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37-577: Nonsan has a significant history. During the Samhan period, Nonsan is believed to have been part of Mahan territory. In the Baekje period, the district belonged to Hwangdeungyasan-gun. The crucial battle in which Silla defeated Baekje is thought to have taken place in the general area of Nonsan. Later, in the Silla period, Nonsan was divided into two different towns: Deogeun and Hwangsan. The train station

74-457: A force of 50,000 from Silla, supported by 144,000 Tang soldiers. Gyebaek, with only 5,000 troops under his command, met them in the battlefield of Hwangsanbeol. Before entering the battlefield, Gyebaek reportedly killed his wife and children to prevent them from being enslaved if he lost. His forces won four initial battles, causing severe casualties to Silla forces. General Gyebaek fought very courageously and killed many Silla soldiers. However, in

111-647: A memorial stone dating back to 686 was discovered in Cheongju with an inscription: "The Three Han were unified and the domain was expanded." During the Later Silla period, the concepts of Samhan as the ancient confederacies and the Three Kingdoms of Korea were merged. In a letter to an imperial tutor of the Tang dynasty, Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn equated Byeonhan to Baekje, Jinhan to Silla, and Mahan to Goguryeo. By

148-688: A number of high schools, including a girls' high school, a technical high school, and two private schools which attract students from across the province and beyond. Local attractions include the Eunjin Mireuk , a large standing Buddhist sculpture of the Goryeo period and its accompanying temple, Gwanchoksa, as well as the Baekje Military Museum . Mireuk-bosal at Gwanchok Temple in Nonsan, South Korea. The spring Strawberry Festival

185-463: A ruling elite, whose power was a mix of politics and shamanism . Although each state appears to have had its own ruler, there is no evidence of systematic succession . The name of the poorly understood Jin state continued to be used in the name of the Jinhan confederacy and in the name "Byeonjin," an alternate term for Byeonhan. In addition, for some time the leader of Mahan continued to call himself

222-735: Is twinned with: Samhan Samhan , or Three Han , is the collective name of the Byeonhan , Jinhan , and Mahan confederacies that emerged in the first century BC during the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea , or Samhan, period. Located in the central and southern regions of the Korean Peninsula , the Samhan confederacies eventually merged and developed into the Baekje, Gaya, and Silla kingdoms. The name "Samhan" also refers to

259-493: Is a popular tourist event as is the Ganggyoung autumn fermented seafood festival. The eight famous spots in Nonsan include Gwanchoksa , the historic sites of General Gyebaek , Tapjeong Reservoir , Ssanggyesa (Temple), and Noseong Sanseong (Fortress). The city has a concert hall, where various cultural activities such as concerts and lectures are held. Konyang University's auditorium also hosts free cultural activities for

296-650: Is also quite likely that their boundaries changed over time. Samguk Sagi indicates that Mahan was located in the northern region later occupied by Goguryeo , Jinhan in the region later occupied by Silla , and Byeonhan in the southwestern region later occupied by Baekje . However, the earlier Chinese Records of the Three Kingdoms places Mahan in the southwest, Jinhan in the southeast, and Byeonhan between them. Villages were usually constructed deep in high mountain valleys, where they were relatively secure from attack. Mountain fortresses were also often constructed as places of refuge during war. The minor states which made up

333-507: Is generally accepted as including Sillan , and may also have included the language(s) spoken in Baekje . A number of researchers have suggested that Baekje may have been bilingual, with the ruling class speaking a Puyŏ language and the commoners speaking a Han language. Linguistic evidence suggests that Japonic languages (see Peninsular Japonic ) were spoken in large parts of the southern Korean Peninsula , but its speakers were eventually assimilated by Koreanic-speaking peoples and

370-531: Is still found in many Korean words such as Hangawi (한가위) — archaic native Korean for Chuseok (秋夕, 추석), Hangaram (한가람) — archaic native Korean for Hangang (漢江, 한강), Hanbat (한밭) — the original place name in native Korean for Daejeon (大田, 대전), hanabi (하나비) — a Joseon -era (Late Middle Korean) word for "grandfather; elderly man" (most often 할아버지 harabeoji in present-day Korean, although speakers of some dialects, especially in North Korea, may still use

407-595: Is the sweetest". Sesil [pronounced "say -shill"] company is the world's third leading producer of insects for natural pest control. The prominent yogurt company, Yakult , has its headquarters in Nonsan. Agro-Fisheries Trade Corp. is a regional supplier of food products. The greater Nonsan area includes the ROK Army training center ( 36°07′32″N 127°06′24″E  /  36.125483°N 127.106697°E  / 36.125483; 127.106697  ( Nonsan Korean Army Training Center (논산육군훈련소) ) ). Nonsan has

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444-554: The Geum River , and an outlying subdivision of the city serves as a significant fishing port. Chungcheong Metropolitan Railroad is proposed, in the third phase, to set Ganggyeong Station for the starting point and connect the city with Gyeryong , Daejeon, and Cheongju . Nonsan is an agricultural city, with rice being the most important crop. Other important crops include strawberries , ginseng , napa cabbage , watermelons , and Korean pears . According to The Chosun Ilbo ,

481-667: The Goryeo period, Samhan became a common name to refer to all of Korea. In his Ten Mandates to his descendants, Wang Geon declared that he had unified the Three Han (Samhan), referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Samhan continued to be a common name for Korea during the Joseon period and was widely referenced in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty . In China, the Three Kingdoms of Korea were collectively called Samhan since

518-650: The Republic of Korea (South Korea), Daehan Minguk or Hanguk , are named in reference to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula. "Samhan" became a name for the Three Kingdoms of Korea beginning in the 7th century. According to the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa , Silla implemented a national policy, "Samhan Unification" ( 삼한일통 ; 三韓一統 ), to integrate Baekje and Goguryeo refugees. In 1982,

555-575: The Three Kingdoms of Korea . Sam ( 三 ) is a Sino-Korean word meaning "three" and Han is a Korean word meaning "great (one), grand, large, much, many". Han was transliterated into Chinese characters 韓 , 漢 , 幹 , or 刊 , but is believed by foreign linguists to be unrelated to the Han in Han Chinese and the Chinese kingdoms and dynasties also called Han (漢) and Han (韓). The word Han

592-456: The 3rd century, when the Yamatai federation of Kyūshū gained monopolistic control over Japanese trade with Byeonhan. Gyebaek Gyebaek , or Kyebaek (died 20 August 660 ), was a general in the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje during the early to mid-7th century. Little else is known of his personal life—including the year and location of his birth. In 660, Baekje was invaded by

629-515: The Chinese commanderies in 108 BC. The Samhan languages ( Korean : 삼한어; 三韓語) were a branch of the ancient Koreanic languages , referring to the non-Buyeo Koreanic languages, once spoken in the southern Korean Peninsula , which were closely related to the Buyeo languages . The Samhan languages were spoken in the Mahan , Byeonhan and Jinhan . The extent of Han languages is unclear. It

666-685: The King of Jin, asserting nominal overlordship over all of the Samhan confederations. Mahan was the largest and earliest developed of the three confederacies. It consisted of 54 minor statelets, one of which conquered or absorbed the others and became the center of the Baekje Kingdom. Mahan is usually considered to have been located in the southwest of the Korean peninsula, covering Jeolla , Chungcheong , and portions of Gyeonggi . Jinhan consisted of 12 statelets, one of which conquered or absorbed

703-416: The Korean peninsula. These were exchanged for local iron or raw silk . After the 2nd century CE, as Chinese influence waned, iron ingots came into use as currency for the trade based around Jinhan and Byeonhan. Trade relations also existed with the emergent states of Japan at this time, most commonly involving the exchange of ornamental Japanese bronzeware for Korean iron. These trade relations shifted in

740-461: The Tang dynasty, including those belonging to Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla refugees and migrants, called the Three Kingdoms of Korea "Samhan", especially Goguryeo. For example, the epitaph of Go Hyeon ( 고현 ; 高玄 ), a Tang dynasty general of Goguryeo origin who died in 690, calls him a "Liaodong Samhan man" ( 요동 삼한인 ; 遼東 三韓人 ). The History of Liao equates Byeonhan to Silla, Jinhan to Buyeo, and Mahan to Goguryeo. In 1897, Gojong changed

777-497: The beginning of the 7th century. The use of the name Samhan to indicate the Three Kingdoms of Korea was widespread in the Tang dynasty . Goguryeo was alternately called Mahan by the Tang dynasty, as evidenced by a Tang document that called Goguryeo generals "Mahan leaders" ( 마한추장 ; 馬韓酋長 ) in 645. In 651, Emperor Gaozong of Tang sent a message to the king of Baekje referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea as Samhan. Epitaphs of

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814-409: The camps and melted into the local population in order to avoid being repatriated to North Korea. Nonsan is served by the national railroad system and city, regional and national bus lines. An expressway connects the city to Daejeon and other cities. Many streets have bike paths , sharing pavement with sidewalks. The stream running through the city proper is not navigable, but downstream it joins

851-566: The community. In June 2011, the multipurpose culture hall Sangsang Madang was completed. It is dedicated to "indie art". Donam Academy, one of the nine neo-Confucian seowon established in Korea during the Choseon dynasty , is in greater Nonsan. It was made a UNESCO provisional world heritage site in December 2011. Nonsan has jurisdiction over 2 eup , 11 myeon , and 2 dong . Nonsan

888-563: The end, exhausted and surrounded, Gyebaek's army was outnumbered and overwhelmed. Baekje's forces were annihilated in battle along with their leader Gyebaek. Baekje was destroyed, shortly after Gyebaek's defeat and death at Hwangsanbeol. As Neo-Confucian philosophy became more influential in the later Korean Dynasties, Gyebaek was recognized by historians and scholars as exemplifying the Confucian ideals of patriotism and devotion to his king, Uija , and praised as such. Although not much else

925-517: The farmers are growing new varieties of strawberry produced in Japan without the producer's permission, while the JoongAng Daily says "Strawberries grown in Nonsan are of various types: seolhyang, maehyang, geumhyang, janghi (akihime) and yukbo (red pearl). The first three were developed in Nonsan while the latter two are from Japan. Janghi is the most commonly grown in Korea. However, seolhyang

962-460: The federations are usually considered to have covered about as much land as a modern-day myeon , or township. Based on historical and archeological records, river and sea routes appear to have been the primary means of long-distance transportation and trade (Yi, 2001, p. 246). It is thus not surprising that Jinhan and Byeonhan, with their coastal and river locations, became particularly prominent in international trade during this time. One of

999-516: The form hanabi ). Ma means south, Byeon means shining and Jin means east. Many historians have suggested that the word Han might have been pronounced as Gan or Kan . The Silla language had a usage of this word for king or ruler as found in the words 마립간 (麻立干; Maripgan) and 거서간 / 거슬한 (居西干 / 居瑟邯; Geoseogan / Geoseulhan ). Alexander Vovin suggests this word is related to the Mongolian Khan and Manchurian Han meaning ruler, and

1036-745: The heads of the confederacies as such. In the beginning, the relationship was a political trading system in which "tribute" was exchanged for titles or prestige gifts. Official seals identified each tribal leader's authority to trade with the commandery. However, after the fall of the Kingdom of Wei in the 3rd century, San guo zhi reports that the Lelang commandery handed out official seals freely to local commoners, no longer symbolizing political authority (Yi, 2001, p. 245). The Chinese commanderies also supplied luxury goods and consumed local products. Later Han dynasty coins and beads are found throughout

1073-429: The languages replaced/supplanted. Evidence also suggests that Peninsular Japonic and Koreanic languages co-existed in the southern Korean Peninsula for an extended period of time and influenced each other. As has been suggested for the later Korean kingdom of Baekje , it is possible that the Samhan states were bilingual prior to the complete replacement of Peninsular Japonic by Koreanic languages. The Samhan saw

1110-451: The modern-day Jeolla area emerged as a center of rice production (Kim, 1974). Until the rise of Goguryeo , the external relations of Samhan were largely limited to the Chinese commanderies located in the former territory of Gojoseon . The longest standing of these, the Lelang commandery , appear to have maintained separate diplomatic relations with each individual state rather than with

1147-465: The most prominent leader of the Han ( Korean : 한; 韓) Immigration was King Jun of Gojoseon from the northern Korea, having lost the throne to Wiman , fled to the state of Jin in southern Korea around 194 - 180 BC. He and his followers established Mahan which was one of the Samhan ("Three Hans"), along with Byeonhan and Jinhan . Further Han(韓) migration followed the fall of Gojoseon and establishment of

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1184-585: The name of Joseon to the Korean Empire , Daehan Jeguk , in reference to the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 1919, the provisional government in exile during the Japanese occupation declared the name of Korea as the Republic of Korea, Daehan Minguk , also in reference to the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Samhan are generally considered loose confederations of walled-town states. Each appears to have had

1221-688: The others and became the center of the Silla Kingdom. It is usually considered to have been located to the east of the Nakdong River valley. Byeonhan consisted of 12 statelets, which later gave rise to the Gaya confederacy , subsequently annexed by Silla . It is usually considered to have been located in the south and west of the Nakdong River valley. The exact locations occupied by the different Samhan confederations are disputed. It

1258-426: The state of Jin in southern Korea also disappearing from written records. By the 4th century, Mahan was fully absorbed into the Baekje kingdom, Jinhan into the Silla kingdom, and Byeonhan into the Gaya confederacy , which was later annexed by Silla. Beginning in the 7th century, the name "Samhan" became synonymous with the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The "Han" in the names of the Korean Empire , Daehan Jeguk , and

1295-431: The systematic introduction of iron into the southern Korean peninsula. This was taken up with particular intensity by the Byeonhan states of the Nakdong River valley, which manufactured and exported iron armor and weapons throughout Northeast Asia. The introduction of iron technology also facilitated growth in agriculture, as iron tools made the clearing and cultivation of land much easier. It appears that at this time

1332-432: The ultimate origin is Xiongnu and Yeniseian . The Samhan are thought to have formed around the time of the fall of Gojoseon in northern Korea in 108 BC. Kim Bu-sik 's Samguk Sagi , one of the two representative history books of Korea, mentions that people of Jin Han are migrants from Gojoseon, which suggests that early Han tribes who came to Southern Korean peninsula are originally Gojoseon people; this coincides with

1369-526: Was built in 1911, in the same year as the rail line through the Nonsan plain was completed. The modern city of Nonsan was established in 1914, by the merger of the four counties of Yeonsan -gun, Eunjin -gun, Noseong -gun and Seoksung -gun. During the Korean War , a POW camp was set up by the U.S. and South Korean forces. On June 18, 1953, at the Nonsan camp as well as at POW camps at Busan , Masan , and Kwangju , thousands of POWs swarmed out of

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