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133-864: Norman Ernest Borlaug ( / ˈ b ɔːr l ɔː ɡ / ; March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009) was an American agronomist who led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production termed the Green Revolution . Borlaug was awarded multiple honors for his work, including the Nobel Peace Prize , the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal , one of only seven people to have received all three awards. Borlaug received his B.S. in forestry in 1937 and PhD in plant pathology and genetics from

266-795: A Utopia". Of environmental lobbyists opposing crop yield improvements, he stated, "some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists . They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels . If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things." Borlaug cautioned, "There are no miracles in agricultural production. Nor

399-539: A biomedical complex directly north of Huntington Bank Stadium. The Armory , northeast of the Mall area, is built like a Norman castle . It features a sally-port entrance facing Church Street and a tower that was originally intended to be the professor of military science 's residence. Since it originally held the athletics department, the Armory also features a gymnasium . Today it is home to military science classes and

532-491: A college in 1869. Today, the university's Minneapolis campus is divided by the Mississippi River into an East and West Bank. The Minneapolis campus has several residence halls: 17th Avenue Hall, Centennial Hall, Frontier Hall, Territorial Hall, Pioneer Hall, Sanford Hall, Wilkins Hall, Middlebrook Hall, Yudof Hall, and Comstock Hall. The East Bank, the main portion of the campus, covers 307 acres (124 ha) and

665-681: A day. The university also maintains a vigilant stance on cybersecurity, conducting annual external assessments and updating strategies for risk mitigation. Emergency preparedness is also a key focus, with updated Emergency Operations Plans and disaster recovery protocols ensuring readiness for a variety of potential threats. Minnesota Gophers football player Dominic Jones was convicted of sexual assault in 2008. In July 2009, an appeals court upheld Jones' conviction, but reduced his four-year prison sentence to one year. More than 1,000 sexual assaults on campus were reported between 2010 and 2015. No prosecutions for rape occurred, according to Katie Eichele of

798-734: A founding member of the World Cultural Council . In 1984, Borlaug began teaching and conducting research at Texas A&M University . Eventually he was given the title Distinguished Professor of International Agriculture at the university and the holder of the Eugene Butler Endowed Chair in Agricultural Biotechnology. He advocated for agricultural biotechnology as he had for pesticides in earlier decades: publicly, knowledgeably, and always despite heavy criticism. Borlaug served on

931-536: A greener and quieter campus. It has a grassy mall of its own and can be a bit of a retreat from the more urban Minneapolis campus. Prominent on this campus is Bailey Hall, the St. Paul campus' only residence hall. Campus Connector buses run every five minutes on weekdays when school is in session, and every 20 minutes on weekends, allowing students easy access to both campuses. The Continuing Education and Conference Center, which serves over 20,000 conference attendees per year,

1064-464: A leader in medical innovation. In 1954, C. Walton Lillehei and F. John Lewis performed the world's first successful open-heart surgery using cross-circulation. 1955 saw Richard DeWall and Lillehei develop the bubble oxygenator, setting the stage for modern heart-lung machines. This was followed by Lillehei's performance of the first artificial heart valve implant in a human in 1958, and in the same year, Earl Bakken, co-founder of Medtronic, Inc., developed

1197-411: A means to curb deforestation. The large role he played in both increasing crop yields and promoting this view has led to this methodology being called by agricultural economists the "Borlaug hypothesis", namely that increasing the productivity of agriculture on the best farmland can help control deforestation by reducing the demand for new farmland . According to this view, assuming that global food demand

1330-702: A multitude of social activities between the residence halls. The Athletic area is directly north of the Superblock and includes four recreation/athletic facilities: the University Recreation Center, Cooke Hall, the University Fieldhouse, and the University Aquatic Center . These facilities are all connected by tunnels and skyways, allowing students to use one locker room facility. North of this complex

1463-468: A ride. Three light-rail stations serve the university along the Green Line : Stadium Village , East Bank , and West Bank . The university partnered with Metro to offer students, staff, and faculty members a Campus Zone Pass that enables free travel on the three stations that pass through campus, as well as a discounted unlimited pass for students. More recently, the university has instituted

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1596-582: A shortage of various utilities—labor to harvest the crops, bullock carts to haul it to the threshing floor, jute bags, trucks, rail cars, and grain storage facilities. Some local governments were forced to close school buildings temporarily to use them for grain storage. In Pakistan, wheat yields nearly doubled, from 4.6 million tons in 1965 to 7.3 million tons in 1970; Pakistan was self-sufficient in wheat production by 1968. Yields were over 21 million tons by 2000. In India, yields increased from 12.3 million tons in 1965 to 20.1 million tons in 1970. By 1974, India

1729-470: A single year of work experience. CPAgs are required to complete at least 50 hours of continuing education through the American Society of Agronomy every two years in order to retain their certification. The American Society of Agronomy also provides certifications for Certified Crop Advisors (CCA). To become a Certified Crop Adviser an applicant must pass two exams that may both be written on

1862-427: A van service, offers rides near and on campus. Both are free and open to all students, staff, and faculty. In addition, the campus has nearly 200 automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and 200 yellow phones for emergency-only calls. The University Police Station has 20 Code Blue phones around campus that immediately connect people to their office. There are also over 2,000 security cameras being monitored 24 hours

1995-566: A variety of functions during the rest of the year. Although the Falcon Heights area code is 651, the university telephone system trunk lines use Minneapolis exchanges and its 612 area code. Walking and riding bicycles are the most common modes of transportation among students. At times, the University Police has occasionally cited individuals for jaywalking or riding bicycles on restricted sidewalks in areas surrounding

2128-677: Is "St. Paul", but "Falcon Heights" is also recognized for use in the street addresses of all campus buildings. The College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences , including the University of Minnesota Food Industry Center and many other disciplines from social sciences to vocational education , are on this campus. It also includes the College of Continuing and Professional Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, and College of Biological Sciences. The extensive lawns, flowers, trees, and surrounding University research farm plots create

2261-474: Is also available, requiring a two-year college or university education in the agricultural sciences instead of a four-year degree. These technologists designations require a two-year mentorship and education program, and participate in the same mentorship processes as a professional agrologist. In the United States, the professional designation is Certified Professional Agronomist (abbreviated C.PAg ),

2394-514: Is also on the St. Paul campus. The St. Paul campus is home to the College of Design's Department of Design, Housing, and Apparel (DHA). Located in McNeal Hall, DHA includes the departmental disciplines of apparel design, graphic design, housing studies, interior design, and retail merchandising. McNeal Hall is also the home to the University's Goldstein Museum of Design . The St. Paul campus

2527-633: Is bordered by the Minneapolis neighborhoods of Dinkytown (on the north), Cedar-Riverside (on the west), Stadium Village (on the southeast), and Prospect Park (on the east). On regular weekdays during the school year, the Campus Connectors operate with schedule-less service as often as every five minutes during the busiest parts of the school day (between 7 am and 5:30 pm), slowing to once every 15 or 20 minutes during earlier or later hours. The estimated commute time between St. Paul and

2660-526: Is currently classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It is a member of the Association of American Universities . The National Science Foundation ranked University of Minnesota 22nd among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2022 with $ 1.202 billion. The University of Minnesota is considered a Public Ivy university. The Minnesota Golden Gophers compete in 21 intercollegiate sports in

2793-722: Is divided into several areas: the Knoll area, the Mall area, the Health area, the Athletic area, and the Gateway area. The Knoll area, the oldest extant part of the university, is in the northwestern corner of the campus. Many buildings in this area are well over 100 years old, such as some of the 13 in the Old Campus Historic District . Today, most disciplines in this area relate to the humanities . Burton Hall

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2926-542: Is equivalent to the scale of Joint Secretary to the Government of India . The ARS encourages fresh infusion of talent at all senior levels through lateral entry in which incumbent scientists can participate in the open competition and move their career ahead in much shorter time than CAS. All the Research Management Positions are filled through open competition. The Director General of ICAR is

3059-511: Is home to the College of Education and Human Development . Folwell Hall and Jones Hall are primarily used by the language departments. A residence hall, Sanford Hall, and a student-apartment complex, Roy Wilkins Hall, are in this area. This area is just south of the Dinkytown neighborhood and business area. Northrop Mall is arguably the center of the Minneapolis campus. The plan for the Mall

3192-650: Is home to the University of Minnesota Law School , the Humphrey School of Public Affairs , the Carlson School of Management , various social science buildings, and the performing arts center. The West Bank Arts Quarter includes the Rarig Center , Barbara Barker Center for Dance, Ferguson Hall (School of Music), Ted Mann Concert Hall and Regis Center for Art. Due to the numerous arts departments on

3325-413: Is hungry, both for bread and for peace". His speech repeatedly presented improvements in food production within a sober understanding of the context of population . "The green revolution has won a temporary success in man's war against hunger and deprivation; it has given man a breathing space. If fully implemented, the revolution can provide sufficient food for sustenance during the next three decades. But

3458-596: Is known to University students and staff for the Meat and Dairy Salesroom, which sells animal food products (such as ice cream, cheese, and meat) produced in the university's state-certified pilot plant by students, faculty and staff. The St. Paul campus borders the Minnesota State Fairgrounds , which hosts the largest state fair in the United States by daily attendance. The fair lasts 12 days, from late August through Labor Day. The grounds also serve

3591-453: Is necessary to ascertain what land has been converted for what purposes, to determine how true this view remains. Increased profits from high-yield production may also induce cropland expansion in any case, although as world food needs decrease, this expansion may decrease as well. Borlaug expressed the idea now known as the "Borlaug hypothesis" in a speech given in Oslo, Norway, in 2000, upon

3724-578: Is on the rise, restricting crop usage to traditional low-yield methods would also require at least one of the following: the world population to decrease, either voluntarily or as a result of mass starvations; or the conversion of forest land into crop land. It is thus argued that high-yield techniques are ultimately saving ecosystems from destruction. On a global scale, this view holds strictly true ceteris paribus , if deforestation only occurs to increase land for agriculture. But other land uses exist, such as urban areas, pasture, or fallow, so further research

3857-523: Is semi-dwarf (one-half to two-thirds the height of standard varieties) and produces more stalks and thus more heads of grain per plant. Also, larger amounts of assimilate were partitioned into the actual grains, further increasing the yield. Borlaug crossbred the semi-dwarf Norin 10/Brevor 14 cultivar with his disease-resistant cultivars to produce wheat varieties that were adapted to tropical and sub-tropical climates. Borlaug's new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, changed

3990-599: Is the Huntington Bank Stadium , Williams Arena , Mariucci Arena , Ridder Arena , and the Baseline Tennis Center. The Gateway area, the easternmost section of campus, is primarily composed of office buildings instead of classrooms and lecture halls. The most prominent building is McNamara Alumni Center . The university is also heavily invested in a biomedical research initiative and has built five biomedical research buildings that form

4123-569: Is the addition to the Architecture building, designed by Steven Holl and completed in 2002. It won an American Institute of Architects award for its innovative design. The Architecture building was then renamed Rapson Hall after the local modernist architect and School of Architecture Dean Ralph Rapson . The university also has a "Greek row" of historic fraternities and sororities located north of campus on University Avenue SE. The West Bank covers 53 acres (21 ha). The West Bank

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4256-431: Is there such a thing as a miracle variety of wheat, rice, or maize which can serve as an elixir to cure all ills of a stagnant, traditional agriculture." Agronomist The primary role of agriculturists are in leading agricultural projects and programs, usually in agri business planning or research for the benefit of farms , food, and agribusiness -related organizations. Agriculturists usually are designated in

4389-584: Is to the southeast of the Mall area and focuses on undergraduate buildings for biological science students, as well as the homes of the College of Pharmacy , the School of Nursing , the School of Dentistry , the Medical School , the School of Public Health , and M Health Fairview Hospitals and Clinics. This complex of buildings forms what is known as the University of Minnesota Medical Center . Part of

4522-444: Is typically required to have a four-year undergraduate science degree directly related to agrology. If accepted by their provincial institute, the applicant is known as an articling agrologist (AAg) or agrologist-in-training (AIT) and must complete a two-year educational and mentorship program before being considered for a professional designation. An alternative certification called "registered technical agrologist" (RTag), or (PTag)

4655-656: The Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board conducts competitive examinations pursuant to the Gajendragadkar Report of 1972. The post of entry level ARS is same with Jr. Class I cadre of Central government. The initial pay is fixed after granting advance increments for higher qualification, with PhDs getting the highest salary. They are kept on 'tenure track' or 'probation' for two years and upon satisfactory completion of this period they are given tenure and confirmed in

4788-475: The American Society of Agronomy is the regulatory organization responsible for certification. The American Society of Agronomy uses a sliding scale of education and experience to determine certification: it is required to have either a bachelor's degree in science and 5 years work experience, a master's degree related to agrology and 3 years work experience, or a Doctorate related to agrology and

4921-439: The College of Biological Sciences is housed in this area. Across the street from the University of Minnesota Medical Center Fairview is an area known as the "Superblock", a four-city-block space comprising four residence halls (Pioneer, Frontier, Centennial and Territorial Halls). The Superblock is one of the most popular locations for on-campus housing because it has the largest concentration of students living on campus and has

5054-546: The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research also developed and introduced a high-yield variety of rice throughout most of Asia. Land devoted to the semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties in Asia expanded from 200 acres (0.8 km) in 1965 to over 40 million acres (160,000 km) in 1970. In 1970, this land accounted for over 10% of the more productive cereal land in Asia. For his contributions to

5187-622: The Lotus Coffman administration. The Mall area is home to the College of Liberal Arts , which is Minnesota's largest public or private college, and the College of Science and Engineering . Behind CMU is another residence hall, Comstock Hall, and another student-apartment complex, Yudof Hall. The Northrop Mall Historic District was formally listed in the National Register of Historic Places in January 2018. The Health area

5320-602: The NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference and have won 29 national championships. As of March 2024, Minnesota's current and former students have won a total of 90 Olympic medals . The University of Minnesota was founded in Minneapolis in 1851 as a college preparatory school , seven years prior to Minnesota's statehood. It struggled in its early years and relied on donations to stay open from donors, including South Carolina Governor William Aiken Jr. In 1867,

5453-752: The Rockefeller Foundation to work with the Mexican government in agricultural development, saw Avila Camacho's ambitions as beneficial to U.S. economic and military interests. The Rockefeller Foundation contacted E.C. Stakman and two other leading agronomists. They developed a proposal for a new organization, the Office of Special Studies, as part of the Mexican Government, but directed by the Rockefeller Foundation. It

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5586-524: The Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota , United States. The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and Falcon Heights , a suburb of St. Paul, approximately 3 mi (4.8 km) apart. The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the ninth-largest (as of the 2022–2023 academic year) main campus student body in

5719-472: The University of Minnesota in 1933, he failed its entrance exam, but was accepted at the school's newly created two-year General College. After two quarters, he transferred to the College of Agriculture's forestry program. As a member of the University of Minnesota men's wrestling team, Borlaug reached the Big Ten semifinals, and promoted the sport to Minnesota high schools in exhibition matches all around

5852-632: The University of Minnesota in 1942. He took up an agricultural research position with CIMMYT in Mexico, where he developed semi-dwarf, high- yield , disease -resistant wheat varieties . During the mid-20th century, Borlaug led the introduction of these high-yielding varieties combined with modern agricultural production techniques to Mexico, Pakistan, and India. As a result, Mexico became a net exporter of wheat by 1963. Between 1965 and 1970, wheat yields nearly doubled in Pakistan and India, greatly improving

5985-460: The bystander effect . The U of M also has a SAFE-U emergency notification text messaging system that sends out a notification to all faculty, staff, and students in case of emergency. The commitment to a safe inclusive campus is also articulated through the comprehensive University of Minnesota Safety Plan, aligned with MPact 2025's Commitment 5, Action Item 5.4, emphasizing the need to assess and improve campus safety continually. The establishment of

6118-552: The food security in those nations. Borlaug is often called "the father of the Green Revolution", and is credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation . According to Jan Douglas, executive assistant to the president of the World Food Prize Foundation , the source of this number is Gregg Easterbrook 's 1997 article "Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity." The article states that

6251-477: The honeycrisp apple. Note: The flagship University of Minnesota campus is the Twin Cities campus, which comprises grounds in St. Paul and Minneapolis, the latter divided into areas on both the east and west banks of the Mississippi River. Administratively, these are all one campus, but for purposes of simplicity, this article will apply "campus" to its component parts where necessary to avoid confusion with

6384-453: The pathogen . These lines can easily be replaced with new resistant lines. As new sources of resistance become available, new lines are developed. In this way, the loss of crops is kept to a minimum, because only one or a few lines become susceptible to a pathogen within a given season, and all other crops are unaffected by the disease. Because the disease would spread more slowly than if the entire population were susceptible, this also reduces

6517-718: The "form of agriculture that Borlaug preaches may have prevented a billion deaths." Dennis T. Avery also estimated that the number of lives saved by Borlaug's efforts to be one billion. In 2009, Josette Sheeran , then the Executive Director of the World Food Programme , stated that Borlaug "saved more lives than any man in human history". He was awarded the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply. Later in his life, he helped apply these methods of increasing food production in Asia and Africa. He

6650-566: The 106-acre (43 ha) family farm west of Protivin , fishing, hunting, and raising corn, oats, timothy-grass , cattle, pigs and chickens. He attended the one-teacher, one-room New Oregon #8 rural school in Howard County through eighth grade. Today, the school building, built in 1865, is owned by the Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation as part of "Project Borlaug Legacy". At Cresco High School, Borlaug

6783-612: The 1970s and 1980s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now." Ehrlich said, "I have yet to meet anyone familiar with the situation who thinks India will be self-sufficient in food by 1971," and "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980." In 1965, after extensive testing, Borlaug's team, under Anderson, began its effort by importing about 450 tons of Lerma Rojo and Sonora 64 semi-dwarf seed varieties: 250 tons went to Pakistan and 200 to India. They encountered many obstacles. Their first shipment of wheat

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6916-469: The ARS. On completing service for designated years and meeting set performance criteria, they are promoted to the next higher grades in a Flexible Complementation system known as Career Advancement Scheme (CAS). Incumbents without a PhD degree are given paid study leave to acquire PhD qualification, which is necessary for career progression. Through CAS, scientists can rise up to Principal Scientist grade, which

7049-738: The Agriculturist Licensure Examination, regulated by the Professional Regulation Commission and the Board of Agriculture. A Licensed Agriculturist can affix the title "L.Agr." (as name suffix) or "Agr." (as name prefix) to indicate the profession. The primary role of agriculturists are to prepare technical plans, specifications, and estimates of agriculture projects such as in the construction and management of farms and agribusiness enterprises . The practice of agriculture also includes

7182-483: The Aurora Center, until the conviction of Daniel Drill-Mellum in 2016, for the rapes of two fellow students. Drill-Mellum received a six-year prison sentence. It has been alleged that few sexual assaults on campus are reported to University police. Six resulted in arrest from 2010 to 2015; one was determined to be unfounded. In a study by campus police, in the years between 2005 and 2015, sexual assaults at

7315-673: The Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program was undertaken jointly by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations and the Mexican government . Besides his work in genetic resistance against crop loss, Borlaug felt that pesticides including DDT had more benefits than drawbacks for humanity and advocated publicly for their continued use. He continued to support pesticide use despite the severe public criticism he received for it. Borlaug mostly admired

7448-540: The December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor Borlaug tried to enlist in the military, but was rejected under wartime labor regulations; his lab was converted to conduct research for the United States armed forces. One of his first projects was to develop glue that could withstand the warm salt water of the South Pacific . The Imperial Japanese Navy had gained control of the island of Guadalcanal , and patrolled

7581-471: The East Bank is 15 minutes. In 2008, the system carried 3.55 million riders. Although the shuttle service is free, it is comparatively inexpensive to operate; with an operating cost of $ 4.55 million in 2008, the operating subsidy was only $ 1.28 per passenger. Even Metro Transit 's busy Metro Blue Line light rail required a subsidy of $ 1.44 that year, and that was with many riders paying $ 1.75 or more for

7714-546: The European Union, the generic name of the profession is Agronomist/Agricultural Engineer. The profession is exercised for the public interest in defense of the principles of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Directive 2005/36/EC . In Italy, the professional designation is "Dottori Agronomi" (translated as Agronomy Doctor ). The profession is exercised for the public interest in defense of

7847-796: The IARI in October 1963, and test plots were subsequently planted at Delhi , Ludhiana , Pant Nagar , Kanpur , Pune and Indore . Anderson stayed as head of the Rockefeller Foundation Wheat Program in New Delhi until 1975. During the mid-1960s the Indian subcontinent was at war and experienced minor famine and starvation , which was limited partially by the U.S. shipping a fifth of its wheat production to India in 1966 and 1967. The Indian and Pakistani bureaucracies and

7980-676: The International Wheat Rust Nursery, organized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture . In March 1962, a few of these strains were grown in the fields of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa, New Delhi, India. In May 1962, M. S. Swaminathan , a member of IARI's wheat program, requested of Dr B. P. Pal, director of IARI, to arrange for the visit of Borlaug to India and to obtain a wide range of dwarf wheat seed possessing

8113-602: The Norin 10 dwarfing genes. The letter was forwarded to the Indian Ministry of Agriculture headed by Shri C. Subramaniam , which arranged with the Rockefeller Foundation for Borlaug's visit. In March 1963, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican government sent Borlaug and Dr Robert Glenn Anderson to India to continue his work. He supplied 100 kg (220 lb) of seed from each of the four most promising strains and 630 promising selections in advanced generations to

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8246-534: The Pakistani minister of agriculture, Malik Khuda Bakhsh Bucha : "I'm sorry to hear you are having trouble with my check, but I've got troubles, too. Bombs are falling on my front lawn. Be patient, the money is in the bank..." These delays prevented Borlaug's group from conducting the germination tests needed to determine seed quality and proper seeding levels. They started planting immediately and often worked in sight of artillery flashes. A week later, Borlaug discovered that his seeds were germinating at less than half

8379-505: The Strategic Safety Advisory Committee and public safety forums fosters community engagement and dialogue on safety concerns and improvements. Additionally, the university has made strides in off-campus safety through nightly patrols in Dinkytown and the introduction of blue light kiosks and mobile light trailers to enhance visibility and security. Other resources help students get home safely. Calling 624-WALK secures an escort for walks to adjacent campuses and neighborhoods, and Gopher Chauffeur,

8512-421: The United States, with 54,890 students at the start of the 2023–24 academic year. It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System and is organized into 19 colleges, schools, and other major academic units. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for the University of Minnesota as a territorial university in 1851, seven years before Minnesota became a state. The university

8645-410: The Universal Transit Pass, which allows most students unlimited access to the Metro Transit light rail and bus networks as well as a number of other transit systems in the area. The Step Up campaign is a program that helps students prevent excessive drinking, as well as sexual assault and other crimes, by teaching them how to intervene and prevent in a positive way. This is done, in part, by explaining

8778-451: The University." Pillsbury Hall is named in his honor. Academic milestones began with Warren Clark Eustis and Henry Martyn Williamson graduating in 1873 as the university's first graduates. Helen Marr Ely was the first female graduate in 1875. The university progressed by awarding its first master's degree in 1880 and conferring its first Ph.D. in 1888. As the 20th century began, the university expanded its academic offerings. In 1908,

8911-450: The Weisman Art Museum is a typical example of his work with curving metallic structures. The abstract structure is considered highly significant because it was built prior to the widespread use of computer-aided design in architecture. It also ushered in a new era of architecture at the university, which continued with the completion of the McNamara Alumni Center in 2000 and Bruininks Hall (formerly STSS) in 2010. Another notable structure

9044-405: The West Bank, it is home to several annual interdisciplinary arts festivals. Wilson Library, the largest library in the university system, is also on the West Bank, as is Middlebrook Hall, the largest residence hall on campus. The St. Paul campus is in the city of Falcon Heights , about 3 mi (4.8 km) from the Minneapolis campus. The default place name for the ZIP code serving the campus

9177-473: The age of 95 following a fall. They had been married for 69 years. Borlaug resided in Dallas the last years of his life, although his global humanitarian efforts left him with only a few weeks of the year to spend there. From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist at DuPont in Wilmington , Delaware . It was planned that he would lead research on industrial and agricultural bacteriocides , fungicides , and preservatives . However, following

9310-437: The agriculture profession is a professional service admission. Similar to other professions in the Philippines, malpractice and illegal practice of agriculture are grounds for suspension or revocation of certificates of registration and professional licenses. Licensed agriculturists in the Philippines are integrated into one accredited integrated professional organization, which is the Philippine Association of Agriculturists. In

9443-754: The books". This meant that the project would not need to start separate breeding programs for each geographic region of the planet. Because purebred ( genotypically identical) plant varieties often only have one or a few major genes for disease resistance , and plant diseases such as rust are continuously producing new races that can overcome a pure line's resistance, multiple linear lines varieties were developed. Multiline varieties are mixtures of several phenotypically similar pure lines which each have different genes for disease resistance. By having similar heights, flowering and maturity dates, seed colors, and agronomic characteristics, they remain compatible with each other, and do not reduce yields when grown together on

9576-419: The changing periods of sunlight. Borlaug later recalled, "As it worked out, in the north, we were planting when the days were getting shorter, at low elevation and high temperature. Then we'd take the seed from the best plants south and plant it at high elevation, when days were getting longer and there was lots of rain. Soon we had varieties that fit the whole range of conditions. That wasn't supposed to happen by

9709-417: The countries owing to uneven food distribution while forcing a capitalist agenda of U.S. corporations onto countries that had undergone land reform . Other concerns include the crossing of genetic barriers; the inability of a single crop to fulfill all nutritional requirements; the decreased biodiversity from planting few varieties; the environmental and economic effects of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides;

9842-456: The country's two growing seasons. In the summer he would breed wheat in the central highlands as usual, then immediately take the seeds north to the Valle del Yaqui research station near Ciudad Obregón , Sonora . The difference in altitudes and temperatures would allow more crops to be grown each year. Borlaug's boss, George Harrar, was against this expansion. Besides the extra costs of doubling

9975-432: The damage to susceptible lines. There is still the possibility that a new race of pathogen will develop to which all lines are susceptible, however. Dwarfing is an important agronomic quality for wheat; dwarf plants produce thick stems. The cultivars Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. Taller wheat grasses better compete for sunlight but tend to collapse under the weight of the extra grain—a trait called lodging—from

10108-464: The decades. Throughout his years of research, Borlaug's programs often faced opposition by nonscientists who consider genetic crossbreeding to be unnatural, and therefore those that inherently dislike the unnatural criticized such crossbreeding. These farming techniques, in addition to increasing yields, often reaped large profits for U.S. agribusiness and agrochemical corporations and were criticized by one author in 2003 as widening social inequality in

10241-412: The double wheat season. As of 1945, wheat would then be bred at locations 700 miles (1000 km) apart, 10 degrees apart in latitude, and 8,500 feet (2600 m) apart in altitude. This was called "shuttle breeding". As an unexpected benefit of the double wheat season, the new breeds did not have problems with photoperiodism . Normally, wheat varieties cannot adapt to new environments, due to

10374-597: The faculty of the University of Minnesota , University of Iowa , Cornell University , and Texas A&M University . Borlaug remained at A&M until his death in September 2009. The Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program, a joint venture by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, involved research in genetics , plant breeding , plant pathology, entomology , agronomy , soil science , and cereal technology. The goal of

10507-399: The fertilizer and seeds sector, consult on food processing, advise on range management , turf management and golf course operations, assess and provide remedial recommendations for brown lands (contaminated sites), watersheds, among many different areas of practice. In India, the professional designation is Agricultural Scientist (abbreviated as ARS ). To qualify for entry level posts,

10640-435: The field. In 1953, Borlaug extended this technique by suggesting that several pure lines with different resistance genes should be developed through backcross methods using one recurrent parent. Backcrossing involves crossing a hybrid and subsequent generations with a recurrent parent. As a result, the genotype of the backcrossed progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of the recurrent parent. Borlaug's method would allow

10773-416: The first portable pacemaker, introduced into practice by Lillehei. The latter part of the 20th century saw the university's continued innovation in medical transplantation, including the world's first successful kidney/pancreas transplant in 1967, a bone marrow transplant in 1968, and a living donor pancreas transplant in 1998. Another notable contribution to agriculture came in 1991, with the development of

10906-475: The following: A prospective professional agriculturist is typically required to have a four-year Bachelor of Science degree in Agriculture, although other degree programs directly related to agriculture are also allowed to take the licensure examination if they earn at least eighteen (18) units of agriculture credits from a recognized higher education institution. About 5,500 registered agriculturists pass

11039-498: The frightening power of human reproduction must also be curbed; otherwise, the success of the green revolution will be ephemeral only. "Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the "Population Monster"...Since man is potentially a rational being, however, I am confident that within the next two decades he will recognize the self-destructive course he steers along the road of irresponsible population growth..." Borlaug continually advocated increasing crop yields as

11172-431: The government as public agriculturists serving as agriculture policymakers or technical advisors for policy making. Agriculturists can also provide technical advice for farmers and farm workers such as in making crop calendars and workflows to optimize farm production, tracing agricultural market channels, prescribing fertilizers and pesticides to avoid misuse , and in aligning for organic accreditation or

11305-490: The heart of the university. Johnston's son, Clarence Johnston Jr, was also an architect and designed the original Bell Museum building and Coffman Memorial Union in the 1930s. The Malcolm Moos Health Sciences Tower , which is the tallest building on the Twin Cities campus, is a noted example of brutalist architecture . In more recent years, Frank Gehry designed the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum . Completed in 1993,

11438-504: The highest-ranked member of the ARS, who is ex officio Secretary to the Government of India , Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture . In the Philippines, the official professional designation is Licensed and Registered Agriculturist but is more commonly shortened as "Licensed Agriculturist" or more simply as "Agriculturist". They are licensed and accredited after successfully passing

11571-545: The licensure examination annually. It is one of the hardest licensure examinations in the country with 29.84% passing rate in November 2021. The agriculturist profession and its board of agriculturists were created in 2002 by the Professional Regulation Commission , in order to "upgrade the agriculture and fisheries profession" by the virtue of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 . The practice of

11704-653: The majority of these programs and certificates at its Twin Cities campus. The university has all three branches of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). The Twin Cities campus, as well as the campuses at Crookston , Duluth , Morris , and Rochester , are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). For incoming undergraduates enrolled in fall 2023, Minnesota received more than 39,000 applications. The Class of 2027 consisted of approximately 6,700 students. For

11837-560: The manifestation of the plant disease rust , a parasitic fungus that feeds on phytonutrients in wheat, oats, and barley crops. Stakman had discovered that special plant breeding methods produced plants resistant to rust. His research greatly interested Borlaug, and when Borlaug's job at the Forest Service was eliminated because of budget cuts, he asked Stakman if he should go into forest pathology. Stakman advised him to focus on plant pathology instead. He subsequently enrolled at

11970-489: The most isolated piece of wilderness in the nation at that time. In the last months of his undergraduate education, Borlaug attended a Sigma Xi lecture by Elvin Charles Stakman , a professor and soon-to-be head of the plant pathology group at the University of Minnesota. The event was a pivot for Borlaug's future. Stakman, in his speech entitled "These Shifty Little Enemies that Destroy our Food Crops", discussed

12103-562: The names of cities. As the largest of five campuses across the University of Minnesota system, the Twin Cities campus has more than 50,000 students; this makes it the ninth-largest campus student body in the United States overall. It also has more than 300 research, education, and outreach centers and institutes. The original Minneapolis campus overlooked the Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River , but it

12236-753: The national agricultural quality standards . Preparation of technical engineering designs and construction for agriculture meanwhile are reserved for agricultural engineers . Agriculturists may pursue environmental planning and focus on agricultural and rural planning. Agriculturists are science based consultants with major fields of specialization including agribusiness management , crop science , agricultural extension , agriculture economics , development communication , animal science , soil science , food technology , crop protection , agricultural biotechnology , agricultural policy , and environmental science . In modern practice, agriculturists are expected to be proficient in digital agriculture such as

12369-608: The new program as a geneticist and plant pathologist . In 1964, Borlaug was made the director of the International Wheat Improvement Program at El Batán, Texcoco , on the eastern fringes of Mexico City , as part of the newly established Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 's International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, or CIMMYT). Funding for this autonomous international research training institute developed from

12502-612: The normal rate. It later turned out that the seeds had been damaged in a Mexican warehouse by over-fumigation with a pesticide. He immediately ordered all locations to double their seeding rates. The initial yields of Borlaug's crops were higher than any ever harvested in South Asia . The countries subsequently committed to importing large quantities of both the Lerma Rojo 64 and Sonora 64 varieties. In 1966, India imported 18,000 tons—the largest purchase and import of any seed in

12635-496: The occasion of the 30th anniversary of his acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize: "Had the global cereal yields of 1950 still prevailed in 1999, we would have needed nearly 1.8 billion ha of additional land of the same quality – instead of the 600 million that was used – to equal the current global harvest." Borlaug's name is nearly synonymous with the Green Revolution , against which many criticisms have been mounted over

12768-424: The other two players should be suspended for a year. The university is organized into 19 colleges, schools, and other major academic units: Six university-wide interdisciplinary centers and institutes work across collegiate lines: The university (system-wide) offers 154 undergraduate degree programs, 24 undergraduate certificates, 307 graduate degree programs, and 79 graduate certificates. The university offers

12901-544: The position in Mexico," he wrote in the epilogue to his book, Norman Borlaug on World Hunger . He spent the first ten years breeding wheat cultivars resistant to disease, including rust . In that time, his group made 6,000 individual crossings of wheat. Initially, Borlaug's work had been concentrated in the central highlands, in the village of Chapingo near Texcoco , where the problems with rust and poor soil were most prevalent . The village never met their aims. He realized that he could speed up breeding by taking advantage of

13034-531: The potential yield of spring wheat dramatically. By 1963, 95% of Mexico's wheat crops used the semi-dwarf varieties developed by Borlaug. That year, the harvest was six times larger than in 1944, the year Borlaug arrived in Mexico. Mexico had become fully self-sufficient in wheat production, and a net exporter of wheat. Four other high-yield varieties were also released, in 1964: Lerma Rojo 64, Siete Cerros, Sonora 64, and Super X. In 1961 to 1962, Borlaug's dwarf spring wheat strains were sent for multilocation testing in

13167-1003: The principles of Articles 9 and 32 of the Italian Constitution and of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Professionals enrolled in the Register of Dottori Agronomi while exercising the profession base their actions on the following principles: In Canada, the professional designation is "agrologist", also called " agronome " in Québec . There are more than 10,000 professional agrologists and agronomes in Canada. Professional agrologists are accredited through provincial regulatory bodies, e.g. Saskatchewan Institute of Agrology, Nova Scotia Institute of Agrologists. The requirements to attain professional designation (PAg) are similar in each province. A prospective agrologist

13300-432: The project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of its grain. Plant pathologist George Harrar recruited and assembled the wheat research team in late 1944. The four other members were soil scientist William Colwell; maize breeder Edward Wellhausen; potato breeder John Niederhauser ; and Norman Borlaug, all from the United States. During the sixteen years Borlaug remained with

13433-410: The project, he bred a series of remarkably successful high-yield, disease-resistant, semi-dwarf wheat . Borlaug said that his first few years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and equipment. Local farmers were hostile towards the wheat program because of serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust . "It often appeared to me that I had made a dreadful mistake in accepting

13566-538: The rapid growth spurts induced by nitrogen fertilizer Borlaug used in the poor soil. To prevent this, he bred wheat to favor shorter, stronger stalks that could better support larger seed heads. In 1953, he acquired a Japanese dwarf variety of wheat called Norin 10 developed by the agronomist Gonjiro Inazuka in Iwate Prefecture , including ones which had been crossed with a high-yielding American cultivar called Brevor 14 by Orville Vogel . Norin 10/Brevor 14

13699-405: The region's cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug from fulfilling his desire to immediately plant the new wheat strains there. In 1965, as a response to food shortages, Borlaug imported 550 tons of seeds for the government. Biologist Paul R. Ehrlich wrote in his 1968 bestseller The Population Bomb , "The battle to feed all of humanity is over ... In

13832-552: The same day at the same location.  The International exam is written by CCAs in North America. The Prairie region exam is written by individuals wishing to work as advisers in the three Prairie provinces of Canada or in the heartland states of the US. University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota Twin Cities (historically known as University of Minnesota ) is a public land-grant research university in

13965-459: The seeds reached Los Angeles, a Mexican bank refused to honor Pakistan treasury's payment of US$ 100,000, because the check contained three misspelled words. Still, the seed was loaded onto a freighter destined for Bombay , India, and Karachi , Pakistan . Twelve hours into the freighter's voyage, war broke out between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Borlaug received a telegram from

14098-405: The side effects of large amounts of herbicides sprayed on fields of herbicide-resistant crops; and the destruction of wilderness caused by the construction of roads in populated third-world areas. Borlaug refuted or dismissed most claims of his critics but did take certain concerns seriously. He stated that his work has been "a change in the right direction, but it has not transformed the world into

14231-747: The size of California , or 13.6% of the total area of India. The use of these wheat varieties has also had a substantial effect on production in six Latin American countries, six countries in the Near and Middle East , and several others in Africa. Borlaug's work with wheat contributed to the development of high-yield semi-dwarf indica and japonica rice cultivars at the International Rice Research Institute and China's Hunan Rice Research Institute. Borlaug's colleagues at

14364-438: The sky and sea by day. The only way for U.S. forces to supply the troops stranded on the island was to approach at night by speedboat, and jettison boxes of canned food and other supplies into the surf to wash ashore. The problem was that the glue holding these containers together disintegrated in saltwater. Within weeks, Borlaug and his colleagues had developed an adhesive that resisted corrosion, allowing food and supplies to reach

14497-530: The small Norwegian-American community of Saude , near Cresco , Iowa . There they were members of Saude Lutheran Church, where Norman was baptized and confirmed. Borlaug was born to Henry Oliver (1889–1971) and Clara (Vaala) Borlaug (1888–1972) on his grandparents' farm in Saude in 1914, the first of four children. His three sisters were Palma Lillian (Behrens; 1916–2004), Charlotte (Culbert; 1919–2012) and Helen (b. d. 1921). From age seven to nineteen, he worked on

14630-507: The state: Wrestling taught me some valuable lessons ... I always figured I could hold my own against the best in the world. It made me tough. Many times, I drew on that strength. It's an inappropriate crutch perhaps, but that's the way I'm made. To finance his studies, Borlaug put his education on hold periodically to earn some income, as he did in 1935 as a leader in the Civilian Conservation Corps , working with

14763-543: The stranded Marines. Other tasks included work with camouflage , canteen disinfectants, DDT to control malaria, and insulation for small electronics. In 1940, the Avila Camacho administration took office in Mexico . The administration's primary goal for Mexican agriculture was augmenting the nation's industrialization and economic growth. U.S. Vice President-Elect Henry Wallace , who was instrumental in persuading

14896-606: The time of construction. Buffington also designed the exterior of Burton Hall , considered one of the strongest specimens of Greek Revival architecture in Minnesota. Many of the buildings on the East Bank were designed by the prolific Minnesota architect Clarence H. Johnston , including the Jacobean Folwell Hall and the Beaux-Arts edifices of Northrop Auditorium and Walter Library , which he considered

15029-569: The unemployed on federal projects. Many of the people who worked for him were starving. He later recalled, "I saw how food changed them. All of this left scars on me". From 1935 to 1938, before and after receiving his Bachelor of Science in forestry in 1937, Borlaug worked for the United States Forest Service at stations in Massachusetts and Idaho . He spent one summer in the middle fork of Idaho's Salmon River ,

15162-456: The university inaugurated the Program of Mortuary Science, becoming the first state university in the United States to do so. The School of Nursing was established in 1909, the first continuous nursing school on a university campus in the United States. The nursing school later opened its doors to male students in 1949. 20th-century breakthroughs at the University of Minnesota positioned it as

15295-483: The university received land grant status through the Morrill Act of 1862 . With lands taken from Dakota people , the university was able to revive itself after closing in 1858. The Dakota people have not been credited for the expropriation of their lands. An 1876 donation from flour miller John S. Pillsbury is generally credited with saving the school. Since then, Pillsbury has become known as "The Father of

15428-501: The university remained the same or increased despite six sexual assault resources and many anti-crime programs on campus. In August 2020, the University of Minnesota agreed to pay $ 500,000 to a woman who in the fall of 2016, accused several Gophers football players of sexually assaulting her. In February 2017, a University of Minnesota panel cleared four of the 10 Gopher football players the woman accused and agreed with investigators' recommendation that four other players be expelled and

15561-676: The university to study plant pathology under Stakman. Borlaug earned a Master of Science degree in 1940, and a Ph.D. in plant pathology and genetics in 1942. Borlaug was a member of the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. While in college, he met his future wife, Margaret Gibson, as he waited tables at a coffee shop in the university's Dinkytown , where the two worked. They were married in 1937 and had three children, Norma Jean "Jeanie" Laube, Scotty (who died from spina bifida soon after birth), and William; five grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren. On March 8, 2007, Margaret Borlaug died at

15694-496: The university's Reserve Officers' Training Corps . Several buildings in the Old Campus Historic District were designed by early Minnesota architect LeRoy Buffington . One of the most notable is Pillsbury Hall , designed by Buffington and Harvey Ellis in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Pillsbury Hall's polychromatic facade incorporates several sandstone varieties that were available in Minnesota during

15827-472: The university. The Washington Avenue Bridge crossing the Mississippi River provides access between the East and West Banks in Minneapolis, on foot and via designated bike lanes and a free shuttle service. Several pedestrian tunnels ease the passage from building to building during harsh weather; they are marked with signs reading " The Gopher Way ". The Minneapolis campus is near Interstates 94 and 35W and

15960-826: The use of geographic information systems , artificial intelligence , and remote sensing for better agricultural planning. Agriculturists of today are involved with many issues, including producing food, creating healthier food, managing the environmental impact of agriculture , distribution of agriculture, recreation surfaces (sports fields, golf courses, and parks), and extracting energy from plants. Agriculturists often specialize in food and agriculture research areas such as crop rotation , irrigation and drainage , plant breeding , plant physiology , soil classification , soil fertility , weed control , turfgrass and insect and pest control . Professional agriculturists may provide advice directly to farmers, vineyards, agricultural corporations, municipal and provincial governments,

16093-416: The various different disease-resistant genes from several donor parents to be transferred into a single recurrent parent. To make sure each line has different resistant genes, each donor parent is used in a separate backcross program. Between five and ten of these lines may then be mixed depending upon the races of pathogen present in the region. As this process is repeated, some lines will become susceptible to

16226-486: The whole thing was a hoax". He was awarded the prize on December 10. In his Nobel Lecture the following day, he speculated on his award: "When the Nobel Peace Prize Committee designated me the recipient of the 1970 award for my contribution to the 'green revolution', they were in effect, I believe, selecting an individual to symbolize the vital role of agriculture and food production in a world that

16359-452: The work and personality of Rachel Carson but lamented her Silent Spring , what he saw as an inaccurate portrayal of the effects of DDT. Borlaug retired officially from the position in 1979, but remained a CIMMYT senior consultant. In addition to taking up charitable and educational roles, he continued to be involved in plant research at CIMMYT with wheat, triticale , barley , maize , and high-altitude sorghum . In 1981, Borlaug became

16492-467: The work, Borlaug's plan went against a then-held principle of agronomy that has since been disproved. It was believed that to store energy for germination before being planted, seeds needed a rest period after harvesting. When Harrar vetoed his plan, Borlaug resigned. Elvin Stakman, who was visiting the project, calmed the situation, talking Borlaug into withdrawing his resignation and Harrar into allowing

16625-497: The world at that time. In 1967, Pakistan imported 42,000 tons, and Turkey 21,000 tons. Pakistan's import, planted on 1.5 million acres (6,100 km), produced enough wheat to seed the entire nation's wheatland the following year. By 1968, when Ehrlich's book was released, William Gaud of the United States Agency for International Development was calling Borlaug's work a "Green Revolution". High yields led to

16758-683: The world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 a.m., but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Mexico City. A chauffeur took her to the fields to inform her husband. According to his daughter, Jeanie Laube, "My mom said, 'You won the Nobel Peace Prize,' and he said, 'No, I haven't', ... It took some convincing ... He thought

16891-434: Was a member of the football, baseball and wrestling teams; his wrestling coach, Dave Barthelma, continually encouraged him to "give 105%". Borlaug attributed his decision to leave the farm and pursue further education to his grandfather's urgent encouragement to learn: Nels Olson Borlaug (1859–1935) once told him, "you're wiser to fill your head now if you want to fill your belly later on." When Borlaug applied for admission to

17024-585: Was also an accomplished wrestler in college and a pioneer of wrestling in the United States, being inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame for his contributions. Borlaug was the great-grandchild of Norwegian immigrants to the United States. Ole Olson Dybevig and Solveig Thomasdatter Rinde, of Feios , a small village in Vik kommune , Sogn og Fjordane , Norway, emigrated to Dane County , Wisconsin , in 1854. The family eventually moved to

17157-525: Was based on a design by Cass Gilbert , although his scheme was too extravagant to be fully implemented. Several of the campus's primary buildings surround the Mall area. Northrop Auditorium provides a northern anchor, with Coffman Memorial Union (CMU) to the south. Four of the larger buildings to the sides of the Mall are the primary mathematics , physics , and chemistry buildings (Vincent Hall, Tate Laboratory and Smith Hall, respectively) and Walter Library . Smith Hall and Walter Library were built during

17290-593: Was held up in Mexican customs and so it could not be shipped from the port at Guaymas in time for proper planting. Instead, it was sent via a 30-truck convoy from Mexico to the U.S. port in Los Angeles, encountering delays at the Mexico–United States border . Once the convoy entered the U.S., it had to take a detour, as the U.S. National Guard had closed the freeway due to the Watts riots in Los Angeles. When

17423-480: Was later moved about a mile (1.6 km) downstream to its current location. The original site is now marked by a small park known as Chute Square at the intersection of University and Central Avenues. The school shut down following a financial crisis during the American Civil War, but reopened in 1867 with considerable financial help from John S. Pillsbury . It was upgraded from a preparatory school to

17556-412: Was self-sufficient in the production of all cereals. By 2000, India was harvesting a record 76.4 million tons (2.81 billion bushels ) of wheat. Since the 1960s, food production in both nations has increased faster than the rate of population growth. India's use of high-yield farming has prevented an estimated 100 million acres (400,000 km) of virgin land from being converted into farmland—an area about

17689-579: Was to be staffed with both Mexican and US scientists, focusing on soil development, maize and wheat production, and plant pathology . Stakman chose Dr. Jacob George "Dutch" Harrar as project leader. Harrar immediately set out to hire Borlaug as head of the newly established Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program in Mexico; Borlaug declined, choosing to finish his war service at DuPont. In July 1944, after rejecting DuPont 's offer to double his salary, and temporarily leaving behind his pregnant wife and 14-month-old daughter, he flew to Mexico City to head

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