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79-535: The name "Norrbotten" is also used for a province of the same name. Norrbotten province covers only the eastern part of Norrbotten County – the inland mostly belongs to the Swedish Lapland province ( Lappland ). The capital of Norrbotten is Luleå Other significant towns include Boden , Kiruna and Piteå . The majority of the population lives in the namesake province, whereas the Lapland part of

158-601: A Canadian Supreme Court decision of 1984 on aboriginal rights, the Court stated that the government has a fiduciary duty toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right. Since then there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of "fiduciary duty". Norway occupied and claimed parts of (then uninhabited) eastern Greenland in 1931, claiming that it constituted terra nullius and calling

237-532: A Proclamation by Governor Bourke stated that British subjects could not obtain title over vacant Crown land directly from Aboriginal Australians. In R v Murrell (1836) Justice Burton of the Supreme Court of New South Wales stated, "although it might be granted that on the first taking possession of the Colony, the aborigines were entitled to be recognised as free and independent, yet they were not in such

316-492: A Västanstång dragon and one with a Östanstång lion. The current arms for Östergötland (see below) were created in 1884. The current arms for Småland were created for the coronation of John III in 1569. The wild man representing Lappland was created for the funeral of Charles IX in 1612. Arms for Jämtland were created when Norway ceded the province to Sweden in 1635. Arms for Härjedalen were created later. The arms for Blekinge, Bohuslän, Halland and Skåne were created for

395-594: A public law equivalent to the private law concept of res nullius . In 1909, the Italian international jurist Camille Piccioni described the island of Spitzbergen in the Arctic Circle as terra nullius . Even though the island was inhabited by the nationals of several European countries, the inhabitants did not live under any formal sovereignty. In subsequent decades, the term terra nullius gradually replaced territorium nullius. Fitzmaurice argues that

474-532: A colonising state. The term terra nullius was used in 1885 in relation to the dispute between Spain and the United States over Contoy Island . Herman Eduard von Hoist, wrote, “Contoy was not, in an international sense, a desert, that is an abandoned island and hence terra nullius. " In 1888, the Institut de Droit International introduced the concept of territorium nullius (nobody’s territory) as

553-539: A distinction between the legitimate occupation of land that was res nullius and illegitimate claims of sovereignty through discovery and occupation of land that was not res nullius , as in the case of the Spanish claim to the Americas. Hugo Grotius , writing in 1625, also stated that discovery does not give a right to sovereignty over inhabited land, “For discovery applies to those things which belong to no one.” By

632-403: A key role in the industrialization of Sweden . The 20th century saw strong mobility in and out of the county, with many young people moving south and people from other parts of the country moving in. In the 1970s and 1980s, the drainage of (mostly young) workers due to high unemployment was considerable, and people in the area began to voice feelings of being misunderstood or economically abused by

711-629: A lesser extent, Malmö – identify primarily with their city, rather than their province. English and other languages occasionally use Latin names for the Swedish provinces. The name Scania for Skåne predominates in English. Some English exonyms , such as the Dales for Dalarna, East Gothland for Östergötland, Swedish Lapland for Lappland and West Bothnia for Västerbotten are common in English literature. Swedes writing in English have long used

790-536: A minority of those claims, international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was terra nullius or not. A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the Burkina Faso–Niger border was claimed by neither country until the International Court of Justice settled a more extensive territorial dispute in 2013. The former unclaimed territory was awarded to

869-586: A state's occupation of it. There are currently three territories sometimes claimed to be terra nullius : Bir Tawil (a strip of land between Egypt and the Sudan ), four pockets of land near the Danube due to the Croatia–Serbia border dispute , and parts of Antarctica , principally Marie Byrd Land . In international law, terra nullius is territory which belongs to no state. Sovereignty over territory which

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948-792: A version of it was imposed by Cromwell 's sword […] So the English Protestant interest […] came to regard Ireland as a kind of terra nullius ." Similarly, Bruce McLeod writes in The Geography of Empire in English Literature, 1580-1745 that "although the English were familiar with Ireland and its geography in comparison to North America, they treated Ireland as though it were terra nullius and thus easily and geometrically subdivided into territorial units." Rolston and McVeigh trace this attitude back to Gerald of Wales (13th century), who wrote "This people despises work on

1027-509: Is Härjedalen , though the borders are not quite the same. Administrative borders are subject to change – for example, several of today’s counties were created in the 1990s – while the provincial borders have remained stable for centuries. All the provinces are also ceremonial duchies , but as such have no administrative or political functions. Nevertheless, the provinces of Sweden are no archaic concept; they are still referenced in everyday speech and seen as culturally distinct. The main exception

1106-429: Is Lapland , where people see themselves as citizens of Västerbotten or Norrbotten , based on the counties . Sweden’s two largest cities, Stockholm and Gothenburg , both have provincial borders running through them: Stockholm is split between Uppland and Södermanland , and Gothenburg is split between Västergötland and Bohuslän . According to a 2011 survey, people in major cities – Stockholm, Gothenburg and, to

1185-468: Is terra nullius can be acquired by any state by occupation. According to Oppenheim : "The only territory which can be the object of occupation is that which does not already belong to another state, whether it is uninhabited, or inhabited by persons whose community is not considered to be a state; for individuals may live on as territory without forming themselves into a state proper exercising sovereignty over such territory." Occupation of terra nullius

1264-592: Is 10 km north of the present downtown, has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Apart from the Swedish language, Sami , Meänkieli , and Finnish may be used in dealing with government agencies , courts , municipalities , preschools and nursing homes in parts of Norrbotten County. The Sami languages have official minority language status in Kiruna , Gällivare , Jokkmokk , Luleå , Arjeplog and Arvidsjaur municipalites . Meänkieli and Finnish have

1343-532: Is also sometimes used as a means to exclude southerners. These contrasts are well known throughout Sweden and often appear in TV, films, literature and folklore connected to Norrbotten, for characterizing, satiric or dramatic purposes (e.g. some characters in the books of Eyvind Johnson or the police detective Einar Rönn in the crime novels of Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö ). The coast has the historical cities of Luleå and Piteå . Luleå's Gammelstad ("Old town"), which

1422-404: Is by car. The distances are long, e.g. 345 km between Luleå and Kiruna. The roads have been given relatively high speed limits compared to southern Sweden, usually 100–110 km/h. Norrbotten has a railway network focused on heavy freight traffic. There are two main railways. Stambanan genom övre Norrland connects Norrbotten with central and southern Sweden. Malmbanan connects Luleå with

1501-831: Is of major importance for the local inhabitants. Major rivers in Norrbotten County (listed north to south) include the Torne , the Lule River , Kalix River , and Pite River . Rivers shared with the Västerbotten County include the Skellefte River and Ume River . Other rivers that flow directly to the sea and that are at least 100 km long are the Sangis River , Råne River , Åby River , and Byske River . The county includes many islands in

1580-408: Is one of several ways in which a state can acquire territory under international law. The other means of acquiring territory are conquest, cession by agreement, accretion through the operations of nature, and prescription through the continuous exercise of sovereignty. Although the term terra nullius was not used in international law before the late nineteenth century, some writers have traced

1659-630: Is traditionally important, particularly near the coast and along the lower reaches of the Torne River . Grains, particularly barley , potatoes and turnips are grown to some extent, but the most important crop is hay for livestock . There are around 250,000 reindeer in the winter herd, a number regulated by the Swedish state. The reindeer are herded by the Indigenous Sámi , organised in 15 Sámi Mountain villages, 9 Forest Sámi villages and 8 concession Sámi villages. Hunting and fishing

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1738-506: The Arctic Circle . Norrbotten County consists of the entire province of Norrbotten and about two thirds of Swedish Lapland . Norrbotten County covers almost one quarter of Sweden's land area, but is sparsely inhabited. This is especially true for inland parts of Lapland. The climate is generally cold, because of its northern location. However, the long summer days allow crops to ripen within two to three months, and agriculture

1817-561: The Bay of Bothnia , which make up the Norrbotten archipelago . It is divided into the archipelagos of Piteå (550 islands), Luleå (1,312 islands), Kalix (792 islands) and Haparanda (652 islands). The largest island is Rånön in the Kalix archipelago. The population has increased during the last hundred years. The estimated 2002 population was 250,000. In the 1912 census, the population

1896-575: The Dutch Republic , the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the Kingdom of Scotland all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of Svalbard in the seventeenth century, but none permanently occupied it. Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for whaling , with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s. During the 19th century, both Norway and Russia made strong claims to

1975-525: The English colonisation of Ireland , although the term is not used in the international law sense and is often used as an analogy. Griffen and Cogliano state that the English viewed Ireland as a terra nullius . In The Irish Difference: A Tumultuous History of Ireland’s Breakup With Britain , Fergal Tobin writes that "Ireland had no tradition of unified statehood and no culturally unified establishment. Indeed, it had never known any kind of political unity until

2054-655: The Niger . At the request of Morocco , the International Court of Justice in 1975 addressed whether Western Sahara was terra nullius at the time of Spanish colonization in 1885. The court found in its advisory opinion that Western Sahara was not terra nullius at that time. A disputed archipelago in the East China Sea , the uninhabited Pinnacle Islands , were claimed by Japan to have become part of its territory as terra nullius in January 1895, following

2133-605: The Prime Minister or the lead opposition party towards the end of the elected parliament. During the Middle Ages , Norrbotten was considered to be terra nullius ("no man's land"). The area was populated by Sami , Kvens and different people related to the Finns . From the Middle Ages on, the Swedish kings tried to colonise and Christianise the area. However; even today, Tornedalians and Sami people still live in

2212-541: The Scarborough Shoal or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island ( simplified Chinese : 黄岩岛 ; traditional Chinese : 黃巖島 ; pinyin : Huángyán Dǎo ), nearest land being the island of Luzon at 220 km (119 nmi), located in the South China Sea . The Philippines claims it under the principles of terra nullius and EEZ ( exclusive economic zone ), while both China and Taiwan continue claiming

2291-742: The Soviet Union and the United States , who reserved the right to make a claim. An undefined area from 20°W to 45°E was historically considered potentially unclaimed; the Norwegian claim in Queen Maud Land was interpreted as covering the coastal regions, but not continuing all the way to the South Pole. In 2015, the claim was extended to reach as far as 90°S. Several territories have been claimed to be terra nullius . In

2370-420: The counties of Sweden ( län ). Some were conquered later on from Denmark–Norway . Others, like the provinces of Finland , have been lost. In some cases, the county and province borders correspond almost exactly, as with Blekinge and Blekinge County . The island of Gotland is both a province , a county and a municipality ( kommun ). The only other province to share a name with a modern municipality

2449-633: The Iron Age was the Geats ; the main tribe of Svealand, according to Tacitus ca 100 AD, was the Suiones (or the ”historical Swedes”). ”Norrland” was all the unexplored northern parts, the boundaries and Swedish control over which were weakly defined into the early modern age. Due to the Northern Crusades against Finns , Tavastians and Karelians and colonisation of some coastal areas of

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2528-698: The Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War . However, this interpretation is not accepted by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan), both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands. Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone The People's Republic of China , the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Philippines claim

2607-596: The King’s long list of titles. Gustav Vasa’s title only had three entries – "King of Sweden , the Goths and the Wends " – so banners were created for each Swedish province for a better display. Some of these arms were short-lived, such as the beaver for Medelpad (changed in the 1570s), the wolverine for Värmland (changed in 1567) and the roses on Småland ’s arms. Östergötland was represented by two different arms, one with

2686-532: The People's Republic of China. Taiwan places the shoal under the administration of Cijin District , Kaohsiung City , but do not hold effective control of the shoal. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) denied the lawfulness of China's claim in 2016 , where China have rejected the ruling, calling it "ill-founded". In 2019, Taiwan also rejected the ruling and have continued sending more naval vassals to

2765-403: The Spanish had gained no legal right to possession through mere discovery of these lands. Nevertheless, Vitoria stated that the Spanish possibly had a limited right to rule the indigenous Americans because the latter “are unsuited to setting up or administering a commonwealth both legitimate and ordered in human and civil terms.” Alberico Gentili , in his De Jure Belli Libri Tres (1598), drew

2844-508: The Swedish monarch, in some cases for centuries. ( Norway , in personal union with Sweden from 1814 to 1905, never became an integral part of Sweden.) When Sweden ceded Finland to the Russian Empire in 1809, Västerbotten was divided up so that Norrbotten first emerged as a county. Eventually, it came to be recognized as its own province. It was granted a coat of arms as late as in 1995. Some scholars suggest that Sweden revived

2923-454: The Swedish names only. The origins of the provincial divisions lay in the petty kingdoms that gradually became more and more subjected to the central monarchy during the consolidation of Sweden . Until the country law of Magnus Eriksson in 1350, each of these lands still had its own laws and its own assembly (the thing ), and in effect governed itself. The first provinces were considered duchies , but newly conquered provinces received

3002-518: The Sydney area was an estimated 4,000 to 8,000 people who were organised in clans which occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate over whether Australia was colonised by the British from 1788 on the basis that the land was terra nullius . Frost, Attwood and others argue that even though the term terra nullius was not used in the eighteenth century, there was widespread acceptance of

3081-457: The archipelago. In 1909, Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described Spitzbergen, as it was then known, as terra nullius : The issue would have been simpler if Spitzbergen, until now terra nullius, could have been attributed to a single state, for reasons of neighbouring or earlier occupation. But this is not the case and several powers can, for different reasons, make their claims to this territory which still has no master. The territorial dispute

3160-472: The area and maintain their own culture and customs. In the first half of the 17th century, several ore deposits were discovered in what is now known as Norrbotten County. The silver of Nasafjäll was discovered during the autumn of 1634 and subsequently mined from 1635 to 1659 and from the 1770s to 1810. Following the Finnish War in 1809, Västerbotten County was split between Sweden and Finland, with

3239-408: The area. It has been speculated that Scarborough Shoal is a prime location for the construction of an artificial island and Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal. Analysis of photos has concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work. The term terra nullius has been applied by some modern academics in discussing

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3318-420: The arms of Västerbotten and the arms of Lappland." Many different cultures can be found in Norrbotten County, including Sami culture, Tornedalian/Kven culture and the Swedish settler-culture. Many of the old local Swedish and Finnic dialects have survived in the area. The people of Norrbotten County have a saying: "I am not a Swede; I am a Norrbothnian". A local way of speaking, coupled with understated irony,

3397-425: The basis of being uncultivated) primarily in the 19th century, and argues it was a result of political developments (e.g. the decision to colonize New South Wales despite a large indigenous population) and the rise of new intellectual currents such as Scientific Racism and Legal Positivism . Several years before Blackstone, Emer de Vattel , in his Le droit des gents (1758), drew a distinction between land that

3476-635: The colony as unoccupied and afforded no recognition to any form of native interest in the land." Stuart Banner states that the first known Australian legal use of the concept (although not the term) terra nullius was in 1819 in a tax dispute between Barron Field and the Governor of New South Wales Lachlan Macquarie . The matter was referred to British Attorney General Samuel Shepherd and Solicitor General Robert Gifford who advised that New South Wales had not been acquired by conquest or cession, but by possession as "desert and uninhabited". In 1835,

3555-488: The concept of provinces in the 19th century. Historically, Sweden was seen as containing four ”lands” (larger regions): In the Viking Age and earlier, Götaland and Svealand were home to a number of petty kingdoms that were more or less independent; Götaland in the Iron Age and Middle Ages did not include Scania and other provinces in the far south, which were then part of Denmark . The leading tribe of Götaland in

3634-415: The concept of the provinces. At the funeral of King Gustav Vasa (Gustav I) in 1560, arms for 23 of the provinces were displayed together for the first time, most of them created for that occasion. Erik XIV of Sweden modelled the funeral processions on those of German dukes , who in turn may have styled their displays after Emperor Charles V 's funeral, where a host of banners represented each entry in

3713-447: The concept that a state could acquire territory through occupation of land that was not already under sovereignty and was uninhabited or inhabited by peoples who had not developed permanent settlements, agriculture, property rights or political organisation recognised by European states. Borch, however, states that, "it seems much more likely that there was no legal doctrine maintaining that inhabited land could be regarded as ownerless, nor

3792-472: The concept to the Roman law term res nullius , meaning nobody's thing . In Roman law, things that were res nullius , such as wild animals ( ferae bestiae ), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone by seizure. Benton and Straumann, however, state that the derivation of terra nullius from res nullius is "by analogy" only. Sixteenth century writings on res nullius were in

3871-490: The concepts of voluntary cession or conquest in a just war. With respect to settlement by Europeans, the defense offered (per theorists such as Locke and Vattel ) was that colonized lands were either uninhabited, or were surplus to the needs of the indigenous inhabitants and therefore able to be settled without resulting in dispossession. Borch places the shift towards the view that "uncultivated" but inhabited lands were terra nullius (and could therefore be claimed purely on

3950-510: The context of European colonisation in the New World and the doctrine of discovery . In 1535, Domingo de Soto argued that Spain had no right to the Americas because the lands had not been res nullius at the time of discovery. Francisco de Vitoria , in 1539, also used the res nullius analogy to argue that the indigenous populations of the Americas, although “barbarians”, had both sovereignty and private ownership over their lands, and that

4029-692: The country, Finland fell under the Catholic Church and Swedish rule. Österland ("Eastern land"; the name had early gone out of use) in southern and central Finland formed an integral part of Sweden. Russia annexed Finland in 1809, and reunited it with some frontier counties annexed earlier to form the Grand Duchy of Finland . In 1917, Finland became an independent country . The regional borders have changed several times throughout history with changing national borders. Norrland, Svealand and Götaland are only parts of Sweden, and have never superseded

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4108-536: The county is sparsely populated. Norrbotten covers a larger land area than both Austria and Portugal . The four largest municipalities in Sweden by land area are in the county. Sweden's tallest mountain Kebnekaise and deepest lake Hornavan are both within the county. The vast mountains are the source of northern Sweden's vast river systems running through Norrbotten. The northern part of Norrbotten lies within

4187-492: The disputed area is not terra nullius and they are negotiating with Serbia to settle the border. While several countries made claims to parts of Antarctica in the first half of the 20th century, the remainder, including most of Marie Byrd Land (the portion east from 150°W to 90°W ), has not been claimed by any sovereign state. Signatories to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 agreed not to make such claims, except

4266-533: The eighteenth century, however, some writers argued that territorial rights over land could stem from the settlement and cultivation of that land. William Blackstone , in 1765, wrote, “Plantations or colonies, in distant countries, are either such where the lands are claimed by right of occupancy only, by finding them desert and uncultivated, and peopling them from the mother-country; or where, when already cultivated, they have been either gained by conquest, or ceded to us by treaties. And both these rights are founded upon

4345-496: The funeral of Charles X Gustav in 1660. The Arms for Norrbotten were created as late as 1995. Götaland ( Gothia , Gothenland ) comrpises ten provinces in the southern part of Sweden. Until 1645, Gotland and Halland were parts of Denmark. Also, until 1658 Blekinge and Scania were parts of Denmark, and Bohuslän was part of Norway . Värmland was counted as part of Götaland until 1812. Svealand ( Swealand ) comprises six provinces in central Sweden. Until 1812, Värmland

4424-1035: The iron mines in Gällivare and Kiruna and the ice-free port of Narvik. Malmbanan has highest amount of freight traffic in Scandinavia , especially the part between Kiruna and Narvik. Air travel is the main mode of travel between Norrbotten and southern Sweden. The main airport is Luleå Airport , sixth largest in Sweden. Other airports are Arvidsjaur Airport , Gällivare Airport , Kiruna Airport and Pajala Airport . 67°08′09″N 18°30′04″E  /  67.135829°N 18.500977°E  / 67.135829; 18.500977 Provinces of Sweden The 25 provinces of Sweden ( Swedish : Sveriges landskap ) are historical , geographical and cultural regions. They have no administrative function (except in some sports contexts), but retain their own cultural identities, dialects and folklore. Several were administrative subdivisions until 1634, when they were replaced by

4503-817: The jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States. The British penal colony of New South Wales , which included more than half of mainland Australia, was proclaimed by Governor Captain Arthur Phillip at Sydney in February 1788. At the time of British colonisation, Aboriginal Australians had occupied Australia for at least 50,000 years. They were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups. The Aboriginal population of

4582-423: The land, has little use for the money-making of towns, contemns the rights and privileges of citizenship, and desires neither to abandon, nor lose respect for, the life which it has been accustomed to lead in the woods and countryside." The semi- nomadism of the native Irish meant that some English judged them not to be productive users of land. However, Rolston and McVeigh state that Gerald made it clear that Ireland

4661-495: The larger part remaining within the Swedish borders. In 1810, the county was divided again when Norrbotten County was created out of the northern part, on the Swedish side. Most people in Norrbotten County still refer to the entire county, including the areas in Swedish Lapland, when they say ' Norrbotten '. The natural resources ( hydroelectricity , timber , and minerals , especially iron ) of Norrbotten have played

4740-409: The law of nature, or at least upon that of nations." Borch states that many commentators erroneously interpreted this to mean that any uncultivated lands, whether inhabited or not, could be claimed by a colonising state by right of occupancy. Borch rather argues that before the 19th century, European legal sources tended to justify the extension of European sovereignty over inhabited territory through

4819-431: The other owns it). Bir Tawil has no settled population, but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area. Croatia and Serbia dispute several small areas on the east bank of the Danube . However, four pockets on the western river bank , of which Gornja Siga is the largest, are not claimed by either country. Serbia makes no claims on the land while Croatia states that the land belongs to Serbia. Croatia states that

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4898-416: The same concept, meaning land without sovereignty, and that property rights and cultivation of land were not part of the concept. The term terra nullius was adopted by the International Court of Justice in its 1975 Western Sahara advisory opinion. The majority wrote, "'Occupation' being legally an original means of peaceably acquiring sovereignty over territory otherwise than by cession or succession, it

4977-439: The same status in Gällivare, Haparanda , Kiruna, Pajala , and Övertorneå , Luleå and Kalix municipalities . SCB have collected statistics on backgrounds of residents since 2002. These tables consist of all who have two foreign-born parents or are born abroad themselves. A majority of them are of Finnish descent. The chart lists election years and the last year on record alone. The main mode of person travel inside Norrbotten

5056-813: The same status in Gällivare, Haparanda , Kiruna, Pajala , and Övertorneå , Luleå and Kalix municipalities . The main aims of the County Administrative Board are to fulfil the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government , to promote the development of the county, and to establish regional goals. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor (see List of Norrbotten Governors ). The Sami languages have official minority language status in Kiruna , Gällivare , Jokkmokk , Luleå , Arjeplog and Arvidsjaur municipalites . Meänkieli and Finnish have

5135-406: The same time, and developed its own provincial identity during the 19th century. Terra nullius Terra nullius ( / ˈ t ɛr ə ˈ n ʌ l ɪ ə s / , plural terrae nullius ) is a Latin expression meaning " nobody's land ". Since the nineteenth century it has occasionally been used in international law as a principle to justify claims that territory may be acquired by

5214-503: The shoal continuing from their predecessor , who claimed the shoal based on historical records that Chinese fishermen had discovered and mapped the shoal since the 13th century. Previously, the shoal was administered as part of Municipality of Masinloc , Province of Zambales for the Philippines. Since the Scarborough Shoal standoff in 2012, the shoal is administered as part of Xisha District , Sansha City , Hainan Province for

5293-489: The south and especially the capital Stockholm . The coat of arms of Norrbotten County combines the arms of the provinces Västerbotten and Lappland and was granted in 1949. Since 1995 the province Norrbotten has a coat of arms of its own, but the county arms have not been changed accordingly. When it is shown with a royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board. Blazon: "Quartered,

5372-764: The status of duchy or county , depending on importance. After the separation from the Kalmar Union in 1523, the Kingdom incorporated only some of its new conquests as provinces. The most permanent acquisitions stemmed from the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, in which the former Danish Scanian lands ( Skåne , Blekinge , Halland and Gotland ), along with the Norwegian Bohuslän , Jämtland and Härjedalen , became Swedish and gradually integrated. Other foreign territories were ruled as Swedish Dominions under

5451-575: The territory Erik the Red's Land . The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the Norwegian claim. The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim. A similar concept of "uncultivated land" was employed by John Quincy Adams to identify supposedly unclaimed wilderness . The Guano Islands Act of 18 August 1856 enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within

5530-516: The time the territory therefore was not terra nullius . There are three instances where land is sometimes claimed to be terra nullius : Bir Tawil bordering Egypt and the Sudan , four small areas along the Croatia – Serbia border, and Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica . Between Egypt and the Sudan is the 2,060 km (800 sq mi) landlocked territory of Bir Tawil , which

5609-487: The two concepts were initially distinct, territorium nullius applying to territory in which the inhabitants might have property rights but had not developed political sovereignty whereas terra nullius referred to an absence of property. Nevertheless, terra nullius also implied an absence of sovereignty because sovereignty required property rights acquired through the exploitation of nature . Michael Connor, however, argues that territorium nullius and terra nullius were

5688-517: Was 166,641 (4,000 more males than females), of which about 120,000 were in the Norrbotten province part. Twenty years earlier, in 1892, the population was only 110,000. Since the 1960s, however, most municipalities of the county have experienced a decrease in population, particularly those inland. The table details all Riksdag election results of Norrbotten County since the unicameral era began in 1970 . The blocs denote which party would support

5767-433: Was a cardinal condition of a valid 'occupation' that the territory should be terra nullius – a territory belonging to no-one – at the time of the act alleged to constitute the 'occupation'." The court found that at the time of Spanish colonisation in 1884, the inhabitants of Western Sahara were nomadic but socially and politically organised in tribes and under chiefs competent to represent them. According to State practice of

5846-591: Was acquired by conquest and not through the occupation of terra nullius . According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was terra nullius until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955. It was formally annexed in 1972. In 1967, Paddy Roy Bates claimed an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea as the " Principality of Sealand ". The structure is now within British territorial waters and no country recognises Sealand. Denmark–Norway ,

5925-460: Was counted as part of Götaland instead. Norrland ( Northland ) today comprises nine provinces in Northern and central Sweden. Until 1645 the provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen were parts of Norway. In 1809, when Sweden ceded Finland to the Russian Empire , the old province of Lapland was split into Swedish Lapland and Finnish Lapland . Norrbotten was separated from Västerbotten at

6004-580: Was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902. One border placed Bir Tawil under the Sudan's control and the Halaib Triangle under Egypt's; the other border did the reverse. Each country asserts the border that would give it the much larger Halaib Triangle, to the east, which is adjacent to the Red Sea , with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either country (each claims

6083-474: Was effectively occupied and cultivated, and the unsettled and uncultivated land of nomads which was open to colonisation. The Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-85 endorsed the principle that sovereignty over an unclaimed territory required effective occupation, and that where native populations had established effective occupation their sovereignty could not be unilaterally overturned by

6162-473: Was eventually resolved by the Svalbard Treaty of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands. Joseph Trutch , the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia , insisted that First Nations had never owned land, and thus their land claims could safely be ignored. It is for this reason that most of British Columbia remains unceded land . In Guerin v. The Queen ,

6241-524: Was this the basis of official policy, in the eighteenth century or before. Rather it seems to have developed as a legal theory in the nineteenth century.” In Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) , Justice Dawson stated, "Upon any account, the policy which was implemented and the laws which were passed in New South Wales make it plain that, from the inception of the colony, the Crown treated all land in

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