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118-573: Nordfjordeid is the administrative centre of the municipality of Stad in Vestland county, western Norway . It is located at the end of the Eidsfjorden, an arm of the main Nordfjorden , west of the large lake Hornindalsvatnet . The village of Stårheim is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the west, the village of Mogrenda is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the east, and

236-404: A chef-lieu ( French pronunciation: [ʃɛfljø] , plural form chefs-lieux , literally 'chief place' or 'main place'), is a town or city that is important from an administrative perspective. The capital of an Algerian province is called a chef-lieu . The capital of a district , the next largest division, is also called a chef-lieu , whilst the capital of the lowest division,

354-810: A lord of the manor with a Roman Catholic church and priest. Thanks to the exchange with the Al-Andalus where the Arab Agricultural Revolution was underway, European agriculture transformed, with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange). After 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes , and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips , and livestock (including horses, cattle, sheep and goats) to

472-437: A Nazi concentration camp . On 12 December 1944, twenty-three allied aircraft participated in a bombing campaign targeting a German ship convoy stationed close to Nordfjordeid. The convoy consisted of three trade ships and two military escort ships. They were traveling from Ålesund to Bergen . 20 de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito aircraft attacked the convoy. The 4,000-ton Wartheland was hit, capsizing less than 200 meters from

590-561: A central city as chef-lieu of delegation . In the United Kingdom it is the centre of a local authority , which is distinct from a historic county with a county town. Agriculture Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture , and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in

708-470: A combination of labor supply and labor demand trends have driven down the share of population employed in agriculture. During the 16th century in Europe, between 55 and 75% of the population was engaged in agriculture; by the 19th century, this had dropped to between 35 and 65%. In the same countries today, the figure is less than 10%. At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of

826-409: A district ( liwa ), or a governorate ( muhafazah ). Luxembourg is divided into two judicial arrondissements (Luxembourg City, Diekirch), four electoral circonscriptions (constituencies), twelve cantons , as well as 100 communes (municipalities; Luxembourgish: Gemengen ). Arrondissements, districts and cantons have each a chef-lieu and are named after it. The same is true for each commune which

944-664: A hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, noise-induced hearing loss , skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On industrialized farms , injuries frequently involve the use of agricultural machinery , and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is tractor rollovers . Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can be hazardous to worker health , and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects. As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on

1062-444: A high use of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticide and automation). It is practiced mainly in developed countries. From the twentieth century onwards, intensive agriculture increased crop productivity. It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, but caused increased water pollution, and often involved farm subsidies. Soil degradation and diseases such as stem rust are major concerns globally; approximately 40% of

1180-406: A passenger load of more than 300 metric tons (300 long tons; 330 short tons). SeaWalk consists of three bridges, two link pontoons and the hinged landing section. The bridges are 72-metre (236 ft) long. The walkway is approximately 200 centimetres (79 in) above sea level and the railings are 110 centimetres (43 in) high. There are many tourist attractions in this area. Nordfjordeid has

1298-447: A positive note, the gender gap in access to mobile internet in low- and middle-income countries fell from 25 percent to 16 percent between 2017 and 2021, and the gender gap in access to bank accounts narrowed from 9 to 6 percentage points. Women are as likely as men to adopt new technologies when the necessary enabling factors are put in place and they have equal access to complementary resources. Agriculture, specifically farming, remains

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1416-555: A rich Viking history and military history. The fjords and mountains offer attractive views to visitors. In addition due to its location visitors can easily travel to other top destinations on the Vestland (West Coast), such as the West Cape, and world heritage fjords such as Geiranger . Nordfjordeid is the location of the Sophus Lie Conference Center for mathematics. Notable mathematician Sophus Lie

1534-404: A significant decrease in genetic diversity and resources among livestock breeds, leading to a corresponding decrease in disease resistance and local adaptations previously found among traditional breeds. Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as shrubland , rangeland , and pastures for feeding ruminant animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure

1652-492: A small area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning the trees. The cleared land is used for growing crops for a few years until the soil becomes too infertile, and the area is abandoned. Another patch of land is selected and the process is repeated. This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly. This practice is used in Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and

1770-552: A year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry . In temperate environments, where ecosystems were predominantly grassland or prairie , highly productive annual farming is the dominant agricultural system. Important categories of food crops include cereals, legumes, forage, fruits and vegetables. Natural fibers include cotton, wool , hemp , silk and flax . Specific crops are cultivated in distinct growing regions throughout

1888-473: A yearly summit to discuss safety. Overall production varies by country as listed. The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the IMF and CIA World Factbook . Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and

2006-444: Is 25.99 cubic metres per second (918 cu ft/s). The watercourse is affected by watercourse regulation in that 5 percent or 20 km (7.7 sq mi) of the high-lying field to Horndøla is laid in pipes. The precipitation field is 428.48 m (4,612.1 sq ft). Administrative centre In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and many African countries),

2124-584: Is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America. The indigenous people of the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest practiced forest gardening and fire-stick farming . The natives controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low-intensity fire ecology that sustained a low-density agriculture in loose rotation; a sort of "wild" permaculture . A system of companion planting called

2242-660: Is a literal description of the location of the town: the inner part of the northern fjord. The oldest archeological discovery made in Nordfjordeid is over 6,000 years old. An axe from the Paleolithic Period . The area was well suited for fishing and hunting during the Stone Age , however little is known about human activity during this period. During the late Stone Age, there was a transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculture . In Nordfjordeid there

2360-506: Is a term commonly ascribed to the settlement that serves as a municipal administrative centre. This level handles the local administrative and political tasks of the surrounding settlements. Since central place theory was the guiding principle during the municipal reform 1962–1977, most municipalities were dominated by a larger urban area where the political seat was located. Most municipalities are named for their central locality, but there are several exceptions. There are many deviations from

2478-502: Is also used as a cultural center, hosting concerts and other cultural events. The unique architectural design of the building with one giant room, and a polished aluminum roof results in very unique acoustics. The ship building technique used by the boatbuilders to construct the Myklebustship is now listed under UNESCO world heritage. The Myklebust ship is believed to have belonged to King Audbjørn of Firda . Geirangerfjord and

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2596-465: Is archeological evidence of human settlements dating back to the late Neolithic and Bronze Age. Remains of pits used for cooking, firepits , stone axes, technical production establishments, and up to ten huts have been discovered in the area known as Golvsengane. This is believed to be the predecessor settlement to the Myklebust farm that was central during the later Iron and Viking Ages . During

2714-673: Is believed that the Vikings of the farm participated in the Great Heathen Army , that conquered eastern Mercia during the 8th century. Nordfjordeid was strategically well placed, with large amounts of land available for agriculture , timber and other natural resources . The residents could easily prepare for incoming attacks as the only way to arrive was through the Eidsfjord, offering many vantage points, allowing early warnings when unknown travelers were spotted. Being close to

2832-626: Is both a cause of and sensitive to environmental degradation , such as biodiversity loss , desertification , soil degradation , and climate change , all of which can cause decreases in crop yield. Genetically modified organisms are widely used, although some countries ban them . The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin agricultūra , from ager 'field' and cultūra ' cultivation ' or 'growing'. While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of ant , termite and beetle have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years. Agriculture

2950-599: Is composed of more than one town or village. Usually (with a few exceptions), the commune is named after the communal chef-lieu. In Russia , several million-plus cities in federal districts have the official status of an administrative centre: Moscow (as the main city of the Central Federal District ), Vladivostok , Volgograd , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Novosibirsk , Pyatigorsk , Rostov-on-Don and St. Petersburg . The main cities of regions and municipal districts are also called unofficially

3068-444: Is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services". Thus defined, it includes arable farming , horticulture, animal husbandry and forestry , but horticulture and forestry are in practice often excluded. It may also be broadly decomposed into plant agriculture , which concerns

3186-540: Is in this environment steeped in tradition that the Norwegian Fjord Horse Centre is based, and it is not uncommon to meet Fjord horses on the local roads. The Norwegian Fjord Horse Centre is a resource centre for the Fjord horse and runs an information and advice service for all matters relating to this all-Norwegian horse breed. One of the centre's main functions is to promote the breeding and use of

3304-438: Is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists. Mixed production systems use grassland, fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as

3422-719: Is the Sagastad Viking Center, a museum that houses a replica of the largest viking longship ever discovered in Norway, the Myklebust Ship . The content in the exhibition is anchored in research in collaboration with the University of Bergen and the Medieval Cluster. The ship is located in the middle of the center, surrounded by interactive exhibitions that are mainly related to the ship and

3540-474: The COVID-19 pandemic the number rose to 57 ships in 2022, and grew to 70 calls in both 2023 and 2024. One of the fastest growths for a port in Europe ever recorded.. The port of Nordfjordeid has a cruise terminal and a SeaWalk. The SeaWalk is 220-metre (720 ft) long and 4.2-metre (14 ft) wide. Floating on eight wave-damping pontoons with a capacity of more than 4,000 passengers per hour it can carry

3658-500: The Indus Valley civilization . In China, from the 5th century BC, there was a nationwide granary system and widespread silk farming . Water-powered grain mills were in use by the 1st century BC, followed by irrigation. By the late 2nd century, heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards . These spread westwards across Eurasia. Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 years ago – depending on

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3776-500: The Lensherre og Bjørgvin . Nordfjordeid was transformed during the 1600−1800s from a mainly agricultural society to one more focused on trade. The Myklebust farm was during this period owned by the priest Jens Bugge and his heirs. It was gradually split into several smaller farms. By 1863 the Myklebust farm had been divided into a total of eight. In the early 1600s there was established a military training ground in Nordfjordeid, on

3894-517: The Nordfjorden and splendid area. Harpefossen Ski Resort is situated in the Hjelmeland valley, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the center of Nordfjordeid. Harpefossen is the largest, most complete resort in the county, offering slopes of some 550 metres (1,800 ft), starting at 300 m (980 ft) above sea level. Harpefossen's varied terrain is well known nationally, and its geographical position ensures regular powder snowfall throughout

4012-583: The Paleolithic , after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus . In India , wheat, barley and jujube were domesticated by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats. Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in Mehrgarh culture by 8,000–6,000 BC. Cotton was cultivated by the 5th–4th millennium BC. Archeological evidence indicates an animal-drawn plough from 2,500 BC in

4130-501: The Stockholm metropolitan area . The term central locality has no legal standing and it is unclear how it should be applied to these municipalities. Some municipalities appointing one or several localities to be the central locality. A residence city (Swedish: "residensstad") is the town or city which is the political and administrative seat of the county . This level handles the more regional political and administrative tasks of

4248-514: The Tigris and Euphrates rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in pictographs around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs. Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of

4366-512: The Västra Götaland Region . The term chef-lieu is applied to the capital of each Swiss canton . In 16 of the 26 cantons, the territory is subdivided into districts. Every district also has a location nominated as chef-lieu and each has a prefect. The term chef-lieu is used to designate the capital of each gouvernorat (department). Each of the 24 gouvernorats is subdivided into delegations (districts) which each have

4484-630: The molecular clock estimate that is used – on the Pearl River in southern China with a single genetic origin from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon . In Greece and Rome , the major cereals were wheat, emmer, and barley, alongside vegetables including peas, beans, and olives. Sheep and goats were kept mainly for dairy products. In the Americas, crops domesticated in Mesoamerica (apart from teosinte) include squash, beans, and cacao . Cocoa

4602-473: The municipalities , is called agglomération de chef-lieu (chef-lieu agglomeration ) and is abbreviated as A.C.L. The chef-lieu in Belgium is the administrative centre of each of the ten provinces of Belgium . Three of these cities also give their name to their province ( Antwerp , Liège and Namur ). The chef-lieu of a département is known as the préfecture . This is the town or city where

4720-548: The organic movement . Unsustainable farming practices in North America led to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Pastoralism involves managing domesticated animals. In nomadic pastoralism , herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practiced in arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara , Central Asia and some parts of India. In shifting cultivation ,

4838-469: The prefect of the department (and all services under their control) are situated, in a building known as the prefecture . In every French region , one of the departments has pre-eminence over the others, and the prefect carries the title of Prefect of region X..., Prefect of Department Z... and the city where the regional prefect is found is known as chef-lieu of the region or, more commonly, Regional prefecture . The services are, however, controlled by

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4956-480: The 1990s, the chef-lieu has transitioned from the location of the Governor, Commandant, or Prefect and their staff, to the location of Commune, Cercles of Mali / Departments of Niger , and Regional Councils and a variety of decentralized bodies. The chefs-lieux of a Region, Cercle or Département, is usually also a Communal chef-lieu. Both nations collect these councils in a "High Council of Collectivites" seated at

5074-662: The 7th century, the farm Myklebust ( mykill ) was the home of the Viking king, Audbjörn Frøybjørnsson, who ruled the kingdom of Firda ( Firðafylkí ). Myklebust was the largest farm in Nordfjordeid (Eygis) and the center of power in Firda. Based on archeological evidence it is assumed that Nordfjordeid was the home of a family dynasty that ruled the area for centuries prior. The inhabitants were known as Norðfirðir , and were mainly farmers and merchants. There were archeological finds of Saxon objects that originated from Ireland, thus it

5192-540: The Amazon Basin. Subsistence farming is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere. It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia. An estimated 2.5 billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's arable land . Intensive farming is cultivation to maximize productivity, with a low fallow ratio and

5310-560: The Americas. Irrigation , crop rotation , and fertilizers advanced from the 17th century with the British Agricultural Revolution , allowing global population to rise significantly. Since 1900, agriculture in developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as mechanization replaces human labor, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers , pesticides, and selective breeding . The Haber-Bosch method allowed

5428-554: The Fjord horse. Many courses are held at the centre throughout the year, and Fjordane Folk High School's horse programmes use the premises for teaching activities. The Nordfjord Golf park is a 9-hole golf course located along the Eid river (Eidselva). The course is considered by many to be one of the best golf courses in Western Norway. It is administrated by the local Nordfjord Golf Club. The most visited attraction in Nordfjordeid

5546-769: The Gjerde farm. Early in the Second World War , in April 1940, a defense battalion of 110 soldiers was stationed at the military training grounds in Nordfjordeid, ordered there by General Steffens as part of the forces mobilized for defence the West Coast from the German invasion. The war for the West Coast ended on 1 May 1940 when Steffens fled north from Sandane when overwhelmed by the invading forces. British soldiers fled to Nordfjordeid through Stryn , by walking over

5664-536: The Nordfjordeid shoreline. Three German soldiers were killed in the attack. The wreckage can still be found today in the fjord. After the Nazi capitulation in 1945 the remaining German soldiers stationed in Sogn og Fjordane , were all sent to Nordfjordeid, before returning to Germany. The soldiers were forced to build a football field in Nordfjordeid before returning. Nordfjordeid is a growing tourist destination, situated in

5782-460: The Opera House in the town. Eid Church is also located in the town and it is the main church for the municipality. The European route E39 highway passes by Nordfjordeid on its way from Bergen to Ålesund. Norwegian National Road 15 passes through the town on its way from Måløy to Otta . Nordfjordeid is located approximately nine hours from the national capital of Oslo , five hours from

5900-460: The Osnes farm. The grounds were used to train soldiers from surrounding areas. The establishment was responsible for training around 300 soldiers annually. During battalion training there could have been up to 1200−1500 soldiers in the area. The soldiers rented private property during training; this had a large positive impact on the local economy, leading to economic growth in the town. In modern times

6018-586: The Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of emmer , barley , and oats has been observed near the sea of Galilee. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC, followed by mung , soy and azuki beans. Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. Cattle were domesticated from

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6136-486: The Three Sisters was developed in North America. The three crops were winter squash , maize, and climbing beans. Indigenous Australians , long supposed to have been nomadic hunter-gatherers , practiced systematic burning, possibly to enhance natural productivity in fire-stick farming. Scholars have pointed out that hunter-gatherers need a productive environment to support gathering without cultivation. Because

6254-793: The United Nations (FAO) posits that the roles and responsibilities of women in agriculture may be changing – for example, from subsistence farming to wage employment, and from contributing household members to primary producers in the context of male-out-migration. In general, women account for a greater share of agricultural employment at lower levels of economic development, as inadequate education, limited access to basic infrastructure and markets, high unpaid work burden and poor rural employment opportunities outside agriculture severely limit women's opportunities for off-farm work. Women who work in agricultural production tend to do so under highly unfavorable conditions. They tend to be concentrated in

6372-524: The United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948. Agriculture employed 873 million people in 2021, or 27% of the global workforce, compared with 1 027 million (or 40%) in 2000. The share of agriculture in global GDP was stable at around 4% since 2000–2023. Despite increases in agricultural production and productivity, between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021. Food insecurity and malnutrition can be

6490-511: The Wehrmacht. The school was known as Kampfschule Nordfjordeid. It was a recruit school, and also offered anti-tank courses, skiing courses and educated petty officers. The Norwegian resistance movement established an arms smuggling route from the island of Silda to Nordfjordeid. From Norfjordeid the route fed into the eastern parts of Norway. The activity was discovered in 1943, three men from Nordfjordeid were arrested by Gestapo and sent to

6608-499: The administration being devolved usually to the Secretary-general of the departmental prefecture , who functions as sub-prefect for the arrondissement. The chef-lieu of a canton is usually the biggest city or town within the canton, but has only a nominal role. No specific services are controlled by it. In past decades, there was always a Gendarmerie , a treasurer and a justice of the peace. The chef-lieu indicates

6726-430: The administrative centre or simply the centre. The only exception to this rule is the republics , for which the term " capital " is used to refer to the seat of government. The capital of Russia is also an entity to which the term "administrative centre" does not apply. In Sweden there are two levels of administrative centre; the local municipal and the regional county . Central locality ( Swedish : "centralort")

6844-501: The administrative subdivisions down to the Commune level each have a formal place of administrative headquarters, titled the chef-lieu. The larger portion of the terminology of administrative division is inherited from colonial rule as part of French West Africa , and has survived and been somewhat modified over time. In both nations there have been remarkably parallel histories. With the decentralization process begun in both nations in

6962-544: The annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural activities often go unreported. The organization has developed the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001 , which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and

7080-553: The available work force, were employed in agriculture. This constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries constitutes the largest percentage of women of any industry. The service sector overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007. In many developed countries, immigrants help fill labor shortages in high-value agriculture activities that are difficult to mechanize. Foreign farm workers from mostly Eastern Europe, North Africa and South Asia constituted around one-third of

7198-450: The central locality principle. Some municipalities are dominated by two or more towns of similar size, and sometimes they share the municipal administration, with the municipality having its official address in one of the towns. For example, both Skillingaryd and Vaggeryd are central localities of Vaggeryd Municipality . Conversely, there are municipalities within metropolitan areas . For example, there are twenty-six municipalities within

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7316-597: The central west coast and eastern central, early farmers cultivated yams, native millet, and bush onions, possibly in permanent settlements. In the Middle Ages , compared to the Roman period , agriculture in Western Europe became more focused on self-sufficiency . The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into manors consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by

7434-467: The cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output. As of 2021 , small farms produce about one-third of

7552-460: The city of Bergen , and three hours from the city of Ålesund by car. The closest airport, Sandane Airport, Anda (SNDL) is 45 minutes from the town. The 2.32-square-kilometre (570-acre) town has a population (2018) of 2,974 and a population density of 1,282 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,320/sq mi). During the Viking Age , Nordfjordeid was referred to as Eygis or Eid , meaning

7670-476: The coast made travel easy, both north and south in Norway, and also toward England . Audbjörn was killed during the second battle of Solskjel in 870 against Harald Hairfair . Harald was on a quest to unite Norway under one rule leading to the Unification of Norway . Audbjörn wanted to maintain the current structure of petty kingdoms in Norway, in order to maintain his power. When news arrived that Harald

7788-504: The county, such as healthcare and public transport . The name comes from that this is the town or city where the governor ( Swedish : "landshövding") have their residence . There are some exceptions to this, however. In the newer amalgamated "greater counties", often referred to as "regions", the administrative centre is placed in one of the older residence cities . Examples of this is Malmö in Region Scania and Gothenburg in

7906-468: The cultivation of useful plants, and animal agriculture , the production of agricultural animals. The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering . Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa , in at least 11 separate centers of origin . Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. In

8024-529: The direct agricultural workforce and broader businesses that support the farms and farming populations. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels , and raw materials (such as rubber ). Food classes include cereals ( grains ), vegetables , fruits , cooking oils , meat , milk , eggs , and fungi . Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food, 32 million tonnes of natural fibers and 4 billion m of wood. However, around 14% of

8142-668: The domestication of squash (Cucurbita) and other plants. Coca was domesticated in the Andes, as were the peanut, tomato, tobacco, and pineapple . Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Animals including llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs were domesticated there. In North America , the indigenous people of the East domesticated crops such as sunflower , tobacco, squash and Chenopodium . Wild foods including wild rice and maple sugar were harvested. The domesticated strawberry

8260-529: The entire Western coast of Norway from his home in Stårheim. Ingerid was later murdered in an attack by a rival clan. The Stårheim dynasty continued to be influential throughout the Middle Ages. Bishop Nicholas Arnesson was among the children of Arne and Ingerid. Around 1000 the first church in Nordfjordeid was erected on the Myklebust farm, on the same grounds the Vikings had their place of worship. This

8378-512: The famous glacier at Briksdalen which attracts numerous international tourists every year are close to Nordfjordeid. There are several trails close to the town center, with marked paths to ensure easy travel. There are many possibilities of fine hiking in the mountains, either north or south, surrounding the town, a hiking trail starting near the Lote Tunnel going south leads to a magnificent 900-metre (3,000 ft) high view over other arms of

8496-432: The farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Ages 0–6 may be an especially vulnerable population in agriculture; common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor accidents, including with all-terrain vehicles. The International Labor Organization considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors". It estimates that

8614-472: The farm. There was a large banquet, when Jarl Ragnvald traveled to the farm during the night aware of Vemunds location due to his spies. Ragnvald and his men set fire to the building where all of Vemunds men were sleeping. Killing them all, along with the King. This ended the reign of the Myklebust dynasty, and Harald successfully took control. During the Middle Ages there was a shift to Christianity . Nordfjordeid

8732-402: The findings of a male skeleton aged approximately 25–35 with shoulder damage resulting from a sword or axe. The age of the ship and skeleton date back to the late 800s, confirming that Audbjörn was buried in the location. After the death of Audbjörn, his half brother Vemund Kamban became the ruler of Firda by birthright. Vemund rallied the remaining men in preparation for Harald arriving at Stad

8850-451: The fjords of western Norway, it is within short travel distance to many of the most popular destinations in the area. Hundreds of thousands visit each year. Forbes has highlighted the town as a "must-see" ahead of more famous alternatives within the fjords of Norway. Highlighting the untamed nature and history of the region. Since 2019 Nordfjordeid has operated a cruise ship port. In 2019 it received nineteen ships with 60,000 visitors. After

8968-430: The forests of New Guinea have few food plants, early humans may have used "selective burning" to increase the productivity of the wild karuka fruit trees to support the hunter-gatherer way of life. The Gunditjmara and other groups developed eel farming and fish trapping systems from some 5,000 years ago. There is evidence of 'intensification' across the whole continent over that period. In two regions of Australia,

9086-422: The greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple cropping , in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and intercropping , when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures . In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in

9204-459: The inner most part of a fjord. Nordfjord directly translated means 'North Fjord'. The kingdom of Firda was known as the kingdom of the fjords, and was divided into Sunnfjord and Nordfjord , meaning South Fjord and North Fjord. In old Norse the administrative region of Nordfjord was referred to Nyrðri hlutr sýsla and later Nordfjorð sýsla at the time of the Gulating . Thus Nordfjordeid

9322-441: The input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure ) and some manual pest control . Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs. Further industrialization led to the use of monocultures , when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of the low biodiversity , nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating

9440-476: The lower yield associated with organic farming and its impact on global food security . Recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food . By 2015, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States. Economists measure the total factor productivity of agriculture, according to which agriculture in

9558-399: The military training ground is known as Malakoff. A rock festival with the same name is held there annually. Tradesmen within areas such as bakers, shoemakers and smiths enjoyed massively increased revenue. This led to the formation of the old town street, known as Eidsgata. Filled with shops, and residential buildings. The first trade business is believed to have been established in 1638 on

9676-557: The mound still remains unexplored. Today it is possible to visit the mound, and even walk on it. Spanning over 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) the Eid ( Eidselva ) is a river that flows through Nordfjordeid. It has its outlet from the Hornindalsvatnet and extends down to the Eidfjorden in Nordfjordeid. The river is famous for its salmon fishing, the largest salmon ever caught in the river was 27.6 kilograms (61 lb). It

9794-574: The mountains, attempting to get to the coast after the battles in Gudbrandsdalen . Twenty-nine soldiers were smuggled from Nordfjordeid to the coast where they were saved by British warships. Once the German occupation of Norway was under way, the Germans constructed installations to house up to 1000 soldiers in Nordfjordeid. From 1943 the training grounds at Nordfjordeid became a war school for

9912-644: The nation's capital. Smaller sub-divisions in Mali's Communes (Villages, Tribal councils, Quarters) are administered from or identified as a Place / Site ( Site in French), so the chef-lieu is literally the Chief-Place even at the lowest level. In the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , the administrative centres are known as "chief towns" or nahias . Nahias may be in charge of a sub-district ( qda ),

10030-522: The next spring. Harald elected not to travel further south during the Autumn due to the challenging conditions in the area. Instead his ally, Jarl Ragnvald of Møre was instructed to defeat Vemund. He sent spies over the mountains to report of Vemund. Later the same year, there was a large gathering at the Naustdal farm, 10 km from Nordfjordeid. Vemund and 90 of his men participated in festivities at

10148-482: The old town street, where the shoreline used to be, lies a burial mound known as Rundehogjen. It is the burial site of the Viking King Audbjørn of Firda. This is where the largest viking long ship ever discovered was unearthed: the Myklebust Ship . The gravemound is located on the Myklebust farm, the oldest establishment in Nordfjordeid. Excavation was carried out in 1864 by Anders Lorange, however half

10266-438: The other grave finds in Nordfjordeid. The center opened May 10, 2019, and has year-round operations with opportunities for parties, concerts, lectures and other events. The building is located near the fjord , with a slipway allowing for sea launching of the ship. In 2019 the center had over 20,000 visitors, during the COVID-19 pandemic it was partially closed, receiving only 8000 guests in 2020, and 9000 in 2021. The building

10384-437: The philosophy and culture of the farmer. Shifting cultivation (or slash and burn ) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then perennial crops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring

10502-414: The poorest countries, where alternative livelihoods are not available, and they maintain the intensity of their work in conditions of climate-induced weather shocks and in situations of conflict. Women are less likely to participate as entrepreneurs and independent farmers and are engaged in the production of less lucrative crops. The gender gap in land productivity between female- and male managed farms of

10620-405: The prefecture of the department. The chef-lieu of an arrondissement , commonly known as the sous-préfecture is the city or town where the sub-prefect of the arrondissement (and the services directly under their control) are situated, in a building called the sub-prefecture . The arrondissement where the département prefecture is located does not normally have a sub-prefect or sub-prefecture,

10738-469: The principal city of the provinces of New Caledonia. So Nouméa is the chef-lieu of South Province. But the chef-lieu can also mean the principal area within a town. So Wé is part of the town of Lifou , but is the chef-lieu of Lifou. In the Loyalty Islands and the other islands, the name of the chef-lieu differs from that of the name of the town. For the towns of the mainland, the chef-lieu has

10856-440: The production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007. During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock breeds and crossbreeds that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve genetic diversity . This trend has led to

10974-477: The result of conflict, climate extremes and variability and economic swings. It can also be caused by a country's structural characteristics such as income status and natural resource endowments as well as its political economy. Pesticide use in agriculture went up 62% between 2000 and 2021, with the Americas accounting for half the use in 2021. The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculture may be part of

11092-874: The role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play. In the United States, agriculture has been identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues. In the European Union, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has issued guidelines on implementing health and safety directives in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture, and forestry. The Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America (ASHCA) also holds

11210-478: The salaried agricultural workforce in Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal in 2013. In the United States of America, more than half of all hired farmworkers (roughly 450,000 workers) were immigrants in 2019, although the number of new immigrants arriving in the country to work in agriculture has fallen by 75 percent in recent years and rising wages indicate this has led to a major labor shortage on U.S. farms. Around

11328-596: The same name as the town. Nouméa is a town composed only of Nouméa. Many of the West African states which gained independence from France in the mid-20th century also inherited the French administrative structure of Departments and Communes, headed by a Chief-Lieu . States still using Chief-Lieu to identify the administrative headquarters of a government subdivision include Senegal , Burkina Faso , Benin , Mali , and Niger . Taking Niger and Mali as examples,

11446-439: The same size is 24 percent. On average, women earn 18.4 percent less than men in wage employment in agriculture; this means that women receive 82 cents for every dollar earned by men. Progress has been slow in closing gaps in women's access to irrigation and in ownership of livestock, too. Women in agriculture still have significantly less access than men to inputs, including improved seeds, fertilizers and mechanized equipment. On

11564-513: The season. There are seven ski lifts, thirteen well-groomed trails, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of pathways for cross country and a trail network running through five idyllic mountain summer farms. A separate biathlon arena forms part of the cross-country trails, and both resorts and the cross-country trails are floodlit ensuring good evening visibility. Main Article: Myklebust Burial Mound Located next to

11682-488: The solution to concerns about food prices and overall food security , given the favorable experience of Vietnam. Agriculture provides about one-quarter of all global employment, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries. As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled workers away from agriculture, and labor-saving innovations increase agricultural productivity by reducing labor requirements per unit of output. Over time,

11800-400: The synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields and sustaining a further increase in global population. Modern agriculture has raised or encountered ecological, political, and economic issues including water pollution , biofuels , genetically modified organisms , tariffs and farm subsidies , leading to alternative approaches such as

11918-538: The town acted as a harbor, all trade and communication with Bergen to the eastern parts of Nordfjord went through Nordfjordeid. During the later Middle Ages the Myklebust farm was part of the Nordfjord Estate. Owned by Baron Audun Hugleiksson . In 1306 the Barons were abolished by the King, who took control over their fiefs and other possessions. In 1361 the King turned over control of the Nordfjord Estate to

12036-679: The transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing sedentism ; examples are the Natufian culture in the Levant , and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated. In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on

12154-454: The village of Lote is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the southeast. The town is a commercial hub for the municipality and greater Nordfjord region. It includes several industries, such as timber, agriculture, electronics and commerce. It is the shopping hub for surrounding villages and towns, due to the shopping center and commerce streets. There are five primary schools, one lower secondary school and an upper secondary school connected to

12272-671: The wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago. Pig production emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where wild boar were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca , llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs . Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago. Sorghum

12390-781: The world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In recent years there has been a backlash against the environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic , regenerative , and sustainable agriculture movements. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union , which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as decoupling . The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as integrated pest management , selective breeding, and controlled-environment agriculture . There are concerns about

12508-664: The world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level. Modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have sharply increased crop yields , but also contributed to ecological and environmental damage . Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage. Environmental issues include contributions to climate change , depletion of aquifers , deforestation , antibiotic resistance , and other agricultural pollution . Agriculture

12626-523: The world's food, but large farms are prevalent. The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than 50 hectares (120 acres) and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland. Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres). However, five of every six farms in the world consist of fewer than 2 hectares (4.9 acres), and take up only around 12% of all agricultural land. Farms and farming greatly influence rural economics and greatly shape rural society , affecting both

12744-485: The world, women make up a large share of the population employed in agriculture. This share is growing in all developing regions except East and Southeast Asia where women already make up about 50 percent of the agricultural workforce. Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, a rate that has not changed significantly in the past few decades. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization of

12862-621: The world. Production is listed in millions of metric tons, based on FAO estimates. Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk, eggs , or wool , and for work and transport. Working animals , including horses, mules , oxen , water buffalo , camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to help cultivate fields, harvest crops, wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers. Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. As of 2010 , 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area

12980-414: Was Christianized when King Olav Tryggvason in 997 called a meeting with the peasants of the area. The peasants arrived peacefully, but were met by Olav and his army. The peasants were given the choice of converting to Christianity or death. Faced with overwhelming force, the peasants converted, resulting in Nordfjordeid and surrounding areas becoming Christian. Árni Ívarsson á Stoðreimi (Arne of Stodrheim)

13098-526: Was a stave church , described as well decorated. It was dedicated to Mary Magdalene and named the St. Mary Church. This church at the time acted as the regional administrative center, strengthening the power of the Myklebust farm. The church was lost when the entire Myklebust farm burned to the ground in the early 1200s. A new church was erected in the 13th century, in Mel slightly north of Myklebust. During this period

13216-626: Was born in the town in 1842. The Norwegian Fjordhorse Center is a national resource centre for Norway's national symbol: the Fjord horse , located in Nordfjordeid. Nordfjordeid is known as "the Mecca of the Fjord Horse". The reason for this is historic, because the village is famous for its long-standing horse traditions. Stallion shows have been held in the town since 1886. Today, the village has an active community of Fjord horse owners and breeders. It

13334-537: Was caught by Martin Hjelle in 1944. The fishing season is from June to the end of August. The river is listed as a national salmon river by the Norwegian government. This offers it special protection against harmful interventions and activities in the watercourses and against aquaculture and pollution. The Eidselva has a total length of 58.5 kilometres (36.4 mi) including Horndøla and Terdøla. The average water flow

13452-640: Was domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC. The turkey was probably domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest. The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed terraced hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed chinampas or artificial islands. The Mayas used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland from 400 BC. In South America agriculture may have begun about 9000 BC with

13570-560: Was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago, and was independently domesticated in Eurasia. In Mesoamerica , wild teosinte was bred into maize (corn) from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago. The horse was domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes around 3500 BC. Scholars have offered multiple hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of

13688-424: Was marching south from Trondheim , with a massive army; Audbjörn and King Arnvid of Sunnmøre gathered an army to defend their territories. A massive battle ensued with many casualties on both sides. Both kings fell during the battle. Audbjörn was returned home to Nordfjordeid, and buried in the gravemound known as "Rundehogjen" with the original Myklebust Ship . Excavations of the burial mound in 1864 resulted in

13806-475: Was named Lendmann of Bergenhus Len by the king. Today Stodrheim is known as the village Stårheim . Arne was the godfather of King Magnus Erlingson (Magnus V of Norway) . He married Queen Ingerid Ragnvaldsdotter of Norway around 1140, as her fourth husband. Ingerid received the title Queen Consort as she was previously married to King Harald Gille . Queen Ingerid settled in Stårheim (Stodrheim) 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Nordfjordeid. Arne controlled

13924-584: Was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050. Aquaculture or fish farming,

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