head in the Battle of the Severn . The Virginia Company's settlements, Bermuda and Virginia , as well as Antigua and Barbados , were conspicuous in their loyalty to
6490-455: The Kirk —and Mary, Queen of Scots , a Catholic, was forced to abdicate in favour of her son James VI of Scotland . James grew up under a regency disputed between Catholic and Protestant factions; when he took power, he aspired to be a "universal King", favouring the English Episcopalian system of bishops appointed by the king. In 1584, he introduced bishops into the Church of Scotland, but met with vigorous opposition, and he had to concede that
6608-431: The Latin verb iūrō , or jūrō , meaning "to swear an oath". In the Church of England , an estimated 2% of priests refused to swear allegiance in 1689, including nine bishops . Ordinary clergy were allowed to keep their positions but after efforts to compromise failed, the six surviving bishops were removed in 1691. The schismatic Non-Juror Church was formed in 1693 when Bishop Lloyd appointed his own bishops. His action
6726-411: The Lord Protector. When Cromwell died in 1658, control of the Commonwealth became unstable. In early 1660, General George Monck , commanding English occupation forces in Scotland, ordered his troops from the Coldstream barracks, marched them south into England, and seized control of London by February 1660. There he accumulated allies and agreements among the English and London establishments, including
6844-459: The Non-Juring bishops were suspended in February 1690, William kept them in office as he tried to negotiate a compromise. When this failed, in May 1691 Parliament appointed six new bishops, three of the original nine having since died. In May 1692, Sancroft delegated his powers to Bishop Lloyd , who in May 1693 appointed Thomas Wagstaffe (1645–1712) and George Hickes (1642–1715) as new Non-Juring bishops. Lloyd argued he simply wanted to establish
6962-473: The Non-Juring church split into "Usager" and "Non-Usager" factions, with both sides consecrating their own bishops. Effectively, Non-Usagers wanted an eventual reconciliation with the main Church of England, while Usagers wanted to restore traditional liturgies, including use of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer . In 1716, the Usagers initiated discussions with the Greek Orthodox Church on union, which continued until 1725 before both sides admitted failure. Despite
7080-411: The North, Bermuda's regiment of Militia and its coastal batteries prepared to resist an invasion that never came. Built-up inside the natural defence of a nearly impassable barrier reef, to fend off the might of Spain, these defences would have been a formidable obstacle for the Parliamentary fleet sent in 1651 under the command of Admiral Sir George Ayscue to subdue the trans-Atlantic colonies, but after
7198-539: The Presbyterian Scots. The English Parliament and the king had repeated disputes over taxation, military expenditure, and the role of the Parliament in government. While James I had held much the same opinions as his son regarding Royal Prerogatives , he usually had enough discretion and charisma to persuade Parliamentarians to accept his thinking. Charles had no such skill and, faced with multiple crises during 1639–1642, he failed to prevent his kingdoms from sliding into civil war. When Charles approached Parliament to pay for
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#17327722415737316-429: The Royalists and a Covenanter faction called the Engagers . The Parliamentarian New Model Army then purged England's parliament of those who wanted to continue negotiations with the king. The resulting Rump Parliament approved his execution in January 1649 and founded the republican Commonwealth of England . In the Treaty of Breda , the Scots agreed to restore Charles II to the English throne, but were defeated in
7434-456: The Rump Parliament first appointed Cromwell to invade and subdue Ireland. In August 1649, he landed an English army at Rathmines shortly after the Siege of Dublin was abandoned by the Royalists following the Battle of Rathmines . Then, in late May 1650, Cromwell left one army to continue the Irish conquest and returned to England and to take command of a second English army which preemptively invaded Scotland . On 3 September 1650, he defeated
7552-447: The SPG, they viewed it as an attempt to impose a state church. In 1815, John Adams claimed a key element in mobilising popular support for the 1773 American Revolution was the "apprehension of Episcopacy”. After the outbreak of the Revolution, many Episcopal ministers remained loyal to the London government , and were removed. In Pennsylvania, most supported the Patriots , including William White , who set out principles establishing
7670-411: The Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor (Dishi), thereby enjoying special power. The Mongol rulers Ghazan of Ilkhanate and Uzbeg of Golden Horde converted to Islam in 1295 CE because of the Muslim Mongol emir Nawruz and in 1313 CE because of Sufi Bukharan sayyid and sheikh Ibn Abdul Hamid respectively. Their official favoring of Islam as the state religion coincided with
7788-400: The Scottish Kirk were opposed by most Scots, who supported a Presbyterian system of governance led by a General Assembly, and in individual churches by ministers and committees of elders . The 1638 National Covenant pledged to oppose such imposed "innovations". Signatories were known as Covenanters . In Ireland, alienated by Church of England domination and frightened by the rhetoric of
7906-416: The Scottish Covenanters at the Battle of Dunbar , and his forces then occupied Edinburgh and Scotland south of the River Forth . Cromwell was advancing the bulk of his army over the Forth towards Stirling ; when Charles II, commanding a Scottish Royalist army, stole a march on the English commander and invaded England from his base in Scotland. Cromwell divided his forces, leaving part in Scotland to complete
8024-438: The Scottish rebellion. The idea of an Irish Catholic army enforcing what many saw as already tyrannical government horrified both the Scottish and the English Parliaments, which in response threatened to invade Ireland. Charles' initial failure to end the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640 quickly persuaded the antagonists that force could serve them better than negotiation. The imposition of Bishops and other Anglican practices to
8142-422: The State religion: The jurisdictions below give various degrees of recognition in their constitutions to Eastern Orthodoxy , but without establishing it as the state religion: The following states recognize some form of Protestantism as their state or official religion: The Anglican Church of England is the established church in England as well as all three of the Crown Dependencies : Jurisdictions where
8260-429: The Three Kingdoms English Parliamentarian victory The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were a series of conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland , then separate entities in a personal union under Charles I . They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars , the First and Second English Civil Wars , the Irish Confederate Wars , the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and
8378-409: The Three Kingdoms highlighted the dangers of religious division and moderates on both sides wanted to avoid a schism . Many supported James in 1685 from fear of civil war if he were bypassed; by 1688, it seemed only his deposition could prevent one. His prosecution of the Seven Bishops for seditious libel in June 1688 alienated the Tories who formed his main English support base. Many viewed this as
8496-650: The changes Charles tried to impose on the Protestant state churches of England and Scotland . In Ireland, the only one with a Catholic majority, the Irish Confederates wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination , greater self-governance, and a reversal of land grants to Protestant settlers . The conflicts began with the Bishops' Wars of 1639–1640, when Scottish Covenanters who opposed Charles' religious reforms gained control of Scotland and briefly occupied northern England. Irish Catholics launched
8614-551: The changes that ultimately would shape modern Britain but, in the short term, these conflicts in fact resolved little for the kingdoms and peoples. The English Commonwealth did achieve a notable compromise between the monarchy and republic which survived destabilising problems for nearly the next two hundred years. In practice, Oliver Cromwell exercised political power through his control over Parliament's military forces, but his legal position—and provisions for his succession—remained unclear, even after he became Lord Protector . None of
8732-512: The church finally ended in 1808 with the death of their last clergyman Donald Macintosh , a noted Gaelic scholar. When the penal laws were finally lifted in 1792, the Church had fewer than 15,000 members, less than one percent of the Scottish population. Today, the Scottish Episcopal Church is sometimes pejoratively referred to as the "English Kirk". The political conflicts of the 1688 Glorious Revolution were reflected to
8850-566: The church split into a majority Non-Juror element and Qualified Chapels , those willing to swear allegiance to the Hanoverian regime. Non-Juring Episcopalianism became a mark of Jacobite commitment and a high percentage of both Lowlanders and Highlanders who participated in the 1745 Rising came from this element of Scottish society. Post 1745, many Non-Juror meeting houses were closed or destroyed, and further restrictions placed on their clergy and congregants. When Prince Charles died in 1788, he
8968-457: The church, and how to limit the English Parliament's interference in his rule. At that time, he showed little interest in his other two kingdoms, Scotland and Ireland. James VI remained Protestant, taking care to maintain his hopes of succession to the English throne. He duly became James I of England in 1603 and moved to London. James concentrated on dealing with the English court and Parliament , running Scotland through written instructions to
9086-452: The conquest there, then led the rest south in pursuit of Charles II. The Royalist army failed to gather much support from English Royalists as it moved south into England; so, instead of heading directly towards London and certain defeat, Charles aimed for Worcester hoping that Wales and the West and Midlands of England would rise against the Commonwealth. This did not happen and, one year to
9204-646: The day after the Battle of Dunbar, the New Model Army and the English militia regiments vanquished the last Royalist army of the English Civil War at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. It was the last and most decisive battle in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Having defeated all organised opposition, the Grandees of the Parliamentary New Model Army and their civilian supporters dominated
9322-479: The degree of religious restrictions on citizens' everyday lives varies by country. Rulers of Saudi Arabia use religious power, while Iran 's secular presidents are supposed to follow the decisions of religious authorities since the 1979 Islamic Revolution . Turkey , which also has Muslim-majority population, became a secular country after Atatürk's Reforms , although unlike the Russian Revolution of
9440-463: The dispute drew in John Talbot, rector of St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Burlington, New Jersey since April 1704. Episcopalian ministers were in short supply in North America, one reason being delays caused by the need for London to approve appointments; between 1712 and 1720, Talbot presented numerous petitions requesting the appointment of a bishop. On a visit to England in 1722, Taylor made him
9558-523: The established church after 1693, but shared some Non Juror concerns; while sympathetic to the Stuarts, only a few were active Jacobites . Typical of this High Church , Tory group was Lady Elizabeth Hastings , daughter of the Earl of Huntingdon , a Stuart loyalist. Their support was based on the 'church point', and they opposed measures seen as diminishing the primacy of the Church of England. These included
9676-595: The fall of Barbados, the Bermudians made a separate peace that respected the internal status quo. The Parliament of Bermuda avoided the Parliament of England's fate during The Protectorate , becoming one of the oldest continuous legislatures in the world. Virginia's population swelled with Cavaliers during and after the English Civil War. Even so, Virginia Puritan Richard Bennett was made Governor answering to Cromwell in 1652, followed by two more nominal "Commonwealth Governors". The loyalty of Virginia's Cavaliers to
9794-690: The financial muscle of the City of London . On 5 May 1646, at Southwell, Charles I surrendered to the Scottish army besieging Newark-on-Trent . What remained of the English and Welsh Royalist armies and garrisons, surrendered piecemeal over the next few months. Meanwhile, the rebellious Irish Catholics formed their own government— Confederate Ireland —intending to help the Royalists in return for religious toleration and political autonomy. Troops from England and Scotland fought in Ireland, and Irish Confederate troops mounted an expedition to Scotland in 1644 , sparking
9912-490: The first in England with an all-women Board of Governors. The Church of Ireland was a minority, even among Irish Protestants, and during the 1689 Parliament called by James, four bishops sat in the Lords , with Anthony Dopping, Bishop of Meath acting as leader of the opposition. Non Juror Henry Dodwell was born and educated in Ireland, but spent his career in England, making William Sheridan, Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh
10030-617: The founder of the Yuan dynasty. The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing ) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of
10148-499: The government, historically the state church of the Roman Empire in the last centuries of the Empire's existence, and is sometimes used to denote a specific modern national branch of Christianity. Closely related to state churches are ecclesiae , which are similar but carry a more minor connotation. In the Middle East , the majority of states with a predominantly Muslim population have Islam as their official religion, though
10266-493: The institution of monarchy, they disagreed on who held ultimate authority. Royalists generally argued political and religious bodies were subordinate to the king, while most of their Parliamentarian opponents backed a limited form of constitutional monarchy . This was worsened by differences over religion and religious freedom . Reformed Protestants such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters opposed
10384-468: The king's sanction, which, for many, foreshadowed their own fate if the king's Irish troops landed in Britain. Thus the English Parliament refused to pay for a royal army to put down the rebellion in Ireland; instead Parliament decided to raise its own armed forces. The king did likewise, rallying those Royalists (some of them members of Parliament) who believed their fortunes were best served by loyalty to
10502-471: The king. The English Civil War ignited in 1642. Scottish Covenanters (as Presbyterians there called themselves) joined forces with the English Parliament in late 1643 and played a major role in the ultimate Parliamentary victory. Over the course of more than two years, the king's forces were ground down by the efficiency of those of Parliament, including the New Model Army , backed as they were by
10620-534: The majority were concentrated in areas like London and Newcastle , implying large parts of England were untouched by the controversy. Identifying lay members is more complex, since only those holding a public office were required to swear. One source identifies a total of 584 clergy, schoolmasters and university dons as Non Jurors, but this almost certainly understates their numbers. The reasons for non-compliance varied; some, like Bishop Thomas Ken , considered themselves bound by their oath to James, but did not oppose
10738-421: The most significant Irish Non Juror. Son of a Catholic convert, he lost office as a result, and later died in poverty in London. Only a handful of Irish clergy followed his example, the most notable being Jacobite propagandist Charles Leslie . As in England, many sympathised with aspects of Non Juror policy; John Pooley, Bishop of Raphoe , avoided taking the Oath of Abjuration until 1710, while Bishop Palliser
10856-465: The new government and continued to attend church services. Others argued the new regime was illegitimate, since divine right and inheritance meant kings could not be removed, the so-called "state point". A more fundamental issue was the 'church point', the belief Parliament had no right to intervene in ecclesiastical affairs, whether appointing or removing bishops and clergy, or changes to church policies. Regular clergy were largely undisturbed and although
10974-543: The newly constituted Convention Parliament , to which he was elected a member. Monck, first a Royalist campaigner, then a Parliamentary soldier, now contrived the Restoration of the monarchy. Monck arranged that the Convention Parliament would invite Charles II to return as king of the three realms—which was done by act of Parliament on 1 May 1660. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms prefigured many of
11092-473: The oath, and on 4 February 1787, White was consecrated Bishop of Pennsylvania by the Archbishop of Canterbury . State religion A state religion (also called official religion ) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state . A state with an official religion (also known as confessional state ), while not a secular state , is not necessarily a theocracy . State religions are official or government-sanctioned establishments of
11210-542: The politics of all three nations for the next nine years (see Interregnum (1649–1660) ). As for England, the Rump Parliament had already decreed it was a republic and a Commonwealth . Ireland and Scotland were now subjugated and ruled by military governors, and constituent representatives from both nations were seated in the Rump Parliament of the Protectorate , where they were dominated by Oliver Cromwell ,
11328-577: The position of the Anglican Communion in the British Isles : the Church of Ireland (disestablished in 1871 ), the Church in Wales (disestablished in 1920 ), and the Church of England itself (which remains established in England). Governments where Buddhism , either a specific form of it, or Buddhism as a whole, has been established as an official religion: In some countries, Buddhism
11446-478: The principle Parliament had no right to deprive or appoint bishops, but it created a formal schism; the vast majority remained within the established church, while Wagstaffe refused to exercise his powers. Some prominent Non-Jurors returned to the church in 1710, including Henry Dodwell (1641–1711), and Robert Nelson (1656–1715). Hickes, whose hardline views on divine right and the primacy of Stuart authority led to his appointment as Charles II's chaplain in 1683,
11564-595: The religion of the ruler) embodied in the text of the treaty that marked the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. In England , Henry VIII broke with Rome in 1534, being declared the Supreme Head of the Church of England , the official religion of England continued to be "Catholicism without the Pope" until after his death in 1547. In some cases, an administrative region may sponsor and fund a set of religious denominations; such
11682-600: The resulting political deadlock sparked the First English Civil War , which pitted Royalists against both the Parliamentarians and their Covenanter allies in England and Wales. The war in England ended when Charles surrendered to the Scots in 1646, but divisions among his opponents and his refusal to make significant political concessions caused a renewed outbreak of fighting in 1648. In the Second English Civil War , Parliamentarians again defeated
11800-669: The same time period, it did not result in the adoption of state atheism . The degree to which an official national religion is imposed upon citizens by the state in contemporary society varies considerably; from high as in Saudi Arabia and Iran , to none at all as in Greenland , Denmark , England , Iceland , and Greece (in Europe, the state religion might be called in English, the established church ). The degree and nature of state backing for denomination or creed designated as
11918-534: The several constitutions proposed during this period was achieved. Thus the Commonwealth and Protectorate of the Parliamentarians—the wars' victors—left no significant new form of government in place after their time. Still, in the long term, two abiding legacies of British democracy were established during this period: English Protestants experienced religious freedom during the Interregnum , but there
12036-481: The term of theologia civilis ( lit. ' civic theology ' ). The first state-sponsored Christian denomination was the Armenian Apostolic Church , established in 301 CE. In Christianity , as the term church is typically applied to a place of worship for Christians or organizations incorporating such ones, the term state church is associated with Christianity as sanctioned by
12154-664: The third separate kingdom, was governed by the House of Stuart . By means of the English Reformation , King Henry VIII made himself head of the Protestant Church of England and outlawed Catholicism in England and Wales . In the course of the 16th century, Protestantism became intimately associated with national identity in England; Catholicism had come to be seen as the national enemy, particularly as it
12272-673: The three Kingdoms by James Heath, published in 1662, but historian Ian Gentles argues "there is no stable, agreed title for the events....which have been variously labelled the Great Rebellion, the Puritan Revolution, the English Civil War, the English Revolution and… the Wars of the Three Kingdoms." It is generally used by modern historians who see the conflicts in each state as driven by overlapping but often distinct issues, rather than as mere background to
12390-413: The two factions agreeing to re-unite in 1732, divisions continued with a Usager contingent led by Bishop Archibald Campbell and a small London-based Non-Usager grouping under Bishop John Blackbourne. By the early 1740s, significant Non-Juring congregations were restricted to Newcastle, London and Manchester . In 1741, Robert Gordon became the last regular Non-Juring bishop, his consecration being agreed by
12508-470: Was a long time correspondent of Dodwell and Non Juror historian Thomas Smith. Bishop Lindsay , later Archbishop of Armagh , was a close friend of Jacobite plotter Francis Atterbury, and himself accused of Jacobitism in 1714. However, most of these links appear to have been driven by friendship, rather than political belief. English Non Juring was largely a split within Episcopalianism, but this
12626-628: Was approached by the Scots, the Presbyterians in the English Parliament, and the Grandees of the New Model Army, all attempting to reach an accommodation with him and among themselves which would achieve peace while preserving the crown. But now, a breach between the New Model Army and Parliament widened day by day, until the Puritans in Parliament, with allies among the Scots and the remaining Royalists, saw themselves strong enough to challenge
12744-546: Was embodied in the rivals France and Spain . Catholicism, however, remained the religion of most people in Ireland and for many Irish it was a symbol of native resistance to the Tudor conquest of Ireland . In the Kingdom of Scotland , the Protestant Reformation was a popular movement led by John Knox . The Scottish Parliament legislated for a national Presbyterian church—namely the Church of Scotland or
12862-472: Was none for English Catholics. During the term of their control, the Puritan partisans abolished the Church of England and the House of Lords . Cromwell denounced the Rump Parliament and dissolved it by force, but he failed to establish an acceptable alternative. Nor did he and his supporters move in the direction of popular democracy, as the more radical Parliamentarians (the Levellers ) wanted. During
12980-735: Was not the case in Scotland, where the religious conflicts of the 17th century normalised the eviction of defeated opponents. In 1688, Scots were divided roughly equally into Presbyterians and Episcopalians, the latter concentrated in the Highlands , Banffshire , Perthshire , Angus and Aberdeenshire . The 1690 General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished bishops and expelled 200 ministers who refused to accept these changes. As in England, many remained in place; Michael Fraser served as minister of Daviot and Dunlichty continuously from 1673 to 1726, despite being evicted in 1694 and joining both
13098-565: Was not the case in the 17th and 18th centuries. Episcopalian structures were governed by bishops, appointed by the monarch; Presbyterian implied rule by Elders , nominated by congregations. In an era when "true religion" and "true government" were assumed to be the same thing, arguments over church governance and practice often reflected political differences, not simply religious ones. In 1688, all three established churches were Episcopalian in structure and Protestant in doctrine, but faced different challenges. In England, over 90% belonged to
13216-468: Was opposed by the majority of English Non-Jurors, who remained within the Church of England and are sometimes referred to as "crypto-Non-Jurors". Never large in numbers, the Non-Juror Church rapidly declined after 1715, although minor congregations remained in existence until the 1770s. In Scotland, the 1690 religious settlement removed High Church practices and Episcopal bishops, and restored
13334-521: Was restored as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Under the English Restoration the political system returned to the prewar constitutional position. Although Charles II's Declaration of Breda in April 1660 had offered reconciliation and promised a general pardon for crimes committed during the English Civil War, the new régime executed or imprisoned for life those directly involved in
13452-467: Was restored for a time by the Emperor Julian from 361 to 363. Julian does not appear to have reinstated the persecutions of the earlier Roman emperors . Catholic Christianity, as opposed to Arianism and other ideologies deemed heretical , was declared to be the state religion of the Roman Empire on 27 February 380 by the decree De fide catolica of Emperor Theodosius I . In China,
13570-794: Was succeeded by his brother Henry , a Catholic Cardinal , and the Episcopal Church now swore allegiance to George III , ending the schism with the Qualified Chapels, although the Qualified Chapel in Montrose remained independent until 1920. In 1788 Bishop Charles Rose of Dunblane, and one presbyter, James Brown of Montrose, refused to acknowledge George III and his family, forming a breakaway nonjuring church based in Edinburgh that acknowledged Henry Stuart. However,
13688-606: Was succeeded by his son Charles I, who was crowned in Holyrood Palace , Edinburgh , in 1633, with full Anglican rites. Charles was less skillful and restrained than his father; his attempts to enforce Anglican practices in the Church of Scotland created opposition which reached a flashpoint when he introduced the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . His confrontation with the Scots came to a head in 1639, when he tried and failed to coerce Scotland by military means during
13806-576: Was the main driver behind the Non Juror church; it sharply declined after his death in 1715. The death of Thomas Wagstaffe in October 1712 left Hickes as the last surviving Non-Juring bishop. To ensure the survival of the church, Hickes and two bishops from the Scottish Episcopalian Church , Archibald Campbell and James Gadderar, consecrated Jeremy Collier , Nathaniel Spinckes and Samuel Hawes as bishops in June 1713. In 1719,
13924-547: Was written in such a way as to implore the blessings of the deity. Constantine called up the First Council of Nicaea in 325, although he was not a baptized Christian until years later. Despite enjoying considerable popular support, Christianity was still not the official state religion in Rome, although it was in some neighboring states such as Armenia , Iberia , and Aksum . Roman religion ( Neoplatonic Hellenism )
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