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63-479: The English word noria is derived via Spanish noria from Arabic nā‘ūra (ناعورة), which comes from the Arabic verb meaning to "groan" or "grunt", in reference to the sound it made when turning. The term noria is commonly used for devices which use the power of moving water to turn the wheel. For devices powered by animals, the usual term is saqiyah or saqiya . Other types of similar devices are grouped under

126-482: A l 2 ) {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}m({r_{\mathrm {external} }}^{2}+{r_{\mathrm {internal} }}^{2})} . For a given flywheel design, the kinetic energy is proportional to the ratio of the hoop stress to the material density and to the mass. The specific tensile strength of a flywheel can be defined as σ t ρ {\textstyle {\frac {\sigma _{t}}{\rho }}} . The flywheel material with

189-746: A noria and any other type of water wheel. The sāqiyah is still used in India , Egypt and other parts of the Middle East , and in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands . It may have been invented in Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Iran , Kush or India . The sāqiyah was mainly used for irrigation, but not exclusively, as the example of Qusayr 'Amra shows, where it was used at least in part to provide water for

252-461: A compartmented body ( Latin tympanum ) or a compartmented rim, were used by Hellenistic engineers between the 3rd and 2nd century BC. In 1st century BC, Roman architect Vitruvius described the function of the noria. Around 300, the Romans replaced the wooden compartments with separate, attached ceramic pots that were tied to the outside of an open-framed wheel, thereby creating the noria. During

315-520: A device which provides water for such irrigation. Likewise, Spanish acequia , derived from the same word, is used to denote an irrigation canal or water channel in Spain. In the Maghreb and Morocco, the related word saqqaya ( Arabic : سقاية ) also denotes a public fountain where residents could take water (similar in function to a sabil ). The English term Persian wheel is first attested in

378-490: A drop in power input and will conversely absorb any excess power input (system-generated power) in the form of rotational energy. Common uses of a flywheel include smoothing a power output in reciprocating engines , energy storage , delivering energy at higher rates than the source, controlling the orientation of a mechanical system using gyroscope and reaction wheel , etc. Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these are generally limited to

441-432: A flywheel in a child's toy is not efficient; however, the flywheel velocity never approaches its burst velocity because the limit in this case is the pulling-power of the child. In other applications, such as an automobile, the flywheel operates at a specified angular velocity and is constrained by the space it must fit in, so the goal is to maximize the stored energy per unit volume. The material selection therefore depends on

504-416: A flywheel is determined by E M = K σ ρ {\textstyle {\frac {E}{M}}=K{\frac {\sigma }{\rho }}} , in which K {\displaystyle K} is the shape factor, σ {\displaystyle \sigma } the material's tensile strength and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } the density. While

567-433: A flywheel is determined by the maximum amount of energy it can store per unit weight. As the flywheel's rotational speed or angular velocity is increased, the stored energy increases; however, the stresses also increase. If the hoop stress surpass the tensile strength of the material, the flywheel will break apart. Thus, the tensile strength limits the amount of energy that a flywheel can store. In this context, using lead for

630-411: A flywheel with fixed mass and second moment of area revolving about some fixed axis) then the stored (rotational) energy is directly associated with the square of its rotational speed. Since a flywheel serves to store mechanical energy for later use, it is natural to consider it as a kinetic energy analogue of an electrical capacitor . Once suitably abstracted, this shared principle of energy storage

693-436: A fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the friction motor which powers devices such as toy cars . In unstressed and inexpensive cases, to save on cost, the bulk of the mass of the flywheel is toward the rim of the wheel. Pushing the mass away from the axis of rotation heightens rotational inertia for a given total mass. A flywheel may also be used to supply intermittent pulses of energy at power levels that exceed

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756-481: A maximum revolution rate of a few thousand RPM . High energy density flywheels can be made of carbon fiber composites and employ magnetic bearings , enabling them to revolve at speeds up to 60,000 RPM (1  kHz ). The principle of the flywheel is found in the Neolithic spindle and the potter's wheel , as well as circular sharpening stones in antiquity. In the early 11th century, Ibn Bassal pioneered

819-474: A percentage of the flywheel's moment of inertia, with the majority from the rim, so that I r i m = K I f l y w h e e l {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=KI_{\mathrm {flywheel} }} . For example, if the moments of inertia of hub, spokes and shaft are deemed negligible, and the rim's thickness is very small compared to its mean radius ( R {\displaystyle R} ),

882-571: A royal bathhouse. The Arabic word saqiya ( Arabic : ساقية ) is derived from the root verb saqa ( Arabic : سقى ), meaning to "give to drink" or "make (someone/something) drink". From this, the word saqiya (often transliterated as seguia in Morocco or the Maghreb ) has the sense of "one that gives water" or "irrigator". Its general meaning is to denote a water channel for irrigation or for city water supplies, but by extension it applies to

945-449: A saqiya is ' antelayyā -wheel. A manuscript by Ismail al-Jazari featured an intricate device based on a saqiya, powered in part by the pull of an ox walking on the roof of an upper-level reservoir, but also by water falling onto the spoon-shaped pallets of a water wheel placed in a lower-level reservoir . Complex saqiyas consisting of more than 200 separate components were used extensively by Muslim inventors and engineers in

1008-467: A solid cylinder it is 1 2 m r 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}mr^{2}} , for a thin-walled empty cylinder it is approximately m r 2 {\textstyle mr^{2}} , and for a thick-walled empty cylinder with constant density it is 1 2 m ( r e x t e r n a l 2 + r i n t e r n

1071-482: A superflywheel does not explode or burst into large shards like a regular flywheel, but instead splits into layers. The separated layers then slow a superflywheel down by sliding against the inner walls of the enclosure, thus preventing any further destruction. Although the exact value of energy density of a superflywheel would depend on the material used, it could theoretically be as high as 1200 Wh (4.4 MJ) per kg of mass for graphene superflywheels. The first superflywheel

1134-467: A typical flywheel has a shape factor of 0.3, the shaftless flywheel has a shape factor close to 0.6, out of a theoretical limit of about 1. A superflywheel consists of a solid core (hub) and multiple thin layers of high-strength flexible materials (such as special steels, carbon fiber composites, glass fiber, or graphene) wound around it. Compared to conventional flywheels, superflywheels can store more energy and are safer to operate. In case of failure,

1197-399: A water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC fresco found at Alexandria depicts a compartmented saqiyah, and the writings of Callixenus of Rhodes mention the use of a saqiyah in the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BC . The undershot water wheel and overshot water wheel , both animal- and water-driven, and with either

1260-416: A wide range of applications: gyroscopes for instrumentation, ship stability , satellite stabilization ( reaction wheel ), keeping a toy spin spinning ( friction motor ), stabilizing magnetically-levitated objects ( Spin-stabilized magnetic levitation ). Flywheels may also be used as an electric compensator, like a synchronous compensator , that can either produce or sink reactive power but would not affect

1323-467: Is alluded to when describing a yantra used for drawing water from a well. Paddle-driven water-lifting wheels had appeared in ancient Egypt by the 4th century BCE. According to John Peter Oleson , both the compartmented wheel and the hydraulic noria appeared in Egypt by the 4th century BCE, with the saqiya being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds at Faiyum , where

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1386-413: Is described in the generalized concept of an accumulator . As with other types of accumulators, a flywheel inherently smooths sufficiently small deviations in the power output of a system, thereby effectively playing the role of a low-pass filter with respect to the mechanical velocity (angular, or otherwise) of the system. More precisely, a flywheel's stored energy will donate a surge in power output upon

1449-665: Is named aceña, with the exception of the Cartagena area, where it is called a noria de sangre, or "waterwheel of blood". There is also a much rarer type of saqiya which is driven by wind. The saqiya was known in the Kingdom of Kush as Kolē. The Ancient Nubians developed the saqiya to improve irrigation during the Meroitic period . The introduction of this machine had a decisive influence on agriculture as this wheel lifted water 3 to 8 metres with much less labour force and time than

1512-638: Is normally made of galvanized sheet steel and consists of a series of scoops. The modern type dispenses the water near the hub rather than from the top, the opposite of the traditional types. These devices were in widespread use in China, India, Pakistan, Syria and Egypt. Saqiya wheels range in diameter from two to five metres. Though traditionally driven by draught animals , they are also attached to an engine or electric motor. While animal-driven saqiyas can rotate at 2–4 rpm , motorised ones can make as much as 8–15 rpm. Formerly hundreds of thousands were in use in

1575-414: Is similar in function to a scoop wheel , which uses buckets, jars, or scoops fastened either directly to a vertical wheel, or to an endless belt activated by such a wheel. The vertical wheel is itself attached by a drive shaft to a horizontal wheel, which is traditionally set in motion by animal power ( oxen , donkeys, etc.) Because it is not using the power of flowing water , the sāqiyah is different from

1638-437: Is the angular velocity of the cylinder. A rimmed flywheel has a rim , a hub, and spokes . Calculation of the flywheel's moment of inertia can be more easily analysed by applying various simplifications. One method is to assume the spokes, shaft and hub have zero moments of inertia, and the flywheel's moment of inertia is from the rim alone. Another is to lump moments of inertia of spokes, hub and shaft may be estimated as

1701-525: Is the angular velocity , and I {\displaystyle I} is the moment of inertia of the flywheel about its axis of symmetry. The moment of inertia is a measure of resistance to torque applied on a spinning object (i.e. the higher the moment of inertia, the slower it will accelerate when a given torque is applied). The moment of inertia can be calculated for cylindrical shapes using mass ( m {\textstyle m} ) and radius ( r {\displaystyle r} ). For

1764-407: Is the voltage of rotor winding, V t {\displaystyle V_{t}} is stator voltage, and δ {\displaystyle \delta } is the angle between two voltages. Increasing amounts of rotation energy can be stored in the flywheel until the rotor shatters. This happens when the hoop stress within the rotor exceeds the ultimate tensile strength of

1827-740: The Guadalquivir River , and a former noria in Toledo , along the Tagus River . According to al-Idrisi, the Toledo noria was especially large and could raise water from the river to an aqueduct over 40 meters above it, which then supplied water to the city. Norias and similar devices were also used on vast scale in some parts of Spain for agricultural purposes. The rice plantations of Valencia were said to have 8000 norias, while Mallorca had over 4000 animal-driven saqiyas which were in use up until

1890-486: The Islamic Golden Age , norias were adopted from classical antiquity by Muslim engineers, who made improvements to the noria. For example, the flywheel mechanism used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine, was invented by ibn Bassal ( fl. 1038–1075) of al-Andalus , who pioneered the use of the flywheel in the noria and saqiyah. In 1206, Ismail al-Jazari introduced

1953-536: The Musaeum , at the time the most active Greek research center, may have been involved in its implementation. An episode from Caesar's Civil War in 48 BC tells of how Caesar's enemies employed geared waterwheels to pour sea water from elevated places on the position of the trapped Romans. Philo of Byzantium wrote of such a device in the 2nd century B.C.; the historian Vitruvius mentioned them around 30 B.C.; remains of tread wheel driven, bucket chains, dating from

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2016-419: The medieval Islamic world . The mechanical flywheel , used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine and, essentially, to allow lifting water from far greater depths (up to 200 metres), was employed by ibn Bassal ( fl. 1038–1075), of al-Andalus . The first known use of a crank in a saqiya was featured in another one of al-Jazari's machines. The concept of minimising

2079-455: The "Grand Noria", in order to provide water for the vast Mosara Garden he created in Fez , Morocco . Its construction began in 1286 and was finished the next year. The noria, designed by an Andalusian engineer named Ibn al-Hajj, measured 26 metres in diameter and 2 metres wide. The wheel was made of wood but covered in copper , fitted into a stone structure adjoined to a nearby city gate . After

2142-585: The 10th century, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 's Al-Hawi describes a noria in Iraq that could lift as much as 153,000 litres per hour, or 2550 litres per minute. This is comparable to the output of modern norias in East Asia , which can lift up to 288,000 litres per hour, or 4800 litres per minute. In the late 13th century the Marinid sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf built an enormous noria, sometimes referred to as

2205-416: The 13th century, and were in everyday use throughout the medieval Islamic world. Flywheel A flywheel is a mechanical device that uses the conservation of angular momentum to store rotational energy , a form of kinetic energy proportional to the product of its moment of inertia and the square of its rotational speed . In particular, assuming the flywheel's moment of inertia is constant (i.e.,

2268-418: The 17th century (but in the earliest case for a water-driven wheel). The term saqiyah or saqiya is the usual term for water-raising devices powered by animals. The term noria is commonly used for devices which use the power of moving water to turn the wheel instead. Other types of similar devices are grouped under the name of chain pumps . A noria in contrast uses the water power obtained from

2331-473: The 2nd century B.C., have been found in baths at Pompeii , and Costa, Italy; fragments of the buckets and a lead pipe, from a crank handle operated, chain driven, bilge pump , were found one of the 1st century A.D. Nemi ships , of Lake Nemi ; and a preserved 2nd century A.D. example, used to raise water from a well, to an aquifer in London, has also been unearthed. The term used by Talmudic sources for

2394-533: The Nile valley and delta. The historical Middle-Eastern device known in Arabic as saqiya usually had its buckets attached to a double chain, creating a so-called "pot garland". This allowed scooping water out of a much deeper well. An animal-driven saqiya can raise water from 10 to 20 metres depth, and is thus considerably more efficient than a swape or shadoof , as it is known in Arabic, which can only pump water from 3 metres. In Spanish an animal-driven saqiya

2457-621: The Shaduf, which was the previous irrigation device in the Kingdom. The Shaduf relied on human energy while the saqiya was driven by buffalos or other animals. The sāqiyah might, according to Ananda Coomaraswamy , have been invented in India, where the earliest reference to it is found in the Panchatantra (c. 3rd century BCE), where it was known as an araghaṭṭa ; which is a combination or

2520-444: The abilities of its energy source. This is achieved by accumulating energy in the flywheel over a period of time, at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing energy at a much higher rate over a relatively short time when it is needed. For example, flywheels are used in power hammers and riveting machines . Flywheels can be used to control direction and oppose unwanted motions. Flywheels in this context have

2583-416: The application. Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth the fast angular velocity fluctuations of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston and then returns that energy to the piston to compress

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2646-483: The beginning of the 20th century. The Alcantarilla Noria near Murcia , a noria built in the 15th century under Spanish Christian rule, is one of the better-known examples to have survived to the present-day. Saqiyah A sāqiyah or saqiya ( Arabic : ساقية ), also spelled sakia or saqia ) is a mechanical water lifting device. It is also called a Persian wheel , tablia , rehat , and in Latin tympanum . It

2709-493: The buckets are separate to the water wheels and attached on one side. More modern types can be built up compartments. All types are configured to discharge the lifted water sideways to a channel. For a modern noria in Steffisburg, Switzerland, the designers have uniquely connected the two functional wheels not directly but via a pair of cog wheels. This allows individual variation of speeds, diameters, and water levels. Unlike

2772-570: The compartmented wheel and the hydraulic noria appeared in Egypt by the 4th century BC, with the saqiyah being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds in the Faiyum , where the oldest archeological evidence of a water wheel has been found, in the form of a saqiyah dating back to the 3rd century BC. A papyrus dating to the 2nd century BC also found in the Faiyum mentions

2835-815: The decline of the Marinids both the gardens and the noria fell into neglect; the wheel of the noria reportedly disappeared in 1888, leaving only remains of the stone base. Numerous norias were also built in Al-Andalus, during the Islamic period of the Iberian Peninsula (8th-15th centuries), and continued to be built by Christian Spanish engineers afterwards. The most famous are the Albolafia in Cordoba (of uncertain date, partly reconstructed today), along

2898-421: The development of the flywheel in the steam engine , and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel combined with a crank to transform reciprocating motion into rotary motion. The kinetic energy (or more specifically rotational energy ) stored by the flywheel's rotor can be calculated by 1 2 I ω 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}} . ω

2961-608: The flow of a river. The noria consists of a large undershot water-wheel whose rim is made up of a series of containers which lift water from the river to an aqueduct at the top of the wheel. Some famous examples are the norias of Hama in Syria or the Albolafia noria in Cordoba , Spain . However, the names of traditional water-raising devices used in the Middle East , India , Spain and other areas are often used loosely and overlappingly, or vary depending on region. Al-Jazari 's famous book on mechanical devices, for example, groups

3024-726: The highest specific tensile strength will yield the highest energy storage per unit mass. This is one reason why carbon fiber is a material of interest. For a given design the stored energy is proportional to the hoop stress and the volume. An electric motor-powered flywheel is common in practice. The output power of the electric motor is approximately equal to the output power of the flywheel. It can be calculated by ( V i ) ( V t ) ( sin ⁡ ( δ ) X S ) {\textstyle (V_{i})(V_{t})\left({\frac {\sin(\delta )}{X_{S}}}\right)} , where V i {\displaystyle V_{i}}

3087-527: The intermittence is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's saqiya devices, which was to maximise the efficiency of the saqiya. Al-Jazari also constructed a water-raising device that was run by hydropower , though the Chinese had been using hydropower for the same purpose before him. Animal-powered saqiyas and water-powered norias similar to the ones he described have been supplying water in Damascus since

3150-405: The name of chain pumps . However, the names of traditional water-raising devices used in the Middle East , India , Spain and other areas are often used loosely and overlappingly, or vary depending on region. Al-Jazari 's book on mechanical devices, for example, groups the water-driven wheel and several other types of water-lifting devices under the general term saqiya . In Spain , by contrast,

3213-420: The oldest archeological evidence of a water wheel has been found, in the form of a saqiya dating back to the 3rd century BCE. A papyrus dating to the 2nd century BCE also found in Faiyum mentions a water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC fresco found at Alexandria depicts a compartmented saqiya, and the writings of Callixenus of Rhodes mention the use of a saqiya in the Ptolemaic Kingdom during

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3276-450: The radius of rotation of the rim is equal to its mean radius and thus I r i m = M r i m R 2 {\textstyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=M_{\mathrm {rim} }R^{2}} . A shaftless flywheel eliminates the annulus holes, shaft or hub. It has higher energy density than conventional design but requires a specialized magnetic bearing and control system. The specific energy of

3339-428: The real power. The purposes for that application are to improve the power factor of the system or adjust the grid voltage. Typically, the flywheels used in this field are similar in structure and installation as the synchronous motor (but it is called synchronous compensator or synchronous condenser in this context). There are also some other kinds of compensator using flywheels, like the single phase induction machine. But

3402-481: The reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BCE. Early Mediterranean evidence of a saqiya is from a tomb painting in Ptolemaic Egypt that dates to the 2nd century BCE. It shows a pair of yoked oxen driving a compartmented waterwheel. The saqiya gear system is already shown fully developed to the point that "modern Egyptian devices are virtually identical". It is assumed that the scientists of

3465-405: The rotor material. Tensile stress can be calculated by ρ r 2 ω 2 {\displaystyle \rho r^{2}\omega ^{2}} , where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the cylinder, r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the cylinder, and ω {\displaystyle \omega }

3528-410: The term noria is used for both types of wheels, whether powered by animals or water current. The noria performs the function of moving water from a lower elevation to a higher elevation, using the energy derived from the flow of a river. It consists of a large, narrow undershot water wheel whose rim is made up of a series of containers or compartments which lift water from the river to an aqueduct at

3591-410: The top of the wheel. Its concept is similar to the modern hydraulic ram , which also uses the power of flowing water to pump some of the water out of the river. Traditional norias may have pots, buckets or tubes attached directly to the periphery of the wheel, in effect sakias powered by flowing water rather than by animals or motors. For some the buckets themselves form the driving surfaces, for most

3654-662: The use of flywheel in noria and saqiyah . The use of the flywheel as a general mechanical device to equalize the speed of rotation is, according to the American medievalist Lynn White , recorded in the De diversibus artibus (On various arts) of the German artisan Theophilus Presbyter (ca. 1070–1125) who records applying the device in several of his machines. In the Industrial Revolution , James Watt contributed to

3717-544: The use of the carank in the noria and saqiya, and the concept of minimizing intermittency was implied for the purpose of maximising their efficiency. Muslim engineers used norias to discharge water into aqueducts which carried the water to towns and fields. The norias of Hama , for example, were 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter and are still used in modern times (although currently only serving aesthetic purposes). The largest wheel has 120 water collection compartments and could raise more than 95 litres of water per minute. In

3780-422: The water wheels found in watermills , a noria does not provide mechanical power to any other process. A few historical norias were hybrids, consisting of waterwheels assisted secondarily by animal power. There is at least one known instance where a noria feeds seawater into a saltern . Paddle-driven water-lifting wheels had appeared in ancient Egypt by the 4th century BC . According to John Peter Oleson , both

3843-515: The water-driven wheel and several other types of water-lifting devices under the general term saqiya . In Spain , by contrast, the term noria is used for both types of wheels, whether powered by animals or water current. The saqiya is a large hollow wheel, traditionally made of wood. One type has its clay pots or buckets attached directly to the periphery of the wheel, which limits the depth it can scoop water from to less than half its diameter. The modern version also known as zawaffa or jhallan

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3906-576: The words ara (speedy or a spoked[wheel]) and ghaṭṭa "pot" in Sanskrit . That device was either used like a sāqiyah, to lift water from a well while being powered by oxen or people, or it was used to irrigate fields when it was powered in the manner of a water-wheel by being placed in a stream or large irrigation channel. In the latter case we usually speak of a noria as opposed to a sāqiyah. In Ranjit Sitaram Pandit 's translation of Kalhana 's 12th century chronicle Rajatarangini , this mechanism

3969-581: Was patented in 1964 by the Soviet-Russian scientist Nurbei Guilia . Flywheels are made from many different materials; the application determines the choice of material. Small flywheels made of lead are found in children's toys. Cast iron flywheels are used in old steam engines. Flywheels used in car engines are made of cast or nodular iron, steel or aluminum. Flywheels made from high-strength steel or composites have been proposed for use in vehicle energy storage and braking systems. The efficiency of

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