Nordiq Canada is the governing federation for cross-country skiing in Canada .
56-815: The first governing body for cross-country skiing in Canada was the Canadian Amateur Skiers Association (CASA), founded in 1920. This body covered all disciplines of skiing; alpine, cross-country, and jumping. CASA changed to Canadian Skiers Association (CSA) and in 1969 cross-country skiing separated from the CSA, becoming its own discipline. Biathlon was part of the CCC for 9 years until it left and formed its own governing body. The CCC remains Canada's governing body for cross-country skiing. In 2019, Cross Country Ski de Fond Canada officially rebranded and
112-414: A 17 km cross-country race with shooting, and the military cross-country race at 30 km including marksmanship. The modern biathlon is a civilian variant of the old military combined exercise. In Norway , the biathlon was until 1984 a branch of Det frivillige Skyttervesen , an organization set up by the government to promote civilian marksmanship in support of national defence. In Norwegian,
168-416: A belt worn around the competitor's waist. The sole event was the men's 20 km individual, encompassing four separate ranges and firing distances of 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, and 250 m. The target distance was reduced to 150 m with the addition of the relay in 1966. The shooting range was further reduced to 50 m in 1978 with the mechanical self-indicating targets making their debut at
224-522: A few months after their respective declarations of independence from Yugoslavia ). Through the 2022 Winter Olympics , this has been the only participation of Swaziland (now Eswatini) and Honduras in an edition of the Winter Olympics. The 1992 Games are the last in which the speed skating venue was outdoors. ( Host nation is highlighted. ) * Host nation ( France ) ( combined team with athletes from 6 nations of
280-556: A long race on flat ground while carrying a rifle and military pack. In modern terminology, these military contests included downhill, slalom, biathlon, and cross-country skiing. One of the world's first known ski clubs, Trysil Skytte- og Skiløberforening (the Trysil Rifle and Ski Club), was formed in Norway in 1861 to promote national defense at the local level. 20th century variants include Forsvarsrennet (the military contest),
336-447: A previous race, most commonly a sprint. The contestant crossing the finish line first is the winner. The distance is 12.5 km for men and 10 km for women, skied over five laps; there are four shooting bouts (two prone, two standing, in that order) and each miss means a penalty loop of 150 m. To prevent awkward or dangerous crowding of the skiing loops and overcapacity at the shooting range, World Cup Pursuits are held with only
392-544: A rule change implemented in 1986, this was the last edition in the history of the Winter Olympic Games in which all speed skating events were held in an open-air venue. A record-breaking seven locations bid for the games. The non-winning bids were from Anchorage, Berchtesgaden, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Falun, Lillehammer, and Sofia. The 91st IOC Session , held in Lausanne on 17 October 1986, voted Albertville
448-438: A team must touch the team's next-leg participant to perform a valid changeover. On the first shooting stage of the first leg, the participant must shoot in the lane corresponding to their bib number (bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of their position in the race), then for the remainder of the relay, the relay team shoots on a first-come, first-served basis (arrive at the range in fifth place, shoot at lane 5). The mixed relay
504-469: A total of 10 shots. For each miss, a penalty loop of 150 m must be skied before continuing the race. As in the individual competition, the biathletes start in intervals. Introduced at the 2017–18 Biathlon IBU Cup , the Super Sprint is a shorter version of the sprint race. Unlike the traditional sprint race, the Super Sprint is divided into two segments – qualification and final. The qualification
560-580: Is broadcast on European-wide Eurosport , which also broadcasts to the Asia-Pacific region. World Cup races are streamed via the IBU website. The IBU maintains biathlon records, rules, news, videos, and statistics for many years back, all of which are available at its web site. Biathlon's two sports disciplines: Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon): 1992 Winter Olympics The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as
616-472: Is done like the traditional sprint, but on a 1.5 km lap with a total length of 4.5 km. Only the top 30 competitors qualify for the final, in which all competitors start simultaneously and do five laps on the same course (like in mass start) with a total race length of 4 km. During the final, the competitors have three spare rounds should they miss a target (like in relay race). However, if not all targets are cleared during shooting instead of going on
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#1732794101770672-446: Is now known as Nordiq Canada. This winter sports-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a sports-related organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to sport in Canada is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Biathlon The biathlon is a winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting . It
728-442: Is run on a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) track with a 75 m (246 ft) penalty loop, and each team consists of a female and a male runner. The race is divided into four legs, with the first three being 3 km (1.9 mi) or 2 laps and the final leg being 4.5 km (2.8 mi) or 3 laps, totalling 13.5 km (8.4 mi). After each leg, the runners exchange so that each runner completes two legs. Specific to this format,
784-403: Is similar to the ordinary relay, but the teams are composed of two women and two men. From its first instance at the world championships in 2005 until the end of the 2017 season , the first two legs were always run by the women, followed by the men on legs 3 and 4. Since the 2018 season however, the race can be started by either the men or women . Additionally, for most of the event's history,
840-428: Is the height of the skier minus 4 cm. The rifle has to be carried by the skier during the race at all times. The biathlete carries a small-bore rifle, which must weigh at least 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), excluding ammunition and magazines. The rifles use .22 LR ammunition and are bolt action or Fortner (straight-pull bolt) action. Each rifle holds 4 magazines with 5 rounds each. Additional rounds can be kept on
896-443: Is the oldest biathlon event; the distance is skied over five laps. The biathlete shoots four times at any shooting lane (lanes 1–15 are in prone, while lanes 16–30 are for standing), in the order of prone, standing, prone, standing, totaling 20 targets. For each missed target, a fixed penalty time, usually one minute, is added to the skiing time of the biathlete. Competitors' starts are staggered, normally by 30 seconds. A variation of
952-427: Is treated as a race, with contestants skiing through a cross-country trail whose distance is divided into shooting rounds. The shooting rounds are not timed per se, but depending on the competition, missed shots result in extra distance or time being added to the contestant's total. According to Encyclopædia Britannica , the biathlon "is rooted in the skiing traditions of Scandinavia , where early inhabitants revered
1008-756: The 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid . For the 2018–2019 season, fully electronic targets were approved as an alternative to paper or mechanical steel targets for IBU events. In 1948, the International Modern Pentathlon Union (UIPM) was founded to standardize the rules for the modern pentathlon and from 1953 also biathlon. In July 1993, the biathlon branch of the UIPMB created the International Biathlon Union (IBU), which officially separated from
1064-677: The 1992 Summer Paralympics ). Yugoslav athletes returned to the Olympic Games in the 1996 Summer Olympics , when only Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo were still part of the country. The 1992 Winter Olympics were the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics that Germany competed with a unified team. Seven National Olympic Committees sent their first delegations to the Winter Olympics: Algeria, Bermuda, Brazil, Honduras, Ireland, Swaziland, Croatia, and Slovenia (the last two making their first appearances at any Olympics, just
1120-515: The 500 m and 1000 m speed skating events, and Gunda Niemann took both of the longest races. Three National Olympic Committees in Asia-Pacific region won their first medals at the Winter Olympics, one in a sport making its debut at the Games ( short track speed skating .) Kim Ki-hoon 's gold medal in 1000 m short track speed skating signified South Korea 's first medal in
1176-479: The Norse god Ullr as both the ski god and the hunting god." In modern times, the activity that developed into this sport was an exercise for Norwegians as alternative training for the military . Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided into four classes: shooting at mark while skiing at top speed, downhill race among trees, downhill race on big hills without falling, and
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#17327941017701232-526: The Unified Team , representing the non-Baltic former Soviet republics , and Germany , newly consolidated again as a team following the reunification of the former East and West Germany in 1990. The event also saw the debut of eight nations in the Winter Olympics. The Winter Olympic program has grown this time with the addition of 11 new events. While sports that were already on the program received 5 new events (2 new events in cross-country skiing, at
1288-514: The XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : XVI Jeux Olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Albertville '92 ( Arpitan : Arbèrtvile '92 ), were a winter multi-sport event held from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and around Albertville , France. Albertville won the bid to host the Winter Olympics in 1986, beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage , and Berchtesgaden . The 1992 Winter Olympics were
1344-539: The 1992 Olympics, including seven nations making their first appearance at a Winter Olympics. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, six former-Soviet bloc nations chose to form a Unified Team , while the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936. Czechoslovakia made its last appearance in the Winter Olympics before its dissolution at
1400-537: The 30 top ranking athletes on the start line (half that of the Pursuit as here all contestants start simultaneously). Starting in the 2018/2019 season , the Mass Start 60 became part of the International Biathlon Union (IBU) competition formats. The Mass Start with 60 starters does not replace the current Mass Start with 30 starters. Everyone skis the first lap together, but only the first 30 stop to shoot, and
1456-450: The 60 top-ranking biathletes after the preceding race. The biathletes shoot on a first-come, first-served basis at the lane corresponding to the position they arrived for all shooting bouts. If the pursuit follows an individual biathlon race, the lag behind the winner is halved. In the mass start, all biathletes start at the same time, and the first across the finish line wins. In this 15 km for men or 12.5 km for women competition,
1512-464: The Olympic biathlon. The pursuit format was added for the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics , and the IBU added mixed relay as a format for the 2006 Olympics . The competitions from 1958 to 1965 used high-power centrefire cartridges , such as the .30-06 Springfield and the 7.62×51mm NATO , before the .22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge was standardized in 1978. The ammunition was carried in
1568-580: The UIPMB in 1998. Presidents of the UIPMB/IBU: The following articles list major international biathlon events and medalists. Unlike the Olympics and World Championships (BWCH), the World Cup (BWC) is an entire winter season of (mostly) weekly races, where the medalists are those with the highest sums of World Cup points at the end of the season. The complete rules of the biathlon are given in
1624-412: The Winter Olympics program. Of the 8 events that were under evaluation, 4 received the endorsement to be included in an official form in future editions of the Games ( Curling tournaments and the aerials events on the freestyle skiing ). The other four events (speed skiing and skiing ballet events on the freestyle skiing) were rejected and have not since returned. Sixty-four nations sent competitors to
1680-467: The Winter Olympics, while Ye Qiaobo 's silver medal in women's 500 m speed skating represented China 's first Winter Olympics medal. Annelise Coberger from New Zealand became the first Oceanian athlete to win a medal in women's alpine skiing slalom , making her the first athlete from the southern hemisphere to mount the podium at the Winter Games. Swiss speed skier Nicolas Bochatay died on
1736-512: The World Cup level. Biathlon events are broadcast most regularly where the sport enjoys its greatest popularity, namely Germany ( ARD , ZDF ), Austria ( ORF ), Norway ( NRK ), France ( L'Équipe 21 ), Finland ( YLE ), Estonia ( ETV ), Latvia ( LTV ), Lithuania ( LRT ), Croatia ( HRT ), Poland ( Polsat ), Ukraine ( UA:PBC ), Sweden ( SVT ), Russia ( Match TV , Channel One ), Belarus ( TVR ), Slovenia ( RTV ), Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BHRT ), Bulgaria ( BNT ), and South Korea ( KBS ); it
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1792-565: The biathlon is called skiskyting (literally ski shooting ). In Norway, there are still separate contests in skifeltskyting , a cross-country race at 12 km with large-caliber rifle shooting at various targets with unknown range. Called military patrol , the combination of skiing and shooting was contested at the Winter Olympic Games in 1924 and then demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 , and 1948 , during which time Norway and Finland were strong competitors. In 1948,
1848-423: The cost and cost overrun of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics were US$ 2.5 billion and 13%, respectively, while the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics (the most costly Olympics to date) had costs and cost overrun at US$ 51 billion and 289%, respectively. The average cost for the Winter Games since 1960 is US$ 3.1 billion, while the average cost overrun is 142%. The 1992 Winter Games mascot , Magique (Magic),
1904-592: The distance is skied over five laps; there are four bouts of shooting (two prone, two standing, in that order), with the first shooting bout being at the lane corresponding to the competitor's bib number (bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of position in race), with the rest of the shooting bouts being on a first-come, first-served basis (if a competitor arrives at the lane in fifth place, they shoot at lane 5). As in sprint and pursuit, competitors must ski one 150 m penalty loop for each miss. Here again, to avoid unwanted congestion, World Cup Mass starts are held with only
1960-623: The end of 1992. United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 took effect on 30 May 1992 (97 days after the closing ceremonies), and Yugoslav athletes were able to participate under their country's national symbols. It also suspended the activities of the Yugoslav Olympic Committee , making the country's athletes ineligible to compete on the 1992 Summer Olympics . Despite this, some of their athletes classified in individual sports and gained authorization to compete as Independent Olympic Participants (which also happened at
2016-410: The exchange happens immediately after the last shooting of each leg without skiing an additional lap (as is usually the case). The race can be started by either the female or male member of the relay, with the finishing member performing an extra lap. This event was added to the world championships in 2019 . A team consists of four biathletes, but unlike the relay competition, all team members start at
2072-435: The host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs were not included, e.g. road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to their staging. In comparison,
2128-430: The host of the Games. Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang dominated the men's cross-country skiing races, both taking home three gold medals with Norway taking a medal sweep in the event. 16-year-old Ski jumper Toni Nieminen became the youngest male gold medalist in a Winter Olympic event until 2002 . Petra Kronberger won both the combined event and the slalom of alpine skiing , while Bonnie Blair won both
2184-452: The information graphics shown as part of the TV picture, will typically list the split time of the fastest contestant at each intermediate point and the times and time differences to the closest runners-up. In the Olympics, all cross-country skiing techniques are permitted in the biathlon, allowing the use of skate skiing , which is overwhelmingly the choice of competitors. The minimum ski length
2240-430: The last three can only be single-loaded manually one at a time from spare round holders or bullets deposited by the competitor into trays or onto the mat at the firing line. If there are still standing targets after eight bullets, one 150 m (490 ft) penalty loop must be taken for each missed target remaining. The first-leg participants all start simultaneously, and as in cross-country skiing relays, every athlete of
2296-882: The last winter games held in the same year as the Summer Olympics . The Games were the fifth Olympic Games held in France and the country's third Winter Olympics, after the 1924 Winter Games in Chamonix and the 1968 Winter Games in Grenoble . This games was the first of two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe, preceding the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 18 events in Figure skating , short track speed skating , speed skating , and
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2352-400: The official IBU rule books. A biathlon competition consists of a race in which contestants ski through a cross-country trail system whose total distance is divided into either two or four shooting rounds, half in the prone position, the other half standing. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total skiing distance/time. The contestant with
2408-471: The opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville. The 39 other events were held in the nearby 9 villages and resorts around Savoie : Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes , and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four National Olympic Committees and 1,801 athletes participated in six sports and fifty-seven events . This included both
2464-445: The outturn cost of the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics at US$ 2.0 billion (in 2015-dollars) and cost overrun at 137% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is: (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services; and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by
2520-430: The penalty loop, the biathlete is disqualified from the race. Changes were made for the following season with the course now being 1 km (0.2 km increase) meaning that the qualification race length will become 3 km, while the final race becomes 5 km in length. Also the number of spare rounds was decreased from three to one. In a pursuit, biathletes' starts are separated by their time differences from
2576-548: The penultimate day of the Games, when he crashed into a snow-grooming vehicle during a training run. The 1992 Olympic Winter Games marked the last time both the Winter and Summer games were held in the same year. The 1992 Winter Olympics also marked the last time France hosted the Olympics until 2024 , when Paris become the second city to host the Summer Olympics three times. The Oxford Olympics Study established
2632-412: The same time women were allowed to compete in biathlon for the first time and won 3 events exclusive to them.) Another 6 events were added with the implementation of 2 sports that were demonstrated 4 years earlier (freestyle skiing and short track speed skating).These were the last Winter Olympics to include demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials and ski ballet , and speed skiing . Due to
2688-429: The same time. Two athletes must shoot in the prone shooting round, the other two in the standing round. In case of a miss, the two non-shooting biathletes must ski a penalty loop of 150 m (490 ft). The skiers must enter the shooting area together and must also finish within 15 seconds of each other; otherwise, a time penalty of one minute is added to the total time. Since 2004, this race format has been obsolete at
2744-714: The second 30 keep skiing. At the end of the second lap, the second 30 stop to shoot, and the first 30 continue to ski. After the first two shoots are over (everyone's first prone), the race continues like a typical race, and all competitors shoot remaining prone, and two stands together. Or more simply: Bib 1–30 = lap, shoot1, lap, lap, shoot2, lap, shoot3, lap, shoot4, lap Bib 31–60 = lap, lap, shoot1, lap, shoot2, lap, shoot3, lap, shoot4, lap The relay teams consist of four biathletes, who each ski 7.5 km (men) or 6 km (women), each leg skied over three laps, with two shooting rounds; one prone, one standing. For every round of five targets, there are eight bullets available. However,
2800-492: The shortest total time wins. For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets or receive a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules as follows: In order to keep track of the contestants' progress and relative standing throughout a race, split times (intermediate times) are taken at several points along the skiing track and upon finishing each shooting round. The large display screens commonly set up at biathlon arenas, as well as
2856-661: The sport was reorganized under the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon and became re-accepted as an Olympic sport in 1955, with widespread popularity within the Soviet and Swedish winter sport circuits. The first Biathlon World Championship was held in 1958 in Austria , and in 1960 the sport was finally included in the Olympic Games . At Albertville in 1992, women were first allowed in
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#17327941017702912-495: The standard individual race, called short individual, was introduced during the 2018–19 Biathlon IBU Cup . The races are 15 km for men and 12.5 km for women, and for each missed target, 45 seconds will be added to the skiing time. The sprint is 10 km (6.21 mi) for men & 7.5 km (4.66 mi) for women; the distance is skied over three laps. The biathlete shoots twice at any shooting lane, once prone (usually lanes 1–15) and once standing (lanes 16–30), for
2968-467: The stock of the rifle for a relay race. The target range shooting distance is 50 m (55 yd). There are five circular shooting targets to be hit in each shooting round. When shooting in the prone position , the target diameter is 45 mm (1.8 in); when shooting in the standing position, the target diameter is 115 mm (4.5 in). This translates to angular target sizes of 0.9 and 2.3 mrad respectively. On all modern biathlon ranges,
3024-433: The targets are self-indicating, in that they flip from black to white when hit, giving the biathlete, as well as the spectators, instant visual feedback for each shot fired. Ear protection is not required during biathlon shooting as the ammunition used is usually subsonic . An eyecup (blinder) is an optional feature of biathlon rifles . The 20 km (12.43 mi) individual race [15 km (9.32 mi) for women]
3080-481: The women's legs have been 6 km (3.7 mi) and the men's legs 7.5 km (4.7 mi) as in ordinary relay competitions. However, since the 2019 season the event has all four legs being either 6 km (3.7 mi) or 7.5 km (4.7 mi). This event was added to the Olympics starting in 2014 . In 2015, the single mixed relay was introduced to the Biathlon World Cup by the IBU. The event
3136-494: Was a small imp in the shape of a star and a cube. The mascot was created by Philippe Mairesse and replaced the bid mascot, which was a mountain goat. The star shape symbolized dreams and imagination, while the mascot's red and blue colors originated from the French flag . There were 57 events contested in 6 sports (12 disciplines). See the medal winners, ordered by sport: This was the last time demonstration events were included in
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