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59-457: Northumbrian Water Limited is a private limited company registered in England and Wales under company number 2366703, incorporated in this form in 1989. Northumbrian Water's operations cover an area of 9,400 km and extend from the urban conurbations of Tyneside , Wearside and Teesside to the sparsely populated rural districts of Durham and Northumberland. A small area around Hartlepool

118-455: A Wales criminal justice system . England and Wales are treated as a single unit for some purposes, because the two form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. The continuance of Scots law was guaranteed under the 1706 Treaty of Union that led to the Acts of Union 1707 , and as a consequence English law—and after 1801 , Irish law —continued to be separate. Following

177-595: A Grade II listed structure. Lumley Castle was built in 1389. It is on the eastern bank of the River Wear and overlooks the town and the Riverside Park. The Queens Head Hotel is located in the central area of the Front Street. It was built over 250 years ago when Front Street formed part of the main route from Edinburgh and Newcastle to London and the south of England. A Grade II listed building, it

236-642: A Lloegr ) is one of the three legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom . It covers the constituent countries England and Wales and was formed by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . The substantive law of the jurisdiction is English law . The devolved Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh : Senedd Cymru ) – previously named the National Assembly for Wales – was created in 1999 under

295-651: A Preservation Trust. It contains a 1904-built rotative beam engine , and a 1914 gas engine, believed to be the largest working preserved example in Europe. The Kielder Transfer Scheme provides a means to utilise the excess capacity of Kielder Water to meet shortfalls in either of the Central and Southern zones. The heart of the scheme is a 21-mile-long (34 km) tunnel, the Tyne-Tees Tunnel, through which water flows under gravity to outfalls at Frosterley on

354-549: A casualty station at Agincourt, according to Sir Simon Jenkins in his England's Thousand Best Churches . This and Lumley Castle are Chester-le-Street's only Grade I listed buildings . The small United Reformed Church on Low Chare, just off the main Front Street, was built in 1814 as the Bethel Congregational Chapel and remodelled in 1860. It is still in use and is a Grade II listed building. The Riverside Ground , known for sponsorship reasons as

413-458: A fort named Concangis or Concagium , which was a Latinisation of the original Celtic name for the area, which also gave name to the waterway through the town, Cong Burn . The precise name is uncertain as it does not appear in Roman records, but Concangis is the name most cited today. Although a meaning "Place of the horse people" has been given, scholarly authorities consider the meaning of

472-512: A peak in the early 19th century as more people and new mail services were carried by stagecoach , before declining as railways became more popular. The town was bypassed when the A167 road was routed around the town and this was later supplanted by the A1(M) motorway. From the late 17th century onwards, coal was dug in increasing quantities in the region. At the same time, the growth of the mines and

531-561: A rare surviving 14th century anchorage, one of the best-preserved in the country . It was occupied by six anchorites from 1383 to c. 1538 and its walled-up cell had only a slit from which the anchorite could observe the altar and receive food, while outside was an open grave for when the occupant died. It is now a museum known as the Anker's House. The north aisle is occupied by a line of Lumley family effigies, only five genuine, assembled circa 1590. Some have been chopped off to fit and resemble

590-553: A safer home in Durham. The title has been revived as the Roman Catholic titular see of Cuncacestre . The church was rebuilt in stone in 1054 and, despite the loss of its bishopric , seems to have retained a degree of wealth and influence. In 1080, most of the huts in the town were burned and many people killed in retaliation for the death of Walcher , the first prince-bishop , at the hands of an English mob. The region ?

649-581: A treatment works at Great Lumley , the minimum flow being maintained through discharges from Burnhope or Tunstall. In the event that neither Burnhope nor Tunstall can satisfy regulatory discharges to meet the minimum maintained flow on the Wear, water can be transferred into the Wear via the Kielder Transfer Scheme, which can also be used to supplement or replace water from Derwent reservoir or to replenish Waskerley reservoir. Coastal parts of

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708-655: A water treatment works at Lartington , just south of Cotherstone . The main reservoirs are Selset and Grassholme in Lunedale , and Balderhead , Blackton and Hury in Baldersdale . Two further reservoirs, at Lockwood Beck and Scaling Dam , on the North Yorkshire Moors , are no longer used for water supply and serve purely as recreational facilities. Water is abstracted from the Tees for treatment at

767-643: Is a stop on the East Coast Main Line of the National Rail network between Newcastle and Durham; it opened in 1868. The station is served by two train operating companies : The station is managed by Northern Trains. The town is mentioned in the 1963 song " Slow Train " by Flanders and Swann : No churns, no porter, no cat on a seat, At Chorlton-cum-Hardy or Chester-le-Street. Chester-le-Street's bus services are operated primarily by Go North East and Arriva North East ; routes connect

826-595: Is also a treatment works. Within the Northern zone, water is abstracted from the North Tyne at Barrasford and from the Tyne at Ovingham , with discharges from Kielder Water ensuring that the minimum regulated flow is maintained in the two rivers. From Barrasford, water is pumped to West Hallington reservoir, while water abstracted at Ovingham is used to supply Horsley treatment works and can also be used to replenish

885-464: Is distinct from those of Northern Ireland and Scotland , and from Commonwealth realms . The national parks of England and Wales have a distinctive legislative framework and history. Chester-le-Street Chester-le-Street ( / ˈ tʃ ɛ s t ə l i s t r iː t / ) is a market town in the County Durham district, in the ceremonial county of Durham , England. It

944-485: Is excluded from NW's water supply licence; this area is supplied by Hartlepool Water , a water-only company. The total population served by NW is 2.7m people using: NW's operations are split between two resource zones: Berwick and Fowberry resource zone; and Kielder resource zone. This zone covers a small area in north Northumberland, centred on the towns of Berwick and Wooler which has no access to stored water and its water supplies come entirely from an aquifer in

1003-606: Is located around 6 miles (10 kilometres) north of Durham and is also close to Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland . The town holds markets on Saturdays. In 2021, the town had a population of 23,555. The town's history is ancient; records date to a Roman-built fort called Concangis . The Roman fort is the Chester (from the Latin castra ) of the town's name; the Street refers to the paved Roman road that ran north–south through

1062-507: Is set back from the street and is still one of the largest buildings in the town centre. Chester-le-Street Post Office at 137 Front Street is in Art Deco style and replaced a smaller building located on the corner of Relton Terrace and Ivanhoe Terrace. It opened in 1936 and is unusual in that it is one of a handful of post offices that display the royal cypher from the brief reign of Edward VIII . St Mary and St Cuthbert church possesses

1121-466: Is to be transferred, it is abstracted from the Tyne at Riding Mill, a compensating discharge being made from Kielder Water into the North Tyne. From Riding Mill, the water is pumped up the rising main to Letch House, from where it flows downhill through the tunnel. Under normal conditions, transfers to the Wear and the Tees are not required, as Tunstall and Burnhope reservoirs are usually able to meet

1180-765: The Government of Wales Act 1998 and provides a degree of self-government in Wales. The powers of the legislature were expanded by the Government of Wales Act 2006 , which allows it to pass its own laws , and the Act also formally separated the Welsh Government from the Senedd. There is no equivalent body for England , which is directly governed by the parliament and government of the United Kingdom . During

1239-623: The Roman occupation of Britain , the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit, except for the land to the north of Hadrian's Wall – though the Roman-occupied area varied in extent, and for a time extended to the Antonine/Severan Wall . At that time, most of the native inhabitants of Roman Britain spoke Brythonic languages , and were all regarded as Britons , divided into numerous tribes. After

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1298-670: The Ropery Lane ground. They are the current Champions of the North East Premier League , won the national ECB 45 over tournament in 2009 and reached the quarter-final of the national 20/20 club championship in 2009. Chester-le-Street Amateur Rowing Club is based on the River Wear near the Riverside cricket ground and has been there for over 100 years. During the summer months the club operate mainly on

1357-652: The red dragon of Wales was dropped and replaced with the unicorn of Scotland with the succession of King James I who demoted Wales' status on the coat of arms and on the first adaptation of the Flag of Great Britain . Prior to 1746, it was not clear whether a reference to "England" in legislation included Wales, and so in 1746, Parliament passed the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 . This specified that in all prior and future laws, references to "England" would by default include Wales (and Berwick-upon-Tweed ). The Wales and Berwick Act

1416-471: The 1530s as "Chiefly one main street of very mean building in height.", a sentiment echoed by Daniel Defoe . The viaduct to the northwest of the town centre was completed in 1868 for the North Eastern Railway , to enable trains to travel at high speed on a more direct route between Newcastle and Durham. It is over 230m long with 11 arches, now spanning a road and supermarket car-park, and is

1475-635: The 20th century. Examples are the Welsh Language Acts 1967 and 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998 . Measures and Acts of the Senedd apply in Wales, but not in England. Following the Government of Wales Act, effective since May 2007, the Senedd can legislate on matters devolved to it. Following a referendum on 3 March 2011 , the Senedd gained direct law-making powers, without

1534-510: The Broken Scar treatment works, near Low Coniscliffe on the outskirts of Darlington , and for industrial water at Blackwell , just downstream from Broken Scar, and Low Worsall , near Kirklevington . Tees Cottage Pumping Station is sited across the A67 from Broken Scar. This Victorian facility, which closed in 1980, is still owned by Northumbrian Water, but is now opened as a museum by

1593-651: The Central zone, including Sunderland , are supplied with drinking water from boreholes and shafts that abstract groundwater from aquifers in the underlying Magnesian limestone. The largest reservoir in the Southern zone is Cow Green, in upper Teesdale, which is used solely to regulate flow in the River Tees. There are two chains of reservoirs on the Lune and the Balder , tributaries of the Tees, which in combination supply

1652-507: The Gateshead-Newcastle Western Bypass of the A1(M) was opened, many roads in this area were renumbered; they followed the convention that roads originating between single digit A roads take their first digit from the single digit A road in an anticlockwise direction from their point of origin. Newcastle Road, which was formerly designated A1 , is now unclassified. The A6127 was renamed the A167 . Car traffic

1711-756: The Great in his Legal Code , c.  893 . However, after the Norman invasion of Wales in the 11th century, English law came to apply in the parts of Wales conquered by the Normans (the Welsh Marches ). In 1283, the English, led by Edward I , with the biggest army brought together in England since the 11th century, conquered the remainder of Wales , then organised as the Principality of Wales . This

1770-598: The Northern zone is Kielder Water . Others include: Fontburn , on the River Font , which feeds an adjacent treatment works; and Catcleugh , on the River Rede , which is connected by the Rede pipeline with Gunnerton treatment works, 27 miles (44 km) downstream. Catcleugh is also at the start of a sequence that includes reservoirs at Colt Crag , two at Hallington and a complex of seven at Whittle Dene , where there

1829-611: The Romans left, there is no record of who lived there, until 883, when a group of monks, driven out of Lindisfarne seven years earlier, stopped there to build a wooden shrine and church to St Cuthbert, whose body they had borne with them. It became the seat of the Bishop of Lindisfarne , making the church a cathedral. There, the monks translated the Lindisfarne Gospels into English. They stayed for 112 years, leaving in 995 for

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1888-497: The Seat Unique Riverside, is home to Durham County Cricket Club which became a first class county in 1992. Since 1999, the ground has hosted many international fixtures, usually involving the England cricket team . The ground was also host to two fixtures at the 1999 Cricket World Cup , and three fixtures at the 2019 Cricket World Cup . The town also has its own cricket club, Chester-le-Street Cricket Club based at

1947-399: The Wear and at Eggleston on the Tees. The tunnel is fed by a pipeline, nearly 4 miles long and 6.5 ft (2 metres) in diameter, between Riding Mill , on the Tyne, and Letch House, the high point in the system. There is a direct connection between the tunnel and Mosswood treatment works and further access is provided at Waskerley via a submersible pump in the tunnel's airshaft . If water

2006-544: The Whittle Dene complex. The treatment works at Horsley and Whittle Dean jointly meet the needs of Tyneside and south-east Northumberland. In the Central zone, the main reservoirs are Derwent and Burnhope ; other, smaller reservoirs are at Tunstall and Waskerley , both on Waskerley Beck, and at Smiddy Shaw and Hisehope . Derwent reservoir supplies Mosswood treatment works, 2 miles (4 km) away, and Burnhope supplies Wear Valley treatment works at Wearhead . With

2065-429: The available capacity of nearly 360,000 million litres; Kielder Water , with a capacity of 196,000 million litres, alone accounts for 55% of available resources. Water is supplied to the treatment works either from a nearby reservoir or by abstraction from one of the major rivers. In the latter case, the flow of the river has to be maintained by discharging water from a reservoir further upstream. The major reservoir in

2124-585: The conquest, the Romans administered this region as a single unit, the province of Britain . Long after the departure of the Romans, the Britons in what became Wales developed their own system of law , first codified by Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good; reigned 942–950) when he was king of most of present-day Wales (compare King of Wales ); in England Anglo-Saxon law was initially codified by Alfred

2183-501: The demand for compensating flows on the Wear and Cow Green is able to meet demands on the Tees; since the Scheme became operational, transfers to the Tees have only been required in two years, 1983 and 1989. Transfers to the Central zone are usually required for a period of 12 weeks in the summer, when the reservoirs supplying Honey Hill are unable to meet the full demand. England and Wales England and Wales ( Welsh : Cymru

2242-530: The flood plains of the River Wear, and are often flooded when the river bursts its banks. The town centre is subject to occasional flash flooding , usually after very heavy rain over the town and surrounding areas, if the rain falls too quickly for it to be drained away by Cong Burn. The flooding occurs at the bottom of Front Street where the Cong Burn passes under the street, after it was enclosed in concrete in 1932. John Leland described Chester-le-Street in

2301-493: The influx of miners supported local businesses, not just the many inns but new shops and services, themselves bringing in more people to work in them. These people would later work in new industries established in the town to take advantage of its good communications and access to raw materials. On the evening of 5 October 1936, the Jarrow Marchers stopped at the town centre after their first day's walk. The church hall

2360-515: The law applicable to that business entity. A registered office must be specified as "in Wales" if the company wishes to use a name ending cyfyngedig or cyf , rather than Limited or Ltd. or to avail itself of certain other privileges relating to the official use of the Welsh language. Outside the legal system, the position is mixed. Some organisations combine as "England and Wales", others are separate. The order of precedence in England and Wales

2419-536: The legal system of the Kingdom of England. This was in part to update outdated Welsh laws, but also to control Wales alongside England; through these acts, the Welsh could be seen as equals to the English. This was reflected on both Henry VIII and Elizabeth I 's coat of arms where the dragon represented Wales and the lion represented England. As soon as the Tudor dynasty ended with the death of Elizabeth I , however,

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2478-527: The name obscure. Old English forms of the name include Cuneceastra and Conceastre , which takes its first two syllables from the Roman name, with the addition of the Old English word ceaster 'Roman fortification'. The Universal Etymological English Dictionary of 1749 gives the town as Chester upon Street (and describes it as "a Village in the Bishoprick of Durham"). At some point this

2537-650: The need to consult Westminster. This was the first time in almost 500 years that Wales had its own powers to legislate. Each piece of Welsh legislation is known as an Act of Senedd Cymru . For a company to be incorporated in the United Kingdom, its application for registration with Companies House must state "whether the company's registered office is to be situated in England and Wales (or in Wales), in Scotland or in Northern Ireland", which will determine

2596-410: The opening of the new Wear Valley works, in 2004, an older facility at Tunstall was closed, and Tunstall reservoir is now used solely to maintain regulated flow on the Wear. The reservoirs at Waskerley, Hisehope and Smiddy Shaw supply Honey Hill treatment works, which lies just below Smiddy Shaw; Honey Hill is also supplied from Burnhope. Water is abstracted from the Wear at Chester-le-Street to supply

2655-480: The region's three conurbations. Under normal circumstances, each zone is self-sufficient in water resources, but provision exists to transfer water from the northern zone to either of the others, via the Kielder Transfer Scheme. The zone's water supplies are supported by a system of impounding reservoirs, river pumping stations, and water treatment works. There are 29 impounding reservoirs, of which three—Kielder, Derwent and Cow Green — account for 78% of

2714-403: The river, but in the winter move to indoor sessions during the evenings and use the river at weekends. The club has over 160 members of which 90 are junior members, with numbers increasing annually. The club are well thought of by British Rowing as a lead club for junior development with many juniors now competing at GB level, and some competing for GB at international events. Medieval football

2773-600: The town with Newcastle , Durham , Middlesbrough and Seaham . The town is the original home of The Northern General Transport Company, which has since grown into Go North East; it operated from the Picktree Lane Depot until 2023 when it was demolished. It also pioneered the use of Minilink bus services in the North East in 1985. Front Street first carried the A1 road , between London and Edinburgh , through

2832-578: The town. The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert remained for 112 years, before being transferred to Durham Cathedral . An Old English translation of the Gospels was made in the 10th century: a word-for-word gloss of the Latin Vulgate text, inserted between the lines by Aldred the Scribe , who was Provost of Chester-le-Street . The Romans founded

2891-670: The town. A bypass was built in the 1950s, which still exists today as the A167 . The bypass road itself was partly bypassed by, and partly incorporated in, the A1(M) motorway in the 1970s. The northern end of Front Street was once the start of the A6127, which is the road that would continue through Birtley , Gateshead and eventually over the Tyne Bridge ; it become the A6127(M) central motorway in Newcastle upon Tyne . However, when

2950-407: The two Acts of Union, Parliament can restrict the effect of its laws to part of the realm, and generally the effect of laws, where restricted, was originally applied to one or more of the former kingdoms. Thus, most laws applicable to England also applied to Wales. However, Parliament now passes laws applicable to Wales and not to England (and vice versa), a practice which was rare before the middle of

3009-437: The underlying Fell Sandstone , from which water is abstracted via boreholes . 99% of the population served by Northumbrian Water is in the Kielder zone, so named from Kielder Water , the largest reservoir in NW's region. The zone is split into three supply zones, Northern, Central and Southern, which correspond broadly to the catchment areas of the rivers Tyne , Wear and Tees respectively, each of which incorporates one of

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3068-423: The urban and rural districts, as well as other areas formed a non-metropolitan district . It was abolished in 2009 reforms when the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. The town has a mild climate and gets well below average rainfall relative to the UK. It does though experience occasional floods . To the east of the town lies the Riverside cricket ground and Riverside Park . They were built on

3127-403: Was not recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Cade's Road did not fall out of use but was hidden beneath later roads which became the Great North Road, the main route from London and the south to Newcastle and Edinburgh . The town's location on the road played a significant role in its development, as well as its name, as inns sprang up to cater for the travelling trade. This trade reached

3186-429: Was once played in the town. The game was played annually on Shrove Tuesday between the "Upstreeters" and "Downstreeters". Play started at 1 pm and finished at 6 pm. To start the game, the ball was thrown from a window in the centre of the town and in one game more than 400 players took part. The centre of the street was the dividing line and the winner was the side where the ball was (Up or Down) at 6 pm. It

3245-522: Was played from the Middle Ages until 1932, when it was outlawed by the police and people trying to carry on the tradition were arrested. Chester-le-Street United F.C. were founded in 2020 and compete in the Northern Football League Division Two. In the 2022/23 season they finished above their local rivals Chester-le-Street Town F.C. who were founded in 1972 and compete in the Northern Football League Division Two and based just outside Chester-le-street in Chester Moor. Chester-le-Street railway station

3304-417: Was repealed by the Welsh Language Act 1967 , although the statutory definition of "England" created by that Act still applies for laws passed before 1967. In new legislation since then, what was referred to as "England" is now "England and Wales", while subsequent references to "England" and "Wales" refer to those political divisions. There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians for

3363-427: Was shortened to the modern form. There is evidence of Iron Age use of the River Wear near the town, Concangis was built alongside the Roman road Cade's Road (now Front Street) and close to the River Wear, around 100 A.D., and was occupied until the Romans left Britain in 410 A.D. At the time, the Wear was navigable to at least Concangis and may also have provided food for the garrisons stationed there. After

3422-414: Was then united with the English crown by the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284. This aimed to replace Welsh criminal law with English law. Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century by the Welsh House of Tudor . The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 then consolidated the administration of all the Welsh territories and incorporated them fully into

3481-439: Was used to house them before they continued onward the following day. From 1894 until 2009, local government districts were governed from the town. From 1894 to 1974, it had a rural district , which covered the town and outlying villages. In 1909, the inner rural district formed an urban district , which covered the town as it was at that time. By 1974, the town expanded out of the urban district, during that year's reforms

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