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61-673: During the Napoleonic Wars, British and to a lesser extent French interference with American shipping motivated Congress to action. As the United States was far weaker than either belligerent, economic warfare alternatives to military action were explored as possible means of leverage. Some in Congress favored full embargo, while other wanted more limited measures. After three months of debate, those calling for limited measures initially prevailed. Taking effect on November 15, 1806,

122-599: A politician from Virginia, serving in the House of Representatives at various times between 1799 and 1833, and the Senate from 1825 to 1827. He was also Minister to Russia under Andrew Jackson in 1830. After serving as President Thomas Jefferson 's spokesman in the House, he broke with the president in 1805 as a result of what he saw as the dilution of traditional Jeffersonian principles as well as perceived mistreatment during

183-400: A Virginia gentleman, one of the great orators in the history of Caroline, and House leader, Randolph after five years of leadership became, by 1803, a permanent outsider. His personal eccentricities may have been made worse by his lifelong ill health (he died of tuberculosis ), heavy drinking, and occasional use of opium . According to Bill Kauffman , Randolph was "a habitual opium user [and]

244-480: A bachelor who seems to have nurtured a crush on Andrew Jackson." John Greenleaf Whittier 's poem "Randolph of Roanoke," written after the Virginian had become a symbol of "slave power," may capture his strange brilliance: In March 1826, Randolph made a Senate speech in which he described the arrangement by which John Quincy Adams became president in 1825 and Henry Clay became Adams's Secretary of State as

305-456: A central proponent of impeaching Supreme Court Associate Justice Samuel Chase . Later that same year, Chase was impeached but acquitted . Randolph again served as a House manager, and critics complained that he mismanaged the prosecution. In June 1807, Randolph was the foreman of the grand jury in Richmond , which was considering the indictment of Aaron Burr and others for treason. By

366-583: A challenge over political remarks made on the U.S. Senate floor. Because of this view, Randolph announced his intention not to fire at Clay. On April 8, they met on the Virginia side of the Potomac River . During their first volley, Randolph shot wildly and Clay missed. During their second, Randolph fired into the air, clearly signalling that he would not participate. Clay then ended the duel by approaching Randolph and expressing hope that Randolph

427-566: A member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830 as a delegate from Charlotte County. He was appointed United States Minister to Russia by President Andrew Jackson and served from May to September 1830, when he resigned for health reasons. In 1832, he was again elected US Representative, and served until his death in 1833. He died in Philadelphia on May 24, 1833. He never married. Randolph

488-739: A popular speaker, he is not inferior to any man in the House. I admire his ingenuity and address; but I dislike his politics. Randolph was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in the Seventh through the Ninth Congresses, acting as the Democratic-Republican Party leader. In 1804, Randolph proposed the ill-fated Mobile Act , which implicitly allowed the President to claim parts of Spanish West Florida for

549-435: A quick-thinking orator with a remarkable wit, he was committed to republicanism and advocated a commercial agrarian society throughout his three decades in Congress. Randolph "attracted great attention from the severity of his invectives, the piquancy of his sarcasms, the piercing intonation of his voice and his peculiarly expressive gesticulation." Randolph's conservative stance, displayed in his arguments against debt and for

610-506: A vacancy, and he served until 1827. During his time in the Senate, his pro-Adams colleagues, annoyed by the bitterness of his invective, sometimes foreshortened his speeches "by severally quitting their seats when he was speaking to an extent sufficient to leave the Senate without a quorum." In 1825, he spoke for several days in opposition to a series of measures proposed by President Adams. Randolph argued these measures would give advantage to

671-536: A version of republicanism that called for the traditional patriarchal society of Virginia's elite slaveholding gentry to preserve social stability with minimal government interference. Randolph was one of the House managers who successfully prosecuted the impeachment trial of John Pickering , judge of the United States District Court for New Hampshire , in January 1804. Randolph was also

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732-451: A very slight man but of the common stature. At a little distance, he does not appear older than you are; but, upon a nearer approach, you perceive his wrinkles and grey hairs. He is, I believe, about thirty. He is a descendant in the right line from the celebrated Indian Princess, Pochahontas . The Federalists ridicule and affect to despise him; but a despised foe often proves a dangerous enemy. His talents are certainly far above mediocrity. As

793-461: A youth and never went through puberty. He finally died of tuberculosis at age 60, after it broke out into the open. He began to use opium as a way to deal with the extreme pain caused by his lifelong battle with tuberculosis. Contemporary accounts attest to his having had a belligerent and bellicose personality before the onset of any disease. First studying under private tutors, Randolph attended Walker Maury's private school. After one of his brothers

854-593: Is also known as Virginia's Black Belt , as it has long had a high concentration of African-Americans relative to other regions of the state. Southside represents the northeastern extremity of the American Black Belt , a heavily African-American region stretching from Virginia to East Texas . Counties considered part of the region began those divided from Prince George County: Brunswick , Dinwiddie , Nottoway , Amelia , and Prince Edward , formed from parts of Prince George County. In addition to Richmond,

915-600: Is buried Hollywood Cemetery , Richmond, Virginia . His Virginia home, Roanoke Plantation , remains standing today, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. A modern conservative political group, the John Randolph Club , is named after Randolph. His defense of limited government appeals to modern and contemporary conservatives , most notably Russell Kirk (1918–1994). Places named in his honor include: Despite being

976-564: Is to us a question of life and death ... You will find no instance in history where two distinct races have occupied the soil except in the relation of master and slave." In addition, Randolph remained dependent on hundreds of slaves to work his tobacco plantation . However, he provided for their manumission and resettlement in the free state of Ohio in his will, providing money for the purchase of land and supplies. They founded Rossville, now part of Piqua, Ohio and Rumley, Ohio . His supporters admire Randolph's fiery character, and education

1037-456: Is unquestionable but this invasion will be made with this principle – this genius of universal emancipation – the sweeping anathema against the white population... And then, sir, what is the position of the southern United States?" If we should accede, "we should deserve to have negroes for our taskmasters, and for the husbands of our wives." Randolph retired from the US House in 1828. He was

1098-551: The Missouri Crisis , Randolph emerged as an outspoken defender of the slaveholding gentry and a critic of democracy, even though he repeatedly insisted that he hated slavery. Randolph was asked to be the Democratic-Republican Party candidate for president in the 1824 presidential election . He declined this offer; the election was won by John Quincy Adams . Randolph was appointed to the Senate in December 1825 to fill

1159-598: The Principles of 1798 and renounced what it saw as creeping nationalism . The Tertium Quids believed that wealthy slaveholders like themselves were the rightful rulers of Virginia and the nation, and that any movement towards greater democracy would undermine the power and authority of Virginia's slaveholding class. Although he greatly admired the political ideals of the Revolutionary War generation, Randolph, influenced by Southern anti-Federalism, propounded

1220-564: The Raleigh–Durham International Airport . Southside Piedmont region has a climate different from the coastal areas of Virginia. Summers are typically hot, with highs generally in the upper 80s to low 90s Fahrenheit or low 30s Celsius; quite often 5 to 7 °F (2.8 to 3.9 °C) hotter than in Richmond . Winters are moderately cold, and nighttime lows often drop below freezing; frequently 5 to 7 °F (2.8 to 3.9 °C) cooler than Norfolk . Much of this has to do with

1281-657: The War of 1812 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820; he was active in debates about tariffs, manufacturing, and currency. With mixed feelings about slavery , he was one of the founders of the American Colonization Society in 1816, to send free blacks to a colony in Africa. At the same time, he believed that slavery was a necessity in Virginia, saying, "The question of slavery, as it is called,

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1342-533: The impeachment of Samuel Chase , in which Randolph served as chief prosecutor. Following this split, Randolph proclaimed himself the leader of the " Old Republicans " or "Tertium Quids", a wing of the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted to restrict the role of the federal government. Specifically, Randolph promoted the Principles of '98 , which said that individual states could judge the constitutionality of central government laws and decrees, and could refuse to enforce laws deemed unconstitutional. Described as

1403-701: The 1940s, various textile mills opened up in the Piedmont area of Southside, most notably the enormous Dan River Mills in Danville . Martinsville was also known for its textile mills as well. Companies like Tultex, Pannill Knitting Company, Fieldcrest, and Bassett-Walker. The city as called the " Sweatshirt Capital of the World" . The textile industry, formerly located in New England and the Northeast, shifted to

1464-580: The Act aimed to threaten Britain's prosperity by impeding trade, with an ultimate aim of motivating Britain to cease interfering with American shipping, which would relieve the United States of the self-inflicted consequences of enforcement. The following items were banned under the Non-Importation Act of 1806: The penalties for infraction were a loss of the goods and a fine of three times their value. Dissident Congressman John Randolph described

1525-552: The Act would raise more questions than it answered, and suggested an embargo could be administered more effectively. Congress eventually responded to Gallatin's advice by passing a more prohibitive Act, the Embargo Act of 1807 , as customs inspectors were noticing that other countries' ships were evading the law by delivering banned goods. The Embargo Act of 1807 would prove to damage the American economy severely. It in turn

1586-596: The Bassett Furniture company continues to operate in the town of Bassett . The Army bases Fort Gregg-Adams and Fort Barfoot employ many people. They were built up to a large extent during World War II . Some residents commute from this area to the Philip Morris factory in south Richmond . In the 1990s new manufacturing jobs were established in the area, with manufacturing of industrial-grade metals and ceramics. Numerous prisons were established in

1647-417: The House floor—something no previous Speaker had dared to do." Randolph had an intense dislike for Rep. Willis Alston and had a pitched fight with him in a Washington boarding house. Heated words led to the two throwing tableware at each other. Six years later, they fought again in a stairwell at the House after Alston loudly referred to Randolph as a "puppy". Randolph beat Alston bloody with his cane and

1708-684: The Piedmont area: those counties lying south of the James River, west of the Fall Line , and east of the Blue Ridge Mountains . This is the southern portion of Virginia's Piedmont region. This definition describes an area often considered to be the heart of Southside. It also accounts for social and economic changes as the eastern counties developed dense populations, and the Richmond suburbs expanded to occupy large portions of Chesterfield and Powhatan counties. Southside Virginia

1769-513: The Quaker movement by George Fox . A genetic aberration — possibly Klinefelter syndrome — left him beardless and with a soprano prepubescent voice throughout his life. Modern science has established that latent pulmonary tuberculosis can sometimes settle in the genital tract and can cause the symptoms and permanent damage that would prevent the onset of puberty. Randolph's brother died of tuberculosis, and it appears that Randolph contracted it as

1830-456: The South because of cheaper labor costs and less union organization. The cost of living in much of Southside is still low compared to most metropolitan areas. The Southside workforce found textile work to be much more lucrative than the low incomes associated with farming by that time. Mechanization required larger farms to be profitable. Along with tobacco manufacturing, textile mills added to

1891-592: The US. The Act was passed, and Jefferson tried to act on it, but Spain objected vehemently. Jefferson backed down and threw blame on Randolph. After this, Randolph broke with Jefferson (his cousin). In 1806, Randolph founded the Tertium quids ( Latin for "Third things", i.e. neither pro-Jefferson nor Federalist ), a breakaway faction of the Democratic-Republican Party. They called for a return to

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1952-460: The actions of the "puritan (Adams) with the blackleg (Clay)". Clay was under the impression that Randolph had waived congressional immunity before his speech; insulted by Randolph's description of him, he challenged Randolph to a duel. Randolph had in fact not waived immunity, but rather than appear dishonorable by making this known, he accepted Clay's challenge. During the preliminary activities, Randolph asserted that Clay had no right to issue

2013-534: The area, and employed local people in relatively high-paying security jobs. Television stations are receivable from all parts of Southside, with the eastern parts receiving Richmond stations and the western parts receiving Roanoke /Lynchburg stations. In addition, some viewers on the northern edges of the region receive Charlottesville stations, while viewers on the southern edge receive Greensboro / Winston-Salem / High Point and Raleigh/Durham stations. While most people receive large-market radio stations from

2074-686: The distance of the region from the temperature-moderating effect of the Atlantic Ocean . Snow and frozen precipitation (usually less than 1 foot or 0.30 metres) usually falls every year in Southside, with the western and northern fringes of the area getting several inches more snow than the rest. Southside, along with much of Upper South, was long known for its tobacco crop. The nutrient-rich soil, along with frequent spring rains, provided ideal growing conditions for tobacco, as well as soybeans and some cold-hardy cotton plants. Tobacco exhausts

2135-625: The emerging industrial powers of New England at the expense of the Southern states. This series of speeches was the first Senate filibuster . With his Senate term ending, Randolph did not seek re-election. Instead he was again elected US Representative in 1826, and again became Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. John Randolph offered many pro-slavery speeches over his long career in Congress. He mocked universal emancipation as an unreliable fantasy. Speaking about Cuba , Randolph said "It

2196-408: The end of the review, he was angry with Thomas Jefferson for supporting General James Wilkinson , Burr's chief accuser. He considered Wilkinson less than a reputable and honorable person. Defeated for re-election in 1812 due to his opposition to the War of 1812 , Randolph was elected in 1814 and 1816. He skipped a term, then was again elected and served from 1819 until his resignation in 1825. During

2257-490: The fear of eating and drinking unrighteously." Thus, the executors of Randolph's last will and testament (described below) included Virginia's bishop, William Meade (who had freed his slaves years earlier, but would by the end of his life during the American Civil War become a defender of the "peculiar institution"). Southside Virginia Southside , or Southside Virginia , has traditionally referred to

2318-528: The independent city of Petersburg, Virginia was established in this region. In addition, the western part of Southside has long been reputed for its isolated, rural, and culturally conservative character. Associated counties are Patrick , Henry , Bedford , Pittsylvania , Halifax , Charlotte , Mecklenburg , Campbell , Lunenburg , Appomattox , Buckingham , Cumberland , Powhatan , and Greensville counties . The independent cities of Danville , Emporia , and Martinsville are also considered to be in

2379-408: The law as "a milk-and-water bill, a dose of chicken-broth to be taken nine months hence". The list of banned British goods excluded those most important to trade. These items included cheap woolens, coal, iron, steel, and British colonial produce, all goods deemed too vital to embargo. Britain did not change its policies or actions. Public protest soon forced the Act's suspension. President Jefferson

2440-515: The leg — his failure to accomplish which design he attributed to an anxiety to avoid the kneepan , to hit which he regarded as murder! Except for this incident, Randolph generally saved his bellicosity for the floor of Congress. He routinely dressed in a flashy manner, often accompanied by his slaves and his hunting dogs. "[W]hen Clay had set about making the speakership a position of true power upon his first election to that post in 1811, he had unceremoniously ordered Randolph to remove his dog from

2501-466: The only correct ones, he insulted fellow student Robert B. for allegedly mispronouncing a word. Randolph refused to apologize and a duel ensued. Randolph soon after left William and Mary, thus ending his formal education. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other In 1798, at

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2562-580: The portion of the state south of the James River , the geographic feature from which the term derives its name. This was the first area to be developed in the colonial period. During the colonial era, Southside was considered the area where entrepreneurs settled, as opposed to some of the more established and wealthier families in the Tidewater counties. Many early Southside settlers were younger sons of established Tidewater families. A major portion of

2623-475: The portrait of the other. Randolph was raised and remained within the Episcopal Church . Although he went through a phase of youthful irreligion, in 1818 he had a crisis ending in a conversion experience, which he recounted in letters to several friends. Randolph's life thereafter was marked with piety. For example, he wrote to John Brockenbrough that he was restrained from taking communion "by

2684-600: The prosperity of the Southside region to become more prosperous. Beginning in the 1970s, however, many of the textile mills closed, outsourcing work to other countries where labor costs were cheaper, such as Mexico , India and other nations in Southeast Asia, and China. The waning demand for tobacco products due to health issues affected the Southside economy. Furniture manufacturing was another major industry, Kenlea Furniture operated for many years in Kenbridge and

2745-521: The rightful rulers of Virginia and the United States, and had great disdain for democracy and the advocates of more democratic government in Virginia and the Union. Federalist William Plumer of New Hampshire wrote in 1803 of his striking presence: Mr. Randolph goes to the House booted and spurred, with his whip in hand, in imitation, it is said, of members of the British Parliament. He is

2806-425: The rights of the landed, slaveholding gentry, have been attributed to his ties to his family estate and the elitist values of his native Southside Virginia . His belief in the importance of a landed gentry led him to oppose the abolition of entail and primogeniture: "The old families of Virginia will form connections with low people, and sink into the mass of overseers' sons and daughters". Randolph vehemently opposed

2867-529: The same places as their TV stations, Southside has a large variety of local radio. Country stations tend to dominate Southside radio, though local classic rock , adult contemporary , Top 40 , and public radio formats exist. All of Southside can receive Virginia's largest newspaper, the Richmond Times-Dispatch . Southside is also covered by Cardinal News , a nonprofit newsroom that covers Southwest and Southside Virginia. In addition, all

2928-543: The soil, however, and in the early 19th century, planters moving into the Piedmont area shifted to mixed crops. The Fall Line was the area where the first industries were established, with mills running off the water power of rivers, in Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia , for instance. Petersburg was an industrial city with a large proportion of free blacks even before the American Civil War. Beginning in

2989-522: The son and grandson of William Randolph and Mary Isham of Turkey Island. He was the first cousin once removed of both Richard Bland and Peyton Randolph , the two pillars of the First Continental Congress, the nephew of Congressman Theodorick Bland and stepnephew of Thomas Tudor Tucker , a half brother of Henry St. George Tucker, Sr. and Nathaniel Beverley Tucker , and a second cousin of Thomas Jefferson . Jefferson's mother

3050-402: The territory was formed in 1703, when Prince George County, Virginia was organized from Charles City County. Four other counties and three independent cities were formed from this territory, the counties in the 18th century and some of the independent cities in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 21st century, however, some people use a more limited definition of the region that is confined to

3111-410: The two had to be separated by other congressmen. Randolph was fined $ 20 for this breach of the peace. Nonetheless, Randolph maintained many friendships which crossed political party lines. As an example, he remained close with Federalist Congressman Harmanus Bleecker of Albany, New York . Bleecker and Randolph exchanged portraits as a token of their mutual esteem, and each displayed in his home

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3172-816: The unusually young age of 26, Randolph was elected to the 6th United States Congress . It was said that Randolph's youthful appearance prompted the Speaker of the House , Theodore Sedgwick , to ask Randolph whether he was old enough to be eligible, but that Randolph's reply — "Ask my constituents" — disinclined Sedgwick to pursue the question further. Randolph was re-elected to the six succeeding Congresses , and served from 1799 to 1813. Even though he frequently criticized slavery, he devoted much of his congressional career to defending slavery and Virginia's class of wealthy slaveholders. Randolph also insisted that abolition would be worse for both enslaved blacks and whites. Indeed, Randolph lionized Virginia's wealthy slaveholding class as

3233-652: The western part of the region. The more rural, western areas of Southside are noted for sharing similarities and connections with North Carolina . For instance, residents of Danville and Martinsville frequently visit the Piedmont Triad for amenities and the Piedmont Triad International Airport . Residents of South Boston and Clarksville, Virginia travel to the Research Triangle for amenities, including use of

3294-613: Was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1774, became well-regarded in his profession (including teaching law at the College of William and Mary) and would become a judge of what later became the Virginia Supreme Court in 1804. His maternal fourth great-grandfather was Richard Bennett of Virginia, elected governor of Virginia colony during the Cromwell Protectorate and a Puritan who in 1672 was converted to

3355-650: Was born at Cawsons (now in Hopewell ) in the Colony of Virginia , the son of rich tobacco planter John Randolph (1742–1775) and Frances Bland (1744–1788). His families, the Randolph family of Virginia and the Bland family of Virginia , are both among the prominent First Families of Virginia and often intermarried. His grandfathers were Richard Randolph and Theodorick Bland of Cawsons , who were, respectively,

3416-876: Was disciplined, the Randolph brothers beat Maury and left the boarding school without completing their studies. Their stepfather then sent them to College of New Jersey , and Columbia College , New York City. The Randolph brothers neglected their studies and spent much time in taverns. After failing their courses and running out of money, they returned to Virginia. John later studied law in Philadelphia under his cousin Edmund Randolph , but never practiced. In 1792, his family's wealth and influence gained him admission to William and Mary College in Williamsburg, Virginia. Convinced that his pronunciations of words were

3477-454: Was given the power to suspend it longer, and again did in March 1807. Congress asked Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin for advice. Gallatin complained that the bill was badly worded and lacked specificity. For instance, many accepted imported items come wrapped in paper, which was forbidden. Some banned materials, like silver, were used to create permitted goods, like watches. Gallatin felt

3538-666: Was one of his passions. On the other hand, others, particularly northern advocates of democracy, mocked Randolph for his eccentricities discussed below, as did many Virginians including Thomas Jefferson. He applied rousing methods in electioneering, which he also enjoyed as a hobby. Randolph appealed directly to yeomen , using entertaining and enlightening oratory, sociability, and community of interest, particularly in agriculture. This resulted in an enduring voter attachment to him. His defense of limited government appeals to modern and contemporary conservatives , most notably Russell Kirk , who wrote an influential monograph on Randolph. Randolph

3599-475: Was superseded by the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 and subsequently Macon's Bill Number 2 . All were clearly ineffective. Eventually the War of 1812 interrupted economic growth, mooting American economic warfare attempts. John Randolph of Roanoke John Randolph (June 2, 1773 – May 24, 1833), commonly known as John Randolph of Roanoke , was an American planter , and

3660-521: Was the daughter of Isham Randolph of Dungeness . His father died in 1775, when he (the youngest of three brothers, and ultimately the longest-lived) was two years old. Their mother managed the family plantations and waited to remarry until 1778, when she wed St. George Tucker , the son of a prominent planter in Bermuda (where he later took his stepsons to recover their health), who had traveled to Virginia to study law under George Wythe in Williamsburg,

3721-535: Was uninjured. Clay's bullet had torn Randolph's outer clothing, and he replied good-naturedly "You owe me a coat, Mr. Clay". Civil relations between Randolph and Clay were restored. As Martin Van Buren later wrote: He [Randolph] insisted that he at no time intended to take Mr. Clay's life and assigned as a reason his respect for Mrs. Clay and his unwillingness to make her unhappy, but he admitted that, after certain occurrences, he had determined to wound him in

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