105-458: The Charles Eliot Norton Professorship of Poetry at Harvard University was established in 1925 as an annual lectureship in "poetry in the broadest sense" and named for the university's former professor of fine arts. Distinguished creative figures and scholars in the arts, including painting, architecture, and music deliver customarily six lectures. The lectures are usually dated by the academic year in which they are given, though sometimes by just
210-598: A broad Scotch accent, upon Scotland and upon the utter degeneration of everything." In 1870, he was elected president of the London Library, and in November he wrote a letter to The Times in support of Germany in the Franco-Prussian War . His conversation was recorded by a number of friends and visitors in later years, most notably William Allingham , who became known as Carlyle's Boswell . In
315-608: A cheap little man-servant", worked on the farm, his mother with her one maid-servant, and his two youngest sisters, Jean and Jenny. He had constant contact with the rest of his family, most of whom lived close by at Mainhill, a farm owned by his father. Jane made a successful visit in September 1825. Whilst there, Carlyle wrote German Romance (1827), a translation of German novellas by Johann Karl August Musäus , Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué , Ludwig Tieck , E. T. A. Hoffmann , and Jean Paul . In Hoddam Hill, Carlyle found respite from
420-799: A collection of his earlier writings in the form of the Critical and Miscellaneous Essays , facilitated in Boston with the aid of Emerson. Carlyle presented his second lecture series in April and June 1838 on the history of literature at the Marylebone Institution in Portman Square . The Examiner reported that at the end of the second lecture, "Mr. Carlyle was heartily greeted with applause." Carlyle felt that they "went on better and better, and grew at last, or threatened to grow, quite
525-592: A coma. For a moment he awakened, and Mary heard him speak his final words: "So this is Death—well ..." He thereafter lost his speech and died on the morning of 5 February. An offer of interment at Westminster Abbey , which he had anticipated, was declined by his executors in accordance with his will. He was laid to rest with his mother and father in Hoddam Kirkyard in Ecclefechan, according to old Scottish custom. His private funeral, held on 10 February,
630-802: A companion and guide, and wrote a series of brief articles on the Irish question in 1848. These were "Ireland and the British Chief Governor", "Irish Regiments (of the New Æra)", and "The Repeal of the Union", each of which offered solutions to Ireland's problems and argued to preserve England's connection with Ireland. Carlyle wrote an article titled "Ireland and Sir Robert Peel " (signed "C.") published in April 1849 in The Spectator in response to two speeches given by Peel wherein he made many of
735-618: A corrective to Julius Hare 's unsatisfactory 1848 biography. In late September and early October, he made his second trip to Paris, where he met Adolphe Thiers and Prosper Mérimée ; his account, "Excursion (Futile Enough) to Paris; Autumn 1851", was published posthumously. In 1852, Carlyle began research on Frederick the Great , whom he had expressed interest in writing a biography of as early as 1830. He travelled to Germany that year, examining source documents and prior histories. Carlyle struggled through research and writing, telling von Ense it
840-659: A flaming affair." He published two essays in 1838, "Sir Walter Scott", being a review of John Gibson Lockhart 's biography, and "Varnhagen von Ense's Memoirs". In April 1839, Carlyle published "Petition on the Copyright Bill ". A third series of lectures was given in May on the revolutions of modern Europe, which the Examiner reviewed positively, noting after the third lecture that "Mr. Carlyle's audiences appear to increase in number every time." Carlyle wrote to his mother that
945-483: A history of German literature, from which he drew material for essays "The Nibelungen Lied", "Early German Literature" and parts of "Historic Survey of German Poetry" (each 1831). He published early thoughts on the philosophy of history in "Thoughts on History" (1830) and wrote his first pieces of social criticism, "Signs of the Times" (1829) and "Characteristics" (1831). "Signs" garnered the interest of Gustave d'Eichthal ,
1050-562: A history of the House of Guise and its relation to Scottish history, which was first published in 1981. Carlyle made a second expedition to Germany in 1858 to survey the topography of battlefields, which he documented in Journey to Germany, Autumn 1858 , published posthumously. In May 1863, Carlyle wrote the short dialogue "Ilias (Americana) in Nuce" (American Iliad in a Nutshell) on the topic of
1155-690: A large expansion of Carlyle's social circle. He became acquainted with scores of leading writers, novelists, artists, radicals, men of science, Church of England clergymen, and political figures. Two of his most important friendships were with Lord and Lady Ashburton ; though Carlyle's warm affection for the latter would eventually strain his marriage, the Ashburtons helped to broaden his social horizons, giving him access to circles of intelligence, political influence, and power. Carlyle eventually decided to publish Sartor serially in Fraser's Magazine , with
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#17327767892811260-467: A member of the Saint-Simonians , who sent Carlyle Saint-Simonian literature, including Henri de Saint-Simon 's Nouveau Christianisme (1825), which Carlyle translated and wrote an introduction for. Most notably, he wrote Sartor Resartus . Finishing the manuscript in late July 1831, Carlyle began his search for a publisher, leaving for London in early August. He and his wife lived there for
1365-446: A number of essays there which earned him money and augmented his reputation, including "Life and Writings of Werner ", "Goethe's Helena", "Goethe", "Robert Burns|Burns", "The Life of Heyne " (each 1828), "German Playwrights", "Voltaire", "Novalis" (each 1829), "Jean Paul Friedrich Richter Again" (1830), "Cruthers and Jonson; or The Outskirts of Life: A True Story", "Luther's Psalm", and "Schiller" (each 1831). He began but did not complete
1470-481: A peculiar genius for friendship. He is notable for his personal influence rather than for his literary productions. In 1881 he inaugurated the Dante Society, whose first presidents were Longfellow, Lowell, and Norton himself. From 1882 onward he confined himself to the study of Dante, his professorial duties, and the editing and publication of the literary memorials of many of his friends. In 1883 he published
1575-648: A poor farmer's daughter then working as a servant. They had nine children, of whom Thomas was the eldest. Margaret was pious and devout and hoped that Thomas would become a minister. She was close to her eldest son, being a "smoking companion, counsellor and confidante" in Carlyle's early days. She suffered a manic episode when Carlyle was a teenager, in which she became "elated, disinhibited, over-talkative and violent." She suffered another breakdown in 1817, which required her to be removed from her home and restrained. Carlyle always spoke highly of his parents, and his character
1680-581: A professorship of history at Edinburgh. Carlyle was the principal founder of the London Library in 1841. He had become frustrated by the facilities available at the British Museum Library , where he was often unable to find a seat (obliging him to perch on ladders), where he complained that the enforced close confinement with his fellow readers gave him a "museum headache", where the books were unavailable for loan, and where he found
1785-457: A scholarly and pedagogical specificity about it." From 1855 to 1874 Norton spent much time in travel and residence on the continent of Europe and in England. During this period, he began friendships with Thomas Carlyle , John Ruskin , Edward FitzGerald and Leslie Stephen , an intimacy which did much to bring American and English men of letters into close personal relation. Another friend
1890-609: A study of his own, German scholar Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz found himself overwhelmed by the amount of material already written about Carlyle—in 1894. Authors on whom Carlyle's influence was particularly strong include Matthew Arnold , Elizabeth Barrett Browning , Robert Browning , Arthur Hugh Clough , Dickens, Disraeli, George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell , Frank Harris , Kingsley, George Henry Lewes , David Masson , George Meredith , Mill, Margaret Oliphant , Luigi Pirandello , Marcel Proust , Ruskin, George Bernard Shaw , and Walt Whitman . Germaine Brée has shown
1995-865: A substitute for the fifth Book of Euclid as could have been given in that space". Carlyle's translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1824) and Travels (1825) and his biography of Schiller (1825) brought him a decent income, which had before then eluded him, and he garnered a modest reputation. He began corresponding with Goethe and made his first trip to London in 1824, meeting with prominent writers such as Thomas Campbell , Charles Lamb , and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and gaining friendships with Anna Montagu, Bryan Waller Proctor , and Henry Crabb Robinson . He also travelled to Paris in October–November with Edward Strachey and Kitty Kirkpatrick , where he attended Georges Cuvier 's introductory lecture on comparative anatomy , gathered information on
2100-408: A thread, my tongue ... dry as charcoal: the people were there, I was obliged to stumble in, and start. Ach Gott! " Despite his inexperience as a lecturer and deficiency "in the mere mechanism of oratory," reviews were positive and the series proved profitable for him. During Carlyle's lecture series, The French Revolution: A History was officially published. It marked his career breakthrough. At
2205-682: A translation of Adrien Marie Legendre 's Elements of Geometry . In January 1822, Carlyle wrote "Goethe's Faust" for the New Edinburgh Review , and shortly afterwards began a tutorship for the distinguished Buller family, tutoring Charles Buller and his brother Arthur William Buller until July; he would work for the family until July 1824. Carlyle completed the Legendre translation in July 1822, having prefixed his own essay "On Proportion ", which Augustus De Morgan later called "as good
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#17327767892812310-507: A vote of 657 to 310. Carlyle travelled to Scotland to deliver his "Inaugural Address at Edinburgh" as Rector in April 1866. During his trip, he was accompanied by John Tyndall , Thomas Henry Huxley , and Thomas Erskine . One of those that welcomed Carlyle on his arrival was Sir David Brewster, president of the university and the commissioner of Carlyle's first professional writings for the Edinburgh Encyclopædia . Carlyle
2415-525: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Charles Eliot Norton Charles Eliot Norton (November 16, 1827 – October 21, 1908) was an American author, social critic, and Harvard professor of art based in New England. He was a progressive social reformer and a liberal activist whom many of his contemporaries considered the most cultivated man in the United States. He was from
2520-636: Is hardly a superior or active mind of this generation that has not been modified by Carlyle's writings; there has hardly been an English book written for the last ten or twelve years that would not have been different if Carlyle had not lived. Carlyle's two most important followers were Emerson and Ruskin . In the 19th century, Emerson was often thought of as "the American Carlyle", and he described himself in 1870 as "Lieutenant" to Carlyle's "General in Chief". Ruskin publicly acknowledged that Carlyle
2625-538: Is lost. The law classes ended in March 1820 and he did not pursue the subject any further. In the same month, he wrote several articles for David Brewster 's Edinburgh Encyclopædia (1808–1830), which appeared in October. These were his first published writings. In May and June, Carlyle wrote a review-article on the work of Christopher Hansteen , translated a book by Friedrich Mohs , and read Goethe's Faust . By
2730-470: Is represented in Woolner's medallion, which is by far the best likeness of him in the days of his strength. His head was extremely long, with the chin thrust forward; his neck was thin; the mouth firmly closed, the under lip slightly projecting; the hair grizzled and thick and bushy. His eyes, which grew lighter with age, were then of a deep violet, with fire burning at the bottom of them, which flashed out at
2835-773: The Divina Commedia (1891-91-92, 3 vols, 1902 being the publication year of Norton's thorough final edit). He worked tirelessly as secretary to the Loyal Publication Society during the Civil War , communicating with newspaper editors across the country. These included journalist Jonathan Baxter Harrison , who became a lifelong friend. From 1864 to 1868, he edited the highly influential magazine North American Review , in association with James Russell Lowell . In 1861 he and Lowell had helped Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his translation of Dante and in
2940-592: The Edinburgh Review , "Jean Paul Friedrich Richter" (1827). "Richter" was the first of many essays extolling the virtues of German authors, who were then little-known to English readers; "State of German Literature" was published in October. In Edinburgh, Carlyle made contact with several distinguished literary figures, including Edinburgh Review editor Francis Jeffrey , John Wilson of Blackwood's Magazine , essayist Thomas De Quincey , and philosopher William Hamilton . In 1827 Carlyle attempted to land
3045-604: The American Civil War . Upon publication in August, the "Ilias" drew scornful letters from David Atwood Wasson and Horace Howard Furness . In the summer of 1864, Carlyle lived at 117 Marina (built by James Burton ) in St Leonards-on-Sea , in order to be nearer to his ailing wife who was in possession of caretakers there. Carlyle planned to write four volumes but had written six by the time Frederick
3150-597: The American School of Classical Studies in Athens . During the first years of the twentieth century, Norton spoke out in favor of legalized euthanasia . He lent his name to a movement led by Ohio socialite Anna S. Hall to pass physician-assisted suicide legislation in Ohio and Iowa . Norton died at "Shady Hill," the house where he had been born, on October 21, 1908, and was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery . Norton
3255-878: The Burgher secession Presbyterian church. James Carlyle was a stonemason, later a farmer, who built the Arched House wherein his son was born. His maxim was that "man was created to work, not to speculate, or feel, or dream." Nicholas Carlisle , an English antiquary, traced his ancestry back to Margaret Bruce, sister of Robert the Bruce . As a result of his disordered upbringing, James Carlyle became deeply religious in his youth, reading many books of sermons and doctrinal arguments throughout his life. He married his first wife in 1791, distant cousin Janet, who gave birth to John Carlyle and then died. He married Margaret Aitken in 1795,
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3360-684: The Letters of Carlyle and Emerson ; in 1886, 1887 and 1888, Carlyle's Letters and Reminiscences ; in 1894, the Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis and the Letters of Lowell . Norton was appointed as Ruskin's literary executor , and he wrote various introductions for the American "Brantwood" edition of Ruskin's works. His other publications include Notes of Travel and Study in Italy (1859), and an Historical Study of Church-building in
3465-768: The Revolutions of 1848 . While embracing the latter as necessary in order to cleanse society of various forms of anarchy and misgovernment, he denounced their democratic undercurrent and insisted on the need for authoritarian leaders. These events inspired his next two works, " Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question " (1849), in which he coined the term " Dismal Science " to describe political economy, and Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850). The illiberal content of these works sullied Carlyle's reputation for some progressives, while endearing him to those that shared his views. In 1851, Carlyle wrote The Life of John Sterling as
3570-723: The Russo-Turkish War on the side of the Turks. Another letter to the Times in May 1877 "On the Crisis ", urging against the rumoured wish of Disraeli's to send a fleet to the Baltic Sea and warning not to provoke Russia and Europe at large into a war against England, marked his last public utterance. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences elected him a Foreign Honorary Member in 1878. On 2 February 1881, Carlyle fell into
3675-496: The Second Reform Bill . In 1868, he wrote reminiscences of John Wilson and William Hamilton , and his niece Mary Aitken Carlyle moved into 5 Cheyne Row, becoming his caretaker and assisting in the editing of Jane's letters. In March 1869, he met with Queen Victoria , who wrote in her journal of "Mr. Carlyle, the historian, a strange-looking eccentric old Scotchman, who holds forth, in a drawling melancholy voice, with
3780-851: The University of Edinburgh where he excelled in mathematics, inventing the Carlyle circle . After finishing the arts course, he prepared to become a minister in the Burgher Church while working as a schoolmaster. He quit these and several other endeavours before settling on literature, writing for the Edinburgh Encyclopædia and working as a translator. He found initial success as a disseminator of German literature , then little-known to English readers, through his translations, his Life of Friedrich Schiller (1825), and his review essays for various journals. His first major work
3885-419: The political economy of laissez-faire as the " Dismal Science ", and rebuked "big black Democracy ", while championing " Hero archy (Government of Heroes)". James Anthony Froude recalled his first impression of Carlyle: He was then fifty-four years old; tall (about five feet eleven), thin, but at that time upright, with no signs of the later stoop. His body was angular, his face beardless, such as it
3990-478: The " Condition-of-England Question " to address the impact of the Industrial Revolution , Carlyle's social and political philosophy is characterised by medievalism , advocating a " Chivalry of Labour" led by " Captains of Industry ". In works of social criticism such as Past and Present and Latter-Day Pamphlets , he attacked utilitarianism as mere atheism and egoism , criticised
4095-644: The "intolerable fret, noise and confusion" that he had experienced in Edinburgh, and observed what he described as "the finest and vastest prospect all round it I ever saw from any house", with "all Cumberland as in amphitheatre unmatchable". Here, he completed his "Conversion" which began with the Leith Walk incident. He achieved "a grand and ever -joyful victory", in the "final chaining down, and trampling home, 'for good,' home into their caves forever, of all" his " Spiritual Dragons ". By May 1826, problems with
4200-399: The "respectable Sub-Librarian". Carlyle's eventual solution, with the support of a number of influential friends, was to call for the establishment of a private subscription library from which books could be borrowed. Carlyle had chosen Oliver Cromwell as the subject for a book in 1840 and struggled to find what form it would take. In the interim, he wrote Past and Present (1843) and
4305-571: The Chair of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrews without success, despite support from an array of prominent intellectuals, including Goethe. He also made an unsuccessful attempt for a professorship at the University of London . In May 1828, the Carlyles moved to Craigenputtock , the main house of Jane's modest agricultural estate in Dumfriesshire, which they occupied until May 1834. He wrote
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4410-522: The Defence were supported by John Ruskin , Alfred, Lord Tennyson , Charles Dickens , and Charles Kingsley . From December 1866 to March 1867, Carlyle resided at the home of Louisa Baring, Lady Ashburton in Menton , where he wrote reminiscences of Irving, Jeffrey, Robert Southey , and William Wordsworth . In August, he published "Shooting Niagara : And After?", an essay in response and opposition to
4515-408: The Great . He viewed history as a "Prophetic Manuscript" that progresses on a cyclical basis, analogous to the phoenix and the seasons. His historiographical method emphasises the relationship between the event at hand and all those which precede and follow it, which he makes apparent through use of the present (rather than past) tense in his French Revolution and in other histories. Raising
4620-534: The Great . Although deep in grief, Carlyle remained active in public life. Amidst controversy over governor John Eyre 's violent repression of the Morant Bay rebellion , Carlyle assumed leadership of the Eyre Defence and Aid Fund in 1865 and 1866. The Defence had convened in response to the anti-Eyre Jamaica Committee , led by Mill and backed by Charles Darwin , Herbert Spencer , and others. Carlyle and
4725-618: The Heroic in History . Carlyle wrote to his brother John afterwards, "The Lecturing business went of [ sic ] with sufficient éclat; the Course was generally judged, and I rather join therein myself, to be the bad best I have yet given." In the 1840 edition of the Essays , Carlyle published "Fractions", a collection of poems written from 1823 to 1833. Later that year, he declined a proposal for
4830-518: The Middle Ages: Venice, Siena, Florence (1880). He organized exhibitions of the drawings of J. M. W. Turner (1874) and of Ruskin (1879), for which he compiled the catalogues. In 1886, he opposed the opening of a "drinking saloon" on the main street near his home, in a letter which reveals little empathy for, or understanding of the significance of, Irish immigration to Cambridge in that era. Like his friend Ruskin, Norton believed one of
4935-462: The actual Carlyle than most of the grave portraitures yet executed", for, like Siebenkäs, Carlyle was "a satirical improvisatore". Emerson saw Carlyle as "not mainly a scholar," but "a practical Scotchman, such as you would find in any saddler's or iron-dealer's shop, and then only accidentally and by a surprising addition, the admirable scholar and writer he is." Paul Elmer More found Carlyle "a figure unique, isolated, domineering—after Dr. Johnson
5040-620: The articles " Baillie the Covenanter " (1841), "Dr. Francia" (1843), and "An Election to the Long Parliament " (1844). Carlyle declined an offer for professorship from St. Andrews in 1844. The first edition of Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches : with Elucidations was published in 1845; it was a popular success and did much to revise Cromwell's standing in Britain. Carlyle visited Ireland in 1846 with Charles Gavan Duffy as
5145-406: The autumn, Carlyle had also learned Italian and was reading Vittorio Alfieri , Dante Alighieri and Sismondi , though German literature was still his foremost interest, having "revealed" to him a "new Heaven and new Earth". In March 1821, he finished two more articles for Brewster's encyclopedia, and in April he completed a review of Joanna Baillie 's Metrical Legends (1821). In May, Carlyle
5250-479: The best things one could do for working-class people was to give them opportunities to gain satisfaction by engaging in workmanship , as opposed to monotonous routine labor where they have to work like machines. T. J. Jackson Lears has described Norton as the foremost American proponent of the Arts and Crafts movement . Norton was a founding member of The Society of Arts and Crafts of Boston . In 1881 he helped found
5355-554: The birth of their sixth child. According to Turner (1999) , "Probably only someone with Norton’s experiences and scholarly range – who had written about the Mound Builders , roamed India , organized classical archaeology, scoured medieval archives, published nineteenth-century painting – could have concocted Western Civilization. And only then if he had filtered these materials through the sieve of college teaching during years of curricular anarchy. For Western civilization had
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#17327767892815460-625: The calendar year. Many but not all of the Norton Lectures have subsequently been published by the Harvard University Press . The following table lists all the published lecture series, with academic year given and year of publication, together with unpublished lectures as are known. Titles under which the lectures were published are not necessarily titles under which they were given. The post had no incumbent in years omitted. This Harvard University related article
5565-510: The climax of Carlyle's life as a writer. While still in Scotland, Carlyle received abrupt news of Jane's sudden death in London. Upon her death, Carlyle began to edit his wife's letters and write reminiscences of her. He experienced feelings of guilt as he read her complaints about her illnesses, his friendship with Lady Harriet Ashburton, and his devotion to his labour, particularly on Frederick
5670-763: The considerable impact that Carlyle had on the thought of André Gide . Carlylean influence is also seen in the writings of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa , Leopoldo Alas , Marcu Beza , Jorge Luis Borges , the Brontës , Arthur Conan Doyle , Antonio Fogazzaro , E. M. Forster , Ángel Ganivet , Lafcadio Hearn , William Ernest Henley , Marietta Holley , Rudyard Kipling , Selma Lagerlöf , Herman Melville , Alfredo Panzini , Edgar Quinet , Samuel Smiles , Tokutomi Sohō , Lord Tennyson, William Makepeace Thackeray , Anthony Trollope , Miguel de Unamuno , Alexandru Vlahuță , and Vasile Voiculescu . Carlyle's German essays and translations as well as his own writings were pivotal to
5775-478: The course of philosophical thought of his time". "The most explosive impact in English literature during the nineteenth century is unquestionably Thomas Carlyle's", writes Lionel Stevenson . "From about 1840 onward, no author of prose or poetry was immune from his influence." By 1960, he had become "the single most frequent topic of doctoral dissertations in the field of Victorian literature". While preparing for
5880-405: The divine, that "a mystic bond of brotherhood makes all men one", and that duty, work and silence are essential. Carlyle postulated the Great Man theory , a philosophy of history which contends that history is shaped by exceptional individuals. This approach to history was first promulgated in his lectures On Heroes and given specific focus in longer studies like Cromwell and Frederick
5985-423: The end of the year, Carlyle reported to Karl August Varnhagen von Ense that his earlier efforts to popularise German literature were beginning to produce results, and expressed his satisfaction: " Deutschland will reclaim her great Colony; we shall become more Deutsch , that is to say more English , at same time." The French Revolution fostered the republication of Sartor Resartus in London in 1838 as well as
6090-400: The essays "Goethe's Portrait", "Death of Goethe", "Goethe's Works", "Biography", "Boswell's Life of Johnson", and "Corn-Law Rhymes". Three months after their return from a January to May 1833 stay in Edinburgh, the Carlyles were visited at Craigenputtock by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson (and other like-minded Americans) had been deeply affected by Carlyle's essays and determined to meet him during
6195-472: The first two years there as among the most miserable of his life. In November 1809 at nearly fourteen years of age, Carlyle walked one hundred miles from his home in order to attend the University of Edinburgh ( c. 1809–1814 ), where he studied mathematics with John Leslie , science with John Playfair and moral philosophy with Thomas Brown . He gravitated to mathematics and geometry and displayed great talent in those subjects, being credited with
6300-439: The first volume after five months of writing, he lent the manuscript to Mill, who had been supplying him with materials for his research. One evening in March 1835, Mill arrived at Carlyle's door appearing "unresponsive, pale, the very picture of despair". He had come to tell Carlyle that the manuscript was destroyed. It had been "left out", and Mill's housemaid took it for wastepaper, leaving only "some four tattered leaves". Carlyle
6405-615: The following academic year. This was to be the preliminary of a ministerial career. Carlyle began teaching at Annan Academy in June 1814. He gave his first trial sermons in December 1814 and December 1815, both of which are lost. By the summer of 1815 he had taken an interest in astronomy and would study the astronomical theories of Pierre-Simon Laplace for several years. In November 1816, he began teaching at Kirkcaldy , having left Annan. There, he made friends with Edward Irving , whose ex-pupil Margaret Gordon became Carlyle's "first love". In May 1817, Carlyle abstained from enrolment in
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#17327767892816510-468: The future of his land’s soul, felt the established earth sliding under him, as horses feel coming earth-tremors. ... Norton spoke of Emerson and Wendell Holmes and Longfellow and the Alcotts and other influences of the past as we returned to his library, and he browsed aloud among his books; for he was a scholar among scholars. Norton was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1860. He began teaching at Harvard in 1874. In 1875, he
6615-402: The greatest personality in English letters, possibly even more imposing than that acknowledged dictator." George Eliot summarised Carlyle's impact in 1855: It is an idle question to ask whether his books will be read a century hence: if they were all burnt as the grandest of Suttees on his funeral pile, it would be only like cutting down an oak after its acorns have sown a forest. For there
6720-432: The importance of belief during an age of increasing doubt. Much of his work is concerned with the modern human spiritual condition; he was the first writer to use the expression " meaning of life ". In Sartor Resartus and in his early Miscellanies , he developed his own philosophy of religion based upon what he called " Natural Supernaturalism ", the idea that all things are "Clothes" which at once reveal and conceal
6825-442: The instalments appearing between November 1833 and August 1834. Despite early recognition from Emerson, Mill and others, it was generally received poorly, if noticed at all. In 1834, Carlyle applied unsuccessfully for the astronomy professorship at the Edinburgh observatory . That autumn, he arranged for the publication of a history of the French Revolution and set about researching and writing it shortly thereafter. Having completed
6930-426: The invention of the Carlyle circle . In the University library, he read many important works of eighteenth-century and contemporary history, philosophy, and belles-lettres . He began expressing religious scepticism around this time, asking his mother to her horror, "Did God Almighty come down and make wheelbarrows in a shop?" In 1813 he completed his arts curriculum and enrolled in a theology course at Divinity Hall
7035-667: The landlord and the agreement forced the family's relocation to Scotsbrig , a farm near Ecclefechan. Later in life, he remembered the year at Hoddam Hill as "perhaps the most triumphantly important of my life." In October 1826, Thomas and Jane Welsh were married at the Welsh family farm in Templand . Shortly after their marriage, the Carlyles moved into a modest home on Comely Bank in Edinburgh, that had been leased for them by Jane's mother. They lived there from October 1826 to May 1828. In that time, Carlyle published German Romance , began Wotton Reinfred , an autobiographical novel which he left unfinished, and published his first article for
7140-434: The leading writers, scientists, and public figures of the day. "Early Kings of Norway", a recounting of historical material from the Icelandic sagas transcribed by Mary acting as his amanuensis , and an essay on "The Portraits of John Knox " (both 1875) were his last major writings to be published in his lifetime. In November 1876, he wrote a letter in the Times "On the Eastern Question ", entreating England not to enter
7245-504: The least excitement. The face was altogether most striking, most impressive in every way. He was often recognised by his wideawake hat . Carlyle was a renowned conversationalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson described him as "an immense talker, as extraordinary in his conversation as in his writing,—I think even more so." Charles Darwin considered him "the most worth listening to, of any man I know." William Lecky noted his "singularly musical voice" which "quite took away anything grotesque in
7350-513: The lectures were met "with very kind acceptance from people more distinguished than ever; yet still with a feeling that I was far from the right lecturing point yet." In July, he published "On the Sinking of the Vengeur " and in December he published Chartism , a pamphlet in which he addressed the movement of the same name and raised the Condition-of-England question . In May 1840, Carlyle gave his fourth and final set of lectures, which were published in 1841 as On Heroes, Hero-Worship, &
7455-414: The library's collections of pamphlets and other material relating to the French Revolution and English Civil Wars inadequately catalogued. In particular, he developed an antipathy to the Keeper of Printed Books, Anthony Panizzi (despite the fact that Panizzi had allowed him many privileges not granted to other readers), and criticised him in a footnote to an article published in the Westminster Review as
7560-524: The mineralogical works of Abraham Gottlob Werner . In February and March, he translated a piece by Jöns Jacob Berzelius , and by September he was "reading Goethe ". In November he enrolled in "the class of Scots law ", studying under David Hume (the advocate). In December 1819 and January 1820, Carlyle made his second attempt at publishing, writing a review-article on Marc-Auguste Pictet 's review of Jean-Alfred Gautier 's Essai historique sur le problème des trois corps (1817) which went unpublished and
7665-613: The more valuable portion of his library to Harvard. Thomas Carlyle Defunct Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher from the Scottish Lowlands . A leading writer of the Victorian era , he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature, and philosophy. Born in Ecclefechan , Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Carlyle attended
7770-436: The northern terminus of a literary pilgrimage; it was to be the start of a lifelong friendship and a famous correspondence . 1833 saw the publication of the essays "Diderot" and "Count Cagliostro"; in the latter, Carlyle introduced the idea of " Captains of Industry ". In June 1834, the Carlyles moved into 5 Cheyne Row , Chelsea , which became their home for the remainder of their respective lives. Residence in London wrought
7875-540: The same notable Eliot family as the 20th-century poet T. S. Eliot , who made his career in the United Kingdom. Norton was born in 1827 in Cambridge, Massachusetts . His father, Andrews Norton (1786–1853), was a Unitarian theologian, and Dexter professor of sacred literature at Harvard ; his mother was Catherine Eliot, a daughter of the merchant Samuel Eliot . Charles William Eliot , president of Harvard,
7980-770: The same proposals which Carlyle had earlier suggested; he called the speeches "like a prophecy of better things, inexpressibly cheering." In May, he published "Indian Meal", in which he advanced maize as a remedy to the Great Famine as well as the worries of "disconsolate Malthusians ". He visited Ireland again with Duffy later that year while recording his impressions in his letters and a series of memoranda, published as Reminiscences of My Irish Journey in 1849 after his death; Duffy would publish his own memoir of their travels, Conversations with Carlyle . Carlyle's travels in Ireland deeply affected his views on society, as did
8085-630: The spring of 1874, Carlyle accepted the Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste from Otto von Bismarck and declined Disraeli's offers of a state pension and the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Bath in the autumn. On the occasion of his eightieth birthday in 1875, he was presented with a commemorative medal crafted by Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm and an address of admiration signed by 119 of
8190-472: The starting of the informal Dante Club. In 1862 Norton, at the age of 35, married 24-year-old Susan Ridley Sedgwick (21 February 1838 – 17 February 1872), daughter of Theodore Sedgwick III and Sara Morgan Ashburner. They had six children together: Eliot (1863), Sarah (1864), Elizabeth (1866), Rupert (1867), Margaret (1870) and Richard (1872). Susan died at age thirty-three in Dresden, Germany , following
8295-510: The study of medicine , introduced himself to Legendre, was introduced by Legendre to Charles Dupin , observed Laplace and several other notables while declining offers of introduction by Dupin, and heard François Magendie read a paper on the " fifth pair of nerves ". In May 1825, Carlyle moved into a cottage farmhouse in Hoddam Hill near Ecclefechan, which his father had leased for him. Carlyle lived with his brother Alexander, who, "with
8400-530: The theology course, news which his parents received with " magnanimity ". In the autumn of that year, he read De l'Allemagne (1813) by Germaine de Staël , which prompted him to seek a German teacher, with whom he learned the pronunciation. In Irving's library, he read the works of David Hume and Edward Gibbon 's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789); he would later recall that I read Gibbon, and then first clearly saw that Christianity
8505-511: The very strong Scotch accent" and "gave it a softening or charm". Henry Fielding Dickens recollected that he was "gifted with a high sense of humour, and when he laughed he did so heartily, throwing his head back and letting himself go." Thomas Wentworth Higginson remembered his "broad, honest, human laugh," one that "cleared the air like thunder, and left the atmosphere sweet." Lady Eastlake called it "the best laugh I ever heard". Charles Eliot Norton wrote that Carlyle's "essential nature
8610-555: The volume was rewritten. That year, he wrote a eulogy for his friend, "Death of Edward Irving". In April 1836, with the intercession of Emerson, Sartor Resartus was first published in book form in Boston, soon selling out its initial run of five hundred copies. Carlyle's three-volume history of the French Revolution was completed in January 1837 and sent to the press. Contemporaneously, the essay "Memoirs of Mirabeau "
8715-542: The winter at 4 (now 33) Ampton Street, Kings Cross , in a house built by Thomas Cubitt . The death of Carlyle's father in January 1832 and his inability to attend the funeral moved him to write the first of what would become the Reminiscences , published posthumously in 1881. Carlyle had not found a publisher by the time he returned to Craigenputtock in March but he had initiated important friendships with Leigh Hunt and John Stuart Mill . That year, Carlyle wrote
8820-449: The words of Ralph Waldo Emerson , the "undoubted head of English letters ", but a "secular prophet". Posthumously, his reputation suffered as publications by his friend and disciple James Anthony Froude provoked controversy about Carlyle's personal life, particularly his marriage to Jane Welsh Carlyle . His reputation further declined in the 20th century, as the onsets of World War I and World War II brought forth accusations that he
8925-495: Was John Lockwood Kipling , father of Rudyard Kipling . Father and son visited Norton in Boston; the younger Kipling recalled the visit years later in his autobiography: We visited at Boston [my father's] old friend, Charles Eliot Norton of Harvard, whose daughters I had known at The Grange in my boyhood and since. They were Brahmins of the Boston Brahmins, living delightfully, but Norton himself, full of forebodings as to
9030-451: Was "the poorest, most troublesome and arduous piece of work he has ever undertaken". In 1856, the first two volumes of History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great were sent to the press and published in 1858. During this time, he wrote "The Opera" (1852), "Project of a National Exhibition of Scottish Portraits" (1854) at the request of David Laing , and "The Prinzenraub" (1855). In October 1855, he finished The Guises ,
9135-417: Was a novel entitled Sartor Resartus (1833–34). After relocating to London, he became famous with his French Revolution (1837), which prompted the collection and reissue of his essays as Miscellanies . Each of his subsequent works, including On Heroes (1841), Past and Present (1843), Cromwell's Letters (1845), Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), and History of Frederick the Great (1858–65),
9240-447: Was a progenitor of both Prussianism and fascism . Since the 1950s, extensive scholarship in the field of Carlyle studies has improved his standing, and he is now recognised as "one of the enduring monuments of our literature who, quite simply, cannot be spared." Thomas Carlyle was born on 4 December 1795 to James and Margaret Aitken Carlyle in the village of Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire in southwest Scotland. His parents were members of
9345-517: Was advised to "go into Latin", which he did with enthusiasm; however, the schoolmaster at Hoddam did not know Latin, so he was handed over to a minister that did, with whom he made a "rapid & sure way". He then went to Annan Academy ( c. 1806–1809 ), where he studied rudimentary Greek, read Latin and French fluently, and learned arithmetic "thoroughly well". Carlyle was severely bullied by his fellow students at Annan, until he "revolted against them, and gave stroke for stroke"; he remembered
9450-540: Was appointed professor of the history of art at Harvard, a chair which was created for him and which he held until retirement in 1898. He "centered his teaching upon the golden ages of art history -- classical Athens, the Italian Gothic style of Venetian architecture, and the Florence of the early Renaissance." The Archaeological Institute of America chose him as its first president (1879–1890). Norton had
9555-466: Was attended by family and a few friends, including Froude, Conway, Tyndall, and William Lecky , as local residents looked on. Carlyle's corpus spans the genres of "criticism, biography, history, politics, poetry, and religion." His innovative writing style, known as Carlylese , greatly influenced Victorian literature and anticipated techniques of postmodern literature . In his philosophy , while not adhering to any formal religion, Carlyle asserted
9660-528: Was deeply influenced by both of them. Carlyle's early education came from his mother, who taught him reading (despite being barely literate), and his father, who taught him arithmetic. He first attended "Tom Donaldson's School" in Ecclefechan followed by Hoddam School ( c. 1802–1806 ), which "then stood at the Kirk ", located at the "Cross-roads" midway between Ecclefechan and Hoddam Castle . By age 7, Carlyle showed enough proficiency in English that he
9765-522: Was finished in 1865. Before its end, Carlyle had developed a tremor in his writing hand. Upon its completion, it was received as a masterpiece. He earned a sobriquet , the " Sage of Chelsea", and in the eyes of those that had rebuked his politics, it restored Carlyle to his position as a great man of letters. Carlyle was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in November 1865, succeeding William Ewart Gladstone and defeating Benjamin Disraeli by
9870-600: Was highly regarded throughout Europe and North America. He founded the London Library , contributed significantly to the creation of the National Portrait Galleries in London and Scotland , was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1865, and received the Pour le Mérite in 1874, among other honours. Carlyle occupied a central position in Victorian culture, being considered not only, in
9975-595: Was his cousin. Norton graduated from Harvard in 1846, where he was a member of the Hasty Pudding , and started in business with an East Indian trading firm in Boston , traveling to India in 1849. After a tour in Europe , where he was influenced by John Ruskin and pre-Raphaelite painters, he returned to Boston in 1851, and devoted himself to literature and art. He translated Dante 's Vita Nuova (1860 and 1867) and
10080-667: Was introduced to Jane Baillie Welsh by Irving in Haddington. The two began a correspondence, and Carlyle sent books to her, encouraging her intellectual pursuits; she called him "my German Master". During this time, Carlyle struggled with what he described as "the dismallest Lernean Hydra of problems, spiritual, temporal, eternal". Spiritual doubt, lack of success in his endeavours, and dyspepsia were all damaging his physical and mental health, for which he found relief only in "sea-bathing". In early July 1821, "during those 3 weeks of total sleeplessness, in which almost" his "one solace
10185-447: Was joined onstage by his fellow travellers, Brewster, Moncure D. Conway , George Harvey , Lord Neaves , and others. Carlyle spoke extemporaneously on several subjects, concluding his address with a quote from Goethe: "Work, and despair not: Wir heissen euch hoffen, 'We bid you be of hope!'" Tyndall reported to Jane in a three-word telegram that it was "A perfect triumph." The warm reception he received in his homeland of Scotland marked
10290-417: Was not published and is now lost. In October, Carlyle resigned from his position at Kirkcaldy, and left for Edinburgh in November. Shortly before his departure, he began to suffer from dyspepsia , which remained with him throughout his life. He enrolled in a mineralogy class from November 1818 to April 1819, attending lectures by Robert Jameson , and in January 1819 began to study German, desiring to read
10395-406: Was not true. Then came the most trying time of my life. I should either have gone mad or made an end of myself had I not fallen in with some very superior minds. In the summer of 1818, following an expedition with Irving through the moors of Peebles and Moffat , Carlyle made his first attempt at publishing, forwarding an article describing what he saw to the editor of an Edinburgh magazine, which
10500-506: Was published, as was " The Diamond Necklace " in January and February, and "Parliamentary History of the French Revolution" in April. In need of further financial security, Carlyle began a series of lectures on German literature in May, delivered extemporaneously in Willis' Rooms . The Spectator reported that the first lecture was given "to a very crowded and yet a select audience of both sexes." Carlyle recalled being "wasted and fretted to
10605-459: Was solitary in its strength, its sincerity, its tenderness, its nobility. He was nearer Dante than any other man." Frederic Harrison similarly observed that "Carlyle walked about London like Dante in the streets of Verona , gnawing his own heart and dreaming dreams of Inferno . To both the passers-by might have said, See! there goes the man who has seen hell". Higginson rather felt that Jean Paul 's humorous character Siebenkäs "came nearer to
10710-475: Was sympathetic: "I can be angry with no one; for they that were concerned in it have a far deeper sorrow than mine: it is purely the hand of Providence ". The next day, Mill offered Carlyle £200 (equivalent to £25,000 in 2023), of which he would only accept £100. He began the volume anew shortly afterwards. Despite an initial struggle, he was not deterred, feeling like "a runner that tho' tripped down, will not lie there, but rise and run again." By September,
10815-615: Was that of a daily bathe on the sands between [ Leith ] and Portobello ", an "incident" occurred in Leith Walk as he "went down " into the water. This was the beginning of Carlyle's "Conversion", the process by which he "authentically took the Devil by the nose" and flung " him behind me". It gave him courage in his battle against the "Hydra"; to his brother John, he wrote, "What is there to fear, indeed?" Carlyle wrote several articles in July, August and September, and in November began
10920-440: Was the author to whom he "owed more than to any other living writer", and would frequently refer to him as his "master", writing after Carlyle's death that he was "throwing myself now into the mere fulfilment of Carlyle's work". British philosopher J. H. Muirhead wrote that in his rejection of philosophical scepticism and embrace of German idealism , Carlyle "exercised an influence in England and America that no other did upon
11025-580: Was widely admired for the breadth of his intellectual interests, remarkable scholarship and interest in the common good. He was awarded the honorary degrees of Litt.D. (Cambridge) and D.C.L. (Oxford), as well as the L.H.D. from Columbia and the LL.D. from both Harvard and Yale. One of his many students at Harvard was James Loeb , who in 1907 created the "Charles Eliot Norton Memorial Lectureship" in archaeology. The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures are given annually by distinguished professors at Harvard. Norton bequeathed
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