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57-453: On 3 February 1976, two states were carves out of North-Eastern state, namely Bauchi state and Gongola state , and the remaining portion of thr North-Eastern state was renamed to Borno state . The North-Eastern state was divided into Bauchi , Borno and Gongola states. Gombe State was later split out of Bauchi, Yobe State from Borno and Gongola was split into Taraba State and Adamawa State . This Nigeria location article

114-669: A 4,000-year-old earthenware bowl containing well-preserved noodles at the Lajia archaeological site in north China; this is the oldest evidence of millet noodles in China. Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (around 3500–2000 BCE). Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of

171-447: A different enzyme in photosynthesis from C3 plants, and this is why it improves water efficiency. In southern Australia millet is used as a summer quality pasture, utilizing warm temperatures and summer storms. Millet is frost-sensitive and is sown after the frost period, once soil temperature has stabilised at 14 °C or higher. It is sown at a shallow depth. Millet grows rapidly and can be grazed 5–7 weeks after sowing, when it

228-489: A food in parts of some countries, such as China , India , Burma and North Korea . People affected by gluten-related disorders , such as coeliac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, who need a gluten-free diet , can replace gluten -containing cereals in their diets with millet. Nevertheless, while millet does not contain gluten , its grains and flour may be contaminated with gluten -containing cereals. The following table shows

285-556: A term derived from Latin millium , the Latin name for these plants. In ancient Egyptian millet was called besha or beṭ-t , in Coptic ⲃϣⲧⲉ (bēshte). Millets are small-grained, annual, warm-weather cereals belonging to the grass family. They are highly tolerant of drought and other extreme weather conditions and have a similar nutrient content to other major cereals . The millets are closely related to sorghum and maize within

342-673: A variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in Burkina Faso , doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in Zimbabwe . From there it was taken to Namibia , where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. 'Okashana 1' became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non- Sahelian country where pearl millet—locally known as mahangu —is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1'

399-426: Is 20–30 cm high. The highest feed value is from the young green leaf and shoots. The plant can quickly come to head, so it must be managed accordingly because as the plant matures, the value and palatability of feed reduces. The Japanese millets ( Echinochloa esculenta ) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. This

456-464: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bauchi State Bauchi State (Fula: Leydi Bauchi 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤦𞤢𞤵𞤷𞥅𞤭) is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria . It is bordered by Jigawa to the north, Yobe to the northeast, Gombe to the east, Taraba and Plateau to the south, Kaduna to the west and Kano to the northwest. It takes its name from

513-401: Is a high degree of ethnic interaction especially in marriage and economic existence. Some of the ethnic groups have joking relationships that exist between them, e.g. Fulani and Kanuri , Jarawa and Sayawa , etc. The Durbar Festival is a major annual attraction. The Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University is located in the capital city Bauchi. Other educational institutions located in

570-470: Is also eaten sweet, boiled in water with apples added during the boiling process and honey added during the cooling process. Millet is the main ingredient in bánh đa kê, a Vietnamese sweet snack. It contains a layer of smashed millet and mungbean topped with sliced dried coconut meat wrapped in a crunchy rice cake. In parts of Africa it is mixed with milk and consumed as Brukina . In India, various alcoholic beverages are produced from millets. Millet

627-422: Is also the base ingredient for the distilled liquor rakshi . In addition to being used for seed, millet is also used as a grazing forage crop. Instead of letting the plant reach maturity, it can be grazed by stock and is commonly used for sheep and cattle. Millet is a C4 plant, which means that it has good water-use efficiency and utilizes high temperature and is therefore a summer crop. A C4 plant uses

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684-546: Is believed to have been domesticated around 5000 BCE in Indian subcontinent and Kodo millet ( Paspalum scrobiculatum ) around 3700 BCE, also in Indian subcontinent. Various millets have been mentioned in some of the Yajurveda texts, identifying foxtail millet ( priyaṅgu ), Barnyard millet ( aṇu ) and black finger millet ( śyāmāka ), indicating that millet cultivation was happening around 1200 BCE in India. Upon request by

741-963: Is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research in Telangana , India, and by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service at Tifton, Georgia , United States. Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia. Millets are not only adapted to poor, dry infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding

798-468: Is causing alarm among residents of the settlements of Alkaleri and Kirfi in Bauchi State. Bauchi State has a total of 55 tribal groups which include Gerawa , Sayawa , Jarawa , Kirfawa, Turawa Bolewa , Karekare , Kanuri , Fa'awa , Butawa , Warjawa , Zulawa, Boyawa MBadawa . There are cultural similarities in the people's language , occupational practices, festivals , dress and there

855-630: Is due to a number of factors: it gives better regrowth and is later to mature compared to other Japanese millets; it is cheap – cost of seed is $ 2–$ 3 per kg; it is quick to establish, can be grazed early, and is suitable for both sheep and cattle. Compared to forage sorghum, which is grown as an alternative grazing forage, animals gain weight faster on millet, and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter. Lambs do better on millet compared to sorghum . Millet does not contain prussic acid , which can be in sorghum. Prussic acid poisons animals by inhibiting oxygen utilisation by

912-768: Is now Bauchi State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Bolewa , Butawa, and Warji in the central region; the Fulani , Kanuri , and Karai-Karai in the north; the Bankal, Jaku and Gerawa in and around the city of Bauchi ; the Zaar and the Gwak in the south; the Dugurawa in the southeast; and the Jarawa in the southwest. Religiously, the vast majority of

969-484: Is over 65 percent (see mahangu ). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include Ethiopia , Nigeria and Uganda . Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as

1026-670: Is required. Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa. In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in Burkina Faso , Chad and the Gambia . In Mali and Senegal , millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in Niger and arid Namibia it

1083-507: Is the coldest month of the year in Bauchi. Particulate matter, which has a diameter of less than 10 microns and is 1/7th the thickness of a human hair, is a significant source of air pollution in Bauchi. These particles, which can include smoke, soot, dust, salt, acids, and metals, pose a serious threat to health because they may be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lungs. Gully erosion, which has swept away bridges, culverts, and homes,

1140-556: The Early Neolithic of China. Some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at Cishan (north), where proso millet husk phytoliths and biomolecular components have been identified around 10,300–8,700 years ago in storage pits along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation. Evidence at Cishan for foxtail millet dates back to around 8,700 years ago. Noodles made from these two varieties of millet were found under

1197-673: The Indian Government in 2018, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations(FAO) declared 2023 as International Year of Millets. Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa from Pennisetum violaceum . Early archaeological evidence in Africa includes finds at Birimi in northern Ghana (1740 cal BC ) and Dhar Tichitt in Mauritania (1936–1683 cal BC) and

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1254-603: The Mumun pottery period (about 1500–300 BCE) in Korea. Millets and their wild ancestors, such as barnyard grass and panic grass , were also cultivated in Japan during the Jōmon period sometime after 4000 BCE. Chinese myths attribute the domestication of millet to Shennong , a legendary Emperor of China, and Hou Ji , whose name means Lord Millet. Little millet ( Panicum sumatrense )

1311-549: The PACMAD clade of grasses, and more distantly to the cereals of the BOP clade such as wheat and barley . Bambusoideae (bamboos)  ( fescue , ryegrass ) Hordeum (barley) Triticum (wheat) Secale (rye) Oryza (rice) Pennisetum (fountaingrasses, pearl millet ) Millets Sorghum (sorghum) Zea (maize) The different species of millets are not all closely related. All are members of

1368-468: The Sahara in western Africa. Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per-hectare basis, millet grain production can be 2 to 4 times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet with enhanced disease resistance can significantly increase farm yield. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1',

1425-457: The desert condition in the far north. So also is the case in Bauchi state. Consequently, rains start earlier in the southern part of the state, where rain is heaviest and lasts longer. Here the rains start in April with the highest record amount of 1,300 millimetres (51 in) per annum. In contrast, the northern part of the state receives the rains late, usually around June or July, and records

1482-694: The acting Director-general of the Bauchi State Emergency Management Agency (BASEMA), Mr Bala Lame, said "No fewer than 100 houses and several farmlands have been destroyed by devastating floods in Darazo LGA of the state". This he attributed to flooding after three days of persistent rainfall in the area. The average annual temperature ranges from 57 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, with occasional exceptions when it falls below 51 or rises over 104. The greatest time of year to visit Bauchi for warm-weather activities, according to

1539-463: The area. For instance, the rainfall in Bauchi state ranges between 1,300 millimetres (51 in) per annum in the south and only 700 millimetres (28 in) per annum in the extreme north. This pattern is because in the West Africa sub-region, rains generally come from the south as they are carried by the south-westerlies. There is therefore a progressive dryness towards the north, culminating in

1596-445: The cells and is transported in the blood around the body — ultimately the animal will die from asphyxia . There is no need for additional feed supplements such as sulfur or salt blocks with millet. The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing

1653-526: The cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice , especially in northern China and Korea. The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought, and this has been suggested to have aided its spread. Asian varieties of millet made their way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BCE. Millet

1710-453: The deputy governor of Bauchi State. The State government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's House of Assembly. The Capital city of the State is Bauchi. The electoral system of to the state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of

1767-415: The executive arm of the state government is headed by a governor who is eligible for a re-election once. As at 2019, the governor of Bauchi State is Bala Mohammed, who emerged victorious in the 9 March 2019 Governorship election with the political party PDP. He was sworn in on 29 May 2019, making him the 6th democratic governor of Bauchi State and the 16th governor of Bauchi State overall. Baba Tela serves as

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1824-468: The family Poaceae (the grasses), but they belong to different tribes and subfamilies. Commonly cultivated millets are: Eragrostideae tribe in the subfamily Chloridoideae : Paniceae tribe in the subfamily Panicoideae : Andropogoneae tribe, also in the subfamily Panicoideae : Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists , relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that

1881-640: The highest amount of 700 millimetres (28 in) per annum. In the same vein, the weather experienced in the south and the north varies considerably. While it is humidly hot during the early part of the rainy season in the south, the hot, dry and dusty weather lingers up north. In addition to rainfall, Bauchi state is watered by a number of rivers. They include the Gongola and Jama'are rivers. The Gongola River crosses Bauchi state in Tafawa Balewa Local Government Area in

1938-416: The historic city of Bauchi , which also serves as its capital. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Gombe State , which became a distinct state in 1996. Of the 36 states , Bauchi is the fifth largest in area and also the fifth most populous , with an estimated population of over 8,308,800 as of 2022. Geographically,

1995-745: The local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread ( rotla in Gujarati, bhakri in Marathi, or roti in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of roti . Other millets such as ragi (finger millet) in Karnataka , naachanie in Maharashtra , or kezhvaragu in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with

2052-658: The lower Tilemsi valley in Mali (2500 to 2000 cal BC). Studies of isozymes suggest domestication took place north east of the Senegal River in the far west of the Sahel and tentatively around 6000 BC. Pearl millet had arrived in the Indian subcontinent by 2000 BC to 1700 BC. Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BCE. Research on millets

2109-795: The number of dams meant for irrigation and other purposes. These include the Gubi and Tilde-Fulani dams. There are also lakes such as the Maladumba Lake in Misau Local Government Area that further provide the necessary conditions to support Agriculture . Bauchi has an oppressive wet season while the dry season is partly cloudy, and it is hot year-round. Over the year, the temperature also varies. Like every other state in Nigeria, Bauchi state has not been spared in devastating effects of climate change. On 11 July 2022,

2166-628: The popular ragi rotti and Ragi mudde is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture. Millet porridge is a traditional food in Russian , German , and Chinese cuisines. In Russia, it is eaten sweet (with milk and sugar added at the end of the cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. In China, it is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, sweet potato , and/or various types of squash . In Germany, it

2223-740: The sole exception is China , number three in global production, at 2.7 million tonnes. Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, sorghum (called jowar , jola , dzonnalu , jwaarie , or jondhahlaa in Gujarati , Kannada , Telugu , Hindi and Marathi languages, respectively; mutthaari , kora , or panjappullu in Malayalam ; or cholam in Tamil ) has been commonly used with millet flour (called jowari in western India) for hundreds of years to make

2280-606: The south and in Kirfi and Alkaleri Local Government Areas in the eastern part of the state, while the Jama’are River cuts across a number of Local Government Areas in the northern part of the state. Moreover, a substantial part of the Hadeja-Jama'are River basin lies in Bauchi state, which along with various fadama (floodplain) areas in the state provides suitable land for agricultural activities. These are further supported by

2337-543: The south, Gombe for 277 km (172 mi) to the east, Yobe for 188 km (117 mi) to the north-east, Kaduna to the west for 32 km (20 mi), and Kano for 131 km (81 mi) to the north-west. Bauchi state is one of the states in the northern part of Nigeria that span two distinctive vegetation zones, namely, the Sudan savannah and the Sahel savannah . The Sudan savannah type of vegetation covers

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2394-426: The southern part of the state. Here, the vegetation gets richer and richer towards the south, especially along water sources or rivers , but generally, the vegetation is less uniform and grasses are shorter than what grows even farther south, that is, in the forest zone of the middle belt. The Sahel type of savannah, also known as semi-desert vegetation, becomes manifest from the middle of the state as one moves from

2451-722: The state has a population of 4,653,066. In the early 1800s, the Fulani jihad seized much of modern-day Bauchi State and formed the Bauchi Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate . About 90 years later, a British expedition occupied the Emirate and incorporated it as Bauchi Province into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, modern-day Bauchi State

2508-586: The state include Bauchi State University , Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic , Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi and Federal university of health science Azare. Federal Highways: Other major roads: Railways: Airport: West Chadic language groups spoken in Bauchi State: Languages of Bauchi State listed by LGA: Other languages of Bauchi State are Ajawa, Beele, Berom, Kanuri, Kwaami, Manga, Pero, and Piya-Kwonci. See also : List of governors of Bauchi State Like all Nigerian states,

2565-661: The state is divided between the West Sudanian savanna in the south and the drier, semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north with a small part of the montane Jos Plateau in the southwest. A key defining characteristic of the state’s landscape is Yankari National Park , a large wildlife park in southern Bauchi State that contains large populations of waterbuck , African buffalo , patas monkey , hippopotamus , roan antelope , and western hartebeest along with some of Nigeria's last remaining West African lion , African leopard and African bush elephant populations. What

2622-1034: The state's population (~80%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities at about 15% and 5%, respectively. Evangelicals are the dominant Christian denomination but there are also adherents of the Roman Catholic faith. The Anglican Diocese of Bauchi is part of the Province of Jos, within the Church of Nigeria. As a major agriculture-based state, the Bauchi State economy partially relies on livestock and crops, such as cotton , groundnuts , millet , tomatoes , and yams with advanced irrigation schemes increasing agricultural production since statehood. Other industries include food processing and canning facilities, tin and columbite mining, and tourism in Yankari National Park and its Wikki Warm Springs. According to tradition , it

2679-481: The state's south to its north. This type of vegetation comprises isolated stands of thorny shrubs . On the other hand, the southwestern part of the state is mountainous as a result of the continuation of the Jos Plateau , while the northern part is generally sandy . The vegetation types as described above are conditioned by the climatic factors, which in turn determine the amount of rainfall received in

2736-448: The then Bauchi State was increased to 20 and later to 23. However, in 1997 when Gombe State was created out of Bauchi and additional local governments were created in the country, Bauchi State was left with 20 local government areas as shown below. Bauchi State has gone through a tremendous transformation over the years. The Ajawa language was spoken in Bauchi State, but became extinct by 1940 as speakers shifted to Hausa . Sharia law

2793-495: The tourist score, is from early December to early February. From 28 February to 10 May is the hot season, which lasts 2.5 months and has an average daily high temperature of over 96 °F. Averaging a high of 99 °F and a low of 74 °F, April is the hottest month of the year in Bauchi. From 15 July to 1 October, the cool season, which has an average daily high temperature below 86 °F, lasts for 2.6 months. With an average low of 58 °F and high of 90 °F, January

2850-408: The vote in at least two-thirds of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas. Millet Millets ( / ˈ m ɪ l ɪ t s / ) are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses , widely grown around

2907-401: The widely cultivated sorghum ; apart from that, pearl millet is the most commonly cultivated of the millets. Finger millet , proso millet , and foxtail millet are other important crop species. Millets may have been consumed by humans for about 7,000 years and potentially had "a pivotal role in the rise of multi-crop agriculture and settled farming societies". Etymologically, millet is

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2964-487: The world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most millets belong to the tribe Paniceae . Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa, especially in India , Mali , Nigeria , and Niger , with 97% of production in developing countries . The crop is favoured for its productivity and short growing season under hot dry conditions. The millets are sometimes understood to include

3021-689: Was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State . After the North-Eastern State was split, Bauchi State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Twenty years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Gombe State . With the creation of Bauchi State in 1976, then comprising present Bauchi and Gombe State , it included 16 local government areas. The number of local government areas in

3078-522: Was adopted in June 2001. Bauchi State consists of twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs). They are: Bauchi State occupies a total land area of 49,119 km (18,965 sq mi) representing about 5.3% of Nigeria's total land mass and is located between latitudes 9° 3' and 12° 3' north and longitudes 8° 50' and 11° east . The state is bordered by seven states, Jigawa to the north, Taraba for 54 km and Plateau for 360 km (220 mi) to

3135-649: Was growing wild in Greece as early as 3000 BCE, and bulk storage containers for millet have been found from the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia and northern Greece. Hesiod describes that "the beards grow round the millet, which men sow in summer." And millet is listed along with wheat in the third century BCE by Theophrastus in his "Enquiry into Plants". Proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) and foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ) were important crops beginning in

3192-408: Was named after a hunter known as Baushe, who settled in the region before the arrival of Yakubu, the first traditional ruler of the Bauchi emirate (founded 1800–10). Bauchi and Adamawa were the two main sources of freedom and tourism for the Fulani empire of Sokoto . What is now known as Bauchi, was until 1976 a province in the then North-Eastern State of Nigeria. According to the 2006 census,

3249-483: Was then introduced to Chad . The breed has significantly enhanced yields in Mauritania and Benin . In 2022, global production of millet was 30.9 million tonnes . India is the top millet producer worldwide, with 11.8 million tonnes grown annually – some 38% of the world total and nearly triple its nearest rival. Eight of the remaining nine nations in the top 10 producers are in Africa, ranging from Niger (at 3.7 million tonnes) to Chad (0.7 million tonnes);

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