Thomas Henry Hines (October 8, 1838 – January 23, 1898) was a Confederate cavalryman who was known for his espionage activities during the last two years of the American Civil War .
135-516: A native of Butler County, Kentucky , he initially worked as a grammar instructor, mainly at the Masonic University of La Grange, Kentucky . During the first year of the war, he was a field officer, initiating several raids. He was an assistant to John Hunt Morgan , doing a preparatory raid ( Hines' Raid ) in advance of Morgan's Raid through the states of Indiana and Ohio, and after being captured with Morgan, organized their escape from
270-518: A battery from McClernand. For the first time, the Union army had a continuous front. From west to east were the remnants of Sherman's division, McClernand, W.H.L. Wallace, the remnants of Prentiss's division, Hurlbut, McArthur's brigade from W.H.L. Wallace's division, and Stuart's brigade from Sherman's division. Hurlbut was near a peach orchard, Prentiss was near the Sunken Road, and W.H.L. Wallace
405-531: A Confederate sympathizer in Indiana, as Morgan had been relying on support from sympathizers in Indiana to be successful in his raid. Hines stayed with Morgan until the end of the raid and was with John Hunt Morgan during their imprisonment as prisoners of war , first at Johnson's Island , and later at the Ohio Penitentiary just outside downtown Columbus, Ohio . Hines discovered a way to escape from
540-757: A U.S. unit in pursuit of deserters. Their goal was to see if the local Copperheads would support the invasion that John Hunt Morgan planned for July 1863. Traveling through Kentucky for eight days to obtain supplies for their mission, they crossed the Ohio River to enter Indiana, near the village of Derby , on June 18, 1863. Hines visited the local Copperhead leader, Dr. William A. Bowles , in French Lick , and learned that there would be no formal support for Morgan's Raid . On his way back to Kentucky, Hines and his men were discovered in Valeene, Indiana , leading to
675-417: A bayonet charge at about 1:00 pm that pushed McClernand and McDowell back to their original counterattack line at Jones Field. On the Union right, the divisions of Sherman and McClernand (plus Veatch's brigade) were a disorganized group of individual soldiers and portions of regiments. Many soldiers had dropped their equipment and headed to Pittsburg Landing. Still, Sherman and McClernand fought on with
810-656: A colonel in the Soldiers of the Red Cross . Hines later became the County Judge for Warren County, Kentucky . Hines was elected to the Kentucky Court of Appeals in 1878 and served there until 1886. From 1884 to 1886, he served as Chief Justice . He was said to be "exceptionally free from all judicial bias." Hines was a witness to the assassination of fellow judge John Milton Elliott on March 26, 1879, while
945-476: A defensive line, and no entrenchments were made because nobody expected a fight at that location. The inexperienced divisions of Sherman and Prentiss were the most forward (closest to Corinth) of the group. Only a few pickets were in place—despite a small skirmish taking place on April 4. After hearing reports concerning sightings of Confederate soldiers in the Shiloh area, Colonel Everett Peabody , commander of
1080-543: A farm road that led to the Pittsburg-Corinth Road. The Confederate Third Brigade of Hardee's Third Corps was southwest of Powell's patrol. The brigade was commanded by Brigadier General S. A. M. Wood , and he had sent forward 280 skirmishers from Major Aaron B. Hardcastle's Third Mississippi Battalion. Hardcastle kept most of his men in the southeast corner of James J. Fraley's 40-acre (16 ha) cotton field, while two sets of pickets were positioned closer to
1215-662: A ferry captain at gunpoint. Union agents viewed Hines as the man they most needed to apprehend, but apart from the time he served at the Ohio Penitentiary in late 1863, he was never captured. After the war, once it was safe for him to return to his native Kentucky, he settled down with much of his family in Bowling Green . He started practicing law, which led him to serve on the Kentucky Court of Appeals , eventually becoming its chief justice. Later, he practiced law in Frankfort, Kentucky , until he died in 1898, keeping many of
1350-486: A few companies within a regiment, had British Enfield or Austrian Lorenz rifles . The armies and their divisions were organized as follows: The Army of the Tennessee had the most Union men present at the battle, and it was commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant. In February 1862, a smaller version of Grant's army , with the assistance of gunboats under the command of Flag-Officer Andrew H. Foote , had been
1485-539: A few small structures. The Confederate Army's February 6 loss at Fort Henry caused it to abandon Kentucky and parts of Tennessee. The last Confederate troops in Nashville moved south on February 23. General Albert Sidney Johnston , Confederate commander of the Western Theater, made the controversial decision to abandon the region. Although Confederate politicians were unhappy with Johnston's performance and
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#17327977506681620-599: A gap on the Union left between Hurlbut's position at a peach orchard and Stuart's brigade at the extreme Union left. McArthur had only two of his regiments, since the others had been sent to assist Sherman and guard the Snake River bridge that led to Crump's Landing. His two–regiment force was bolstered by Battery A from the 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment . Wallace's First and Third brigades, commanded by Colonel James M. Tuttle and Colonel Thomas W. Sweeny , respectively, moved into positions near Duncan Field and what
1755-449: A general attack. Johnston instructed Beauregard to stay in the rear and direct men and supplies as needed. Johnston rode to the front to lead the men on the battle line, and this arrangement effectively ceded control of the battle to Beauregard. On the Union side, Powell sent a message to Colonel Peabody that he was being driven back by an enemy force of several thousand. Hearing the fighting, Prentiss soon learned that Peabody had sent out
1890-476: A good starting point for the capture of Memphis , Vicksburg , and large portions of Confederate territory. While most of Grant's army camped near the river at Pittsburg Landing in early April, one division was five miles (8.0 km) downstream (north) at Crump's Landing, and army headquarters remained further north in Savannah. Buell's army was moving south from Nashville to Savannah, and no advancement beyond
2025-554: A group of shell mounds , including the Carlston Annis and DeWeese Shell Mounds . The area now known as Butler County was first settled by the families of Richard C. Dellium and James Forgy, who founded a town called Berry's Lick. The first industry was salt-making. On January 18, 1810, the Kentucky General Assembly created Butler County from portions of Logan and Ohio counties. The new county
2160-411: A household in the county was $ 29,405, and the median income for a family was $ 35,317. Males had a median income of $ 26,449 versus $ 19,894 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 14,617. About 13.10% of families and 16.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.50% of those under age 18 and 22.50% of those age 65 or over. Like the central Pennyroyal Plateau , but unlike
2295-543: A larger force, they decided to surprise the Union Army on April 4 before the second Union Army arrived from Nashville. Inexperience and bad weather caused their 20-mile (32 km) march north to be "a nightmare of confusion and delays", and the Confederate Army was not deployed into position until the afternoon of April 5. The army spent the night of April 5 on the south side of the Union campsites. The plan
2430-891: A loyalty oath to the United States on July 20, 1865. However, knowing that U.S. officials in Kentucky would consider him an exception to the pardon, he remained in Canada until May 1866. After sending his wife to Kentucky, where their first child was born, Hines began living in Memphis, Tennessee , passing the bar exam on June 12, 1866, with high honors. During his stay in Memphis, he edited the Daily Appeal . Hines moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky , in 1867, where many of his family lived and practiced law. Basil W. Duke appointed Hines
2565-548: A minor skirmish near Leavenworth, Indiana , on Little Blue Island . Hines abandoned his men, swimming across the Ohio River under gunfire. After wandering around Kentucky for a week, Hines rejoined Morgan at Brandenburg, Kentucky . Colonel Basil W. Duke made a disparaging comment in his memoirs about how Hines appeared on the Brandenburg riverfront, saying Hines was "apparently the most listless inoffensive youth that
2700-609: A monument at the courthouse. It lists county residents who fought in the war on both sides. This is one of only two Civil War monuments in Kentucky that honor the soldiers of both sides. The Confederate-Union Veterans' Monument in Morgantown, a zinc monument, was dedicated in 1907 on the Butler County Courthouse lawn. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 431 square miles (1,120 km ), of which 426 square miles (1,100 km )
2835-520: A navigation plan for the Green River was initiated. As one result of this, a town was founded at Lock/Dam #3, and another at Lock/Dam #4. The American Civil War slowed the county's growth. The county was site of a few incidents during the conflict. There was a fight near Morgantown on October 29, 1861, and a skirmish on October 30 where the rebels were encamped. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, veterans from both sides raised funds to raise
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#17327977506682970-446: A patrol without authorization. Prentiss was outraged and accused Peabody of provoking a major engagement in violation of Grant's orders. However, he soon understood that he was facing a large Confederate force and sent reinforcements. Peabody's patrol, with Powell leading, partially ruined the planned Confederate surprise and gave thousands of Union soldiers time (although brief) to prepare for battle. Although Peabody's patrol had alerted
3105-647: A peach orchard (eventually known as "the Peach Orchard") at the Hamburg-Savannah Road. The old wagon track was so worn and washed–over that it had an embankment that ranged from a few inches (7.6 cm) to supposedly three feet (0.91 m). This ready-made entrenchment received the name "Sunken Road" in post-war years. Some historians doubt that the road was actually sunken. Nothing in the Official Records mentions it as sunken, and
3240-504: A problem, as Confederate soldiers found clothing, rifles, and food. Confederate leaders found it difficult to control their forces. They paused their attack, which enabled Prentiss to move further north. East of McClernand, Hurlbut had all three brigades ready for action at 8:00 am. After being notified that Sherman was facing a strong attack on his left, Hurlbut sent his Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel James C. Veatch , to assist Sherman. Shortly after that first message, Hurlbut
3375-678: A promotion to major general , making him senior to all generals in the Western Theater (between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River ) with the exception of Major General Henry Halleck . Continuing their push into Confederate territory, Union troops arrived at the Tennessee River town of Savannah, Tennessee , on March 11. By mid-March, a large number of Union troops were camped there and at landings further south, and additional Union troops under
3510-555: A psychological impact than a destructive one. On the ground at the Union left, McArthur's partial brigade fought the Confederate brigades commanded by brigadier generals John K. Jackson and John S. Bowen . With Stuart now gone, McArthur was also getting outflanked by Chalmers's Brigade. Between 3:00 and 4:00 pm, McArthur moved all the way back to Pittsburg Landing. Hurlbut's line was also falling back, and only one regiment remained by 4:30 pm when Hurlbut ordered it to
3645-425: A ridge on the east side of the battlefield. At the Union right, Grant visited Sherman around 3:00 pm, and found a difficult situation. The remaining regiments had few men, ammunition was low, and more men were either leaving or serving with other units. Some regiments had so many losses that they were ordered to Pittsburg Landing where they could reform. The Union line at this time was back to Jones Field and
3780-638: A successful mission to Borah's Ferry, Kentucky , to attack a Union outpost there. The Guides were disbanded in January 1862 after the Confederate government of Kentucky fled Bowling Green; Hines did not want to fight anywhere except in Kentucky. He traveled to Richmond, Virginia , and missed the Battle of Shiloh as a result. In April, Hines decided to join Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan , and he re-enlisted in
3915-551: Is a county located in the US state of Kentucky . As of the 2020 Census , the population was 12,371. Its county seat is Morgantown . The county was formed in 1810, becoming Kentucky's 53rd county. Butler County is included in the Bowling Green , Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area . Numerous archaeological sites are located along the Green River in Butler County. A 1989 survey found fourteen sites, many of which were
4050-471: Is land and 5.4 square miles (14 km ) (1.2%) is water. It is part of the Western Coal Fields region of Kentucky . As of the census of 2000, there were 13,010 people, 5,059 households, and 3,708 families residing in the county. The population density was 30 per square mile (12/km ). There were 5,815 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5.4/km ). The racial makeup of
4185-455: Is now called the "Sunken Road"—between the divisions of McClernand and Hurlbut. From 9:30 am to 10:30 am, most of the fighting at this position was the exchange of artillery fire. On the extreme Union left, Stuart's brigade had heard musket firing early in the morning, but did not believe they were under attack until they heard distant artillery fire. At 9:30 am Johnston received reports that Union soldiers were deploying on
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4320-552: Is served by that city's radio and TV outlets. Mediacom is the primary cable television and internet provider serving the county. Events include: 37°13′N 86°41′W / 37.21°N 86.68°W / 37.21; -86.68 Battle of Shiloh The Battle of Shiloh , also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing , was a major battle in the American Civil War fought on April 6–7, 1862. The fighting took place in southwestern Tennessee , which
4455-582: The 53rd Ohio Infantry Regiment , which had just repelled two Confederate advances, yelled "retreat and save yourselves", and many from his regiment ran away. Eventually, at least two companies of the calmer men from this regiment attached to another regiment. Sherman slowly moved the division back to a position behind Shiloh Church. He became supported on his left by the Third Brigade from McClernand's division. Prentiss had his camps northeast of Seay Field. On his right, his brigade commanded by Peabody
4590-519: The Army of the Ohio , which was commanded by Major General Don Carlos Buell. Portions of this army did not participate in the battle. One portion remained in Nashville, and another portion moved toward Murfreesboro and northern Alabama. Another division, plus part of a second one, did not arrive in time to participate in the battle. The number of men present at the battle totaled to 17,918. Although none of
4725-465: The Jackson Purchase or Barren and Simpson Counties , Butler County was strongly pro- Union during the American Civil War due to its broken, sandy terrain unfavourable for plantation agriculture, although its actual level of Union volunteering was lower than more easterly Pennyroyal counties. Consequently, Butler County has remained rock-ribbed Republican through the post-Civil War era;
4860-667: The Ohio Penitentiary . He was then granted secret authorisation, following the Dahlgren Affair , by Jefferson Davis and his cabinet to unleash total war behind Union lines. From a secret base at Toronto in Upper Canada , Hines oversaw Confederate Secret Service covert operations with Copperhead Democrat leaders Harrison H. Dodd and Clement Vallandigham for arson , state terrorism , guerrilla warfare , and pro-Confederate regime change uprisings by
4995-680: The paramilitary Order of the Sons of Liberty against pro-Union governors throughout the Old Northwest . Hines made narrow, unlikely escapes on several occasions during the war. At one point, he concealed himself in a mattress that was being used at the time; on another occasion, he was confused for the actor and assassin John Wilkes Booth , a dangerous case of mistaken identity that forced him to flee Detroit in April 1865 by holding
5130-417: The Confederate advantage from the unexpected attack. The Confederate army alignment was another issue that helped reduce the attack's effectiveness. The corps of Hardee and Bragg began the assault with their divisions in one line that was nearly 3 miles (4.8 km) wide. At about 7:30 am Beauregard ordered the corps of Polk and Breckinridge forward on the left and right of the line, which only extended
5265-459: The Confederate right flank . To remedy this potential problem, he sent two brigades from Bragg's Corps, and called up Breckinridge's Reserve Corps. What his scouts had actually found was the camp belonging to Stuart's Brigade. Stuart was near the Hamburg-Savannah Road close to Lick Creek. Around 9:40 am Stuart began receiving artillery fire, and twenty minutes later his men were attacked by Confederate infantry. Shortly after 10:00 am,
5400-471: The Confederate side, Wood's brigade took heavy losses, but routed the brigade of Colonel C. Carroll Marsh from McClernand's division. Wood's men then defeated Veatch's brigade, but Wood was thrown from his horse and temporarily out of action. At that time, his brigade became scattered and disorganized. By 11:20 am, the Confederate army controlled the Hamburg-Purdy Road. Benefitting from
5535-577: The Confederates. After the surprise and lengthy Union casualty list became known, Grant was heavily criticized; in fact, decisions made by both the Federal and Confederate high command were afterward questioned by individuals on and off the battlefield. The battle was the costliest engagement of the Civil War up to that point, and its nearly 24,000 casualties made it one of the bloodiest battles of
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5670-486: The First Brigade from Prentiss's division, became concerned. Around midnight on April 5, Peabody ordered Major James E. Powell to take three companies of the 25th Missouri Infantry Regiment , and two companies of the 12th Michigan Infantry Regiment , on a reconnaissance (a.k.a. scout) to Seay Field where the sighting had been made. Prentiss was not informed, and Powell's men advanced from their camp southwest down
5805-462: The Hamburg-Purdy Road, after casualties and men that ran away, he had only 600 men and portions of two batteries. He deployed his men near the divisions of W.H.L. Wallace and Hurlbut, along the Sunken Road. Grant reinforced Prentiss with 600 men from the 23rd Missouri Infantry Regiment , which had disembarked from Pittsburg Landing a few hours earlier. Grant visited the 1,200-man force, and told Prentiss to "hold at all hazards". The Union troops along
5940-538: The Hornet's Nest around 5:30 pm. Attacks after dark were rare because of problems with friendly fire, and darkness would occur soon. The exhausted Confederate army already had about 8,000 casualties. For many years after the battle, critics believed Beauregard had squandered an opportunity to finish Grant's army. Modern historians, such as Cunningham and Daniel, disagree with that assessment. Cunningham wrote that Beauregard's critics ignore "the existing situation on
6075-575: The Hornet's Nest. At 2:50 pm, Lieutenant William Gwin, commander of the USS Tyler , put his gunboat into action by firing on the Confederate batteries near the Union left. After an hour, Gwin was joined by the USS Lexington , and the two gunboats positioned themselves about three–fourths of a mile (1.21 km) south of Pittsburg Landing. At first, the shelling (gunboat shells were larger than those used by field artillery ) had more of
6210-846: The Northwest Conspiracy. Hines died in 1898 in Frankfort and was buried in Fairview Cemetery in Bowling Green, Kentucky, in the Hines series of plots. Also among the Hines family plots is the grave site of Duncan Hines , a second cousin twice removed. Historical markers concerning Hines' deeds have occasionally included mistaken information. The historical marker placed by the Indiana Civil War Centennial Commission in 1963 in
6345-463: The Ohio Penitentiary. He had been reading the novel Les Misérables and was said to be inspired by Jean Valjean and Valjean's escapes through the passages underneath Paris . Hines noticed how dry the lower prison cells felt and how they were lacking in mold , even though sunlight never shined there. This caused him to believe that escape by tunneling down was possible. After discovering an air chamber underneath them, which he had deduced, Hines began
6480-822: The Ohio State Penitentiary. Two of the officers who escaped with Hines and Morgan, Ralph Sheldon and Samuel Taylor, were captured four days later in Louisville, Kentucky . Still, the other three (Captain Jacob Bennett, Captain L. D. Hockersmith, and Captain Augustus Magee) escaped to Canada and the Confederacy. Hines led John Hunt Morgan back to Confederate lines. First, they arrived at the train station in downtown Columbus, where they bought tickets to Cincinnati, Ohio . The duo jumped off
6615-502: The Pittsburg Landing-Shiloh area was allowed until the two armies combined. On April 4, Confederate cavalry was seen by a Union patrol near Shiloh, but Union leadership was not concerned. Confederate leaders realized they could soon be outnumbered. They had 42,000 men at Corinth, and 15,000 more on the way, while the not–yet–combined Union force could be as large as 75,000 men. Instead of waiting to be attacked by
6750-669: The Pittsburg–Corinth Road and the Owl Creek Bridge over the Hamburg–Purdy Road. In between Sherman and Stuart was Prentiss's division, and between the Shiloh Church area and the Tennessee River were the divisions of McClernand and Hurlbut. To the north and closest to Pittsburg Landing was W.H.L. Wallace's division. Lew Wallace's division was at Crump's Landing, five miles (8.0 km) downstream (north) of
6885-419: The Shiloh Church area and the Tennessee River. Sherman's division was the first to occupy the Shiloh area, so his four brigades were camped near the main approaches to Pittsburg Landing. Colonel David Stuart 's brigade was on the Union left (east side of battlefield) near the Hamburg-Savannah Road and a ford. To the west in the Shiloh Church area, Sherman's other three brigades formed the Union right. They covered
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#17327977506687020-439: The Shiloh battlefield"—including Confederate disorganization, time before sunset, and Grant's strong position augmented by gunboats. Daniel wrote that the thought that "the Confederates could have permanently breached or pulverized the Federal line in an additional hour or so of piecemeal night assaults simply lacks plausibility." He mentions that it took the Confederates six hours to conquer the Hornet's Nest, and Grant's Last Line
7155-399: The Sunken Road were protected by hickory and oak trees. Some Union troops at this location had modern (for 1862) weapons and fences for shelter, while some of the Confederate attacks were across open ground. These factors combined to make frontal assaults difficult for the Confederate attackers. One attack was led by Confederate division commander Benjamin F. Cheatham , and his Second Brigade
7290-507: The Tennessee. Grant had a differing opinion, believing that by 6:00 pm the Confederate army was worn out. When Beauregard called off all attacks, it was near sunset and he assumed Grant's army could be eliminated on the next day. He had received a telegram saying Buell's army was in Alabama , and did not know Grant was already being reinforced. The Confederate army was badly disorganized, and it had just finished taking prisoners from
7425-445: The Union army, some Union leaders were not convinced that they were under attack. Sherman was not convinced until he was slightly wounded, and one of his orderlies shot dead, after a 7:00 am ride to investigate the commotion near Rea Field. After Johnston's 5:30 order for a general attack, it took an hour before all Confederate troops were ready. Another hour was lost skirmishing at Seay Field (close to Fraley Field). This reduced
7560-413: The Union camps. Around 5:00 am (April 6), Confederate pickets fired at Powell's men before returning to the battalion. When Powell advanced within 200 yards (180 m) of Hardcastle's main force, the Confederates opened fire. The battle began with these two small forces fighting for over an hour. Around 5:30 am, Confederate leaders heard the commotion at Fraley Field, and Johnston ordered
7695-445: The Union campsites. His mid-March mission had been to damage a railroad. While on this railroad raid, his men learned that a large Confederate force was nearby. Because of this Confederate force, Wallace's division remained near Crump's Landing. Grant was further north at his headquarters in Savannah. Nelson's division from Buell's army had reached Savannah, but Buell's other divisions were still marching. The Shiloh camps did not form
7830-483: The Union left. Sherman and Prentiss were the commanders of the first two Union divisions attacked, and those happened to be the most inexperienced of Grant's six divisions. Sherman, who had been negligent in preparing for an attack, performed with "coolness and courage" while he inspired his raw troops. Facing artillery fire and a frontal attack from the corps of Hardee, Bragg, and Polk, Sherman's men performed reasonably well—if they fought. The inexperienced colonel of
7965-523: The abandonment, the consolidation of troops further south was a wise choice, because the Union forces on the Tennessee River could cut off Confederate retreats from posts in Kentucky and major portions of Tennessee. Confederate leadership decided to consolidate forces in Corinth, Mississippi, which is just south of the Tennessee–Mississippi border. The town of Corinth had strategic value because it
8100-419: The absence of Colonel T. Kilby Smith , made several stands east of Bell Field against two of Bragg's brigades. Fortunately for the Union army, Bragg's hungry men exhausted their ammunition and pillaged food from the Union camps instead of continuing the attack. Around 2:15 pm, Smith ordered Stuart's brigade to withdraw, and by 2:30 pm Stuart's brigade was done fighting for the day. While Stuart
8235-533: The advent of the war, he joined the Confederate States Army in September 1861. Hines joined the Confederate army, as did at least eleven cousins. Hines initially led "Buckner's Guides", which were attached to Albert Sidney Johnston 's command, as his fellow guides recognized his "coolness and leadership". In November 1861, he was given a lieutenant 's commission. On December 31, 1861, he led
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#17327977506688370-457: The army as a private in the 9th Kentucky Cavalry in May 1862. Morgan commissioned Hines as a captain on June 10, 1862. Afterward, Hines spent most of his time conducting espionage in Kentucky. Dressed in civilian clothes, he usually operated alone to avoid drawing attention to himself, not wanting to be executed as a spy. Hines made special trips to see loved ones on his forays in Kentucky. Often, it
8505-722: The articles was printed in the December 1886 issue. However, after consulting with Jefferson Davis at Davis' home in Mississippi , Hines did not name anybody on the Northern side who assisted in the conspiracy. After writing the first article, Hines was attacked for not being more forthcoming regarding all the participants from both newspapers' reviewers (particularly from the Louisville Times ) and Southern readers, which discouraged Hines from publishing any more accounts of
8640-407: The attackers were from Breckinridge's Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Walter S. Statham. As the Union troops fell back, they would pause to shoot at the oncoming Confederates. Artillery was also used to slow the attackers. General Albert Sidney Johnston rode as much as 40 paces in front of Breckinridge's line. His uniform was torn from bullets in several places, and the heel of one of his boots
8775-501: The battle. The forces at the battle were: Most of the Confederate troops did not have combat experience, and regiments were smaller than normal. Bragg's Second Corps was the largest of four corps, although it was smaller than the normal size. One of the reasons for the four small corps (instead of fewer corps that were larger) was size deception, as a typical corps had about 20,000 men. Small arms included flintlocks , shotguns , squirrel rifles, and percussion muskets. A few thousand of
8910-631: The chance. A few days later, he again escaped U.S. soldiers who intended to hang him. Hines traveled to Richmond, Virginia , after his escape in January 1864. He convinced Confederate President Jefferson Davis of a plan to instill mass panic in the northern states by freeing prisoners and systematic arson in the larger U.S. cities. Impressed by Hines' plan and wishing to retaliate for the Dahlgren affair , Davis agreed to back him. Davis urged Hines to tell Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin and Secretary of War James Seddon his plan. Both men agreed to
9045-424: The city of Nashville , an ironworks , and major agricultural areas. Nashville was a converging point for railroads, a major producer of gunpowder , and a major supply depot. The Union army increased its firepower in those battles by receiving assistance from U.S. Navy gunboats . The steam-powered gunboats were flat-bottomed, armored, and carried up to 13 artillery pieces. Grant was rewarded for his success by
9180-406: The command of Don Carlos Buell were moving from Nashville to join the force on the river. Union leadership realized that its troops were too spread out, so it was decided to concentrate troops at Pittsburg Landing . Pittsburg Landing is nine miles (14 km) upriver (south) of Savannah, and it had a road that led to Corinth, Mississippi . About three miles (4.8 km) inland from the landing
9315-559: The county was 97.88% White , 0.52% Black or African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.17% Asian , 0.60% from other races , and 0.61% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 5,059 households, out of which 34.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.30% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.70% were non-families. 23.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.30% had someone living alone who
9450-556: The distant sounds of artillery fire. He was on crutches as he recovered from a fall from his horse, and he was waiting for more of Buell's army to arrive in Savannah. Grant ordered Bull Nelson to march his division along the east side of the river to a point opposite Pittsburg Landing, where it could be ferried over to the battlefield. Grant then took his steamboat, Tigress , south to Crump's Landing, where he told Lew Wallace to get his division ready to move. Grant proceeded to Pittsburg Landing, arriving around 9:00 am. The landing
9585-644: The entire war. During February 1862, a Union army led by Ulysses S. Grant won two battles that were the most significant Union victories, at that time, of the American Civil War . The battles were the Battle of Fort Henry and the Battle of Fort Donelson , and they occurred in Tennessee on the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River , respectively. Those rivers were vital to the Confederacy as transportation routes, and also connected
9720-605: The event. However, encountering Copperhead hesitation to assist Hines and his force, and with U.S. authorities knowledgeable of the plot, Hines and his men were forced to flee Chicago on August 30, 1864. Many men thought Anderson may have been a double agent, forcing him to leave the group. A second attempt to free the Camp Douglas Confederate prisoners occurred during the United States Presidential Election of 1864 , but that plan
9855-484: The exhaustion and disorganization of the Confederate force, Sherman and McClernand fell back about 200 yards (180 m) north of the crossroads. Sherman's separated First Brigade (McDowell) linked with McClernand around 11:30 am. The Sunken Road was an old wagon track called "an abandoned road" in the only time it was mentioned in the Official Records . From west to east, it ran from Duncan Field to
9990-505: The face) that most of the men fell back, and the brigade was not engaged for the rest of the day. Among the Union soldiers killed was Major James Powell, who led the early morning patrol that discovered the Confederate army at Fraley Field. While Prentiss was defending against Gibson, Sweeny repelled Confederate attacks near Duncan Field. The Union left, even more so than the right, was pushed back. Stuart's two remaining Union regiments, temporarily commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Malmborg in
10125-766: The fall of 1864. Colonel Benjamin Anderson was involved in the plot, along with other Confederate soldiers. It was hoped that Hines and his men would be able to free the Confederate prisoners held at Camp Douglas in Chicago , Illinois . Hines led sixty men from Toronto , Ontario , on August 25, 1864. They arrived during the Democratic Party National Convention in Chicago that year. The Copperheads had told Hines to wait until that time, as they said that 50,000 Copperheads would be there for
10260-479: The highly accurate Enfield rifles had been distributed to Johnston's men before the battle; the supply of these increased as they were seized from Union troops in combat. Only one-third of the cavalry possessed any weapons at the start of the battle. Confederate cavalry was much more effective than their Union counterpart, and enabled Johnston to know the positions of both Union armies. Early Sunday morning on April 6, five of Grant's six divisions were camped between
10395-409: The homeowner's wife lay ill with delirium. The soldiers inspected the house he was in and even checked to see if Hines was lying on the bed, but they did not discover Hines in the mattress. The soldiers established a guard by the door of the house. Visitors were encouraged to visit the sick woman as it rained the next day. The soldiers never looked at the faces under the umbrellas, so Hines sneaked out of
10530-405: The house and left Chicago. In October 1864, Hines again went to Cincinnati after crossing covertly through Indiana, where U.S. troops sought him again. This time, with the help of friends whose home he hid in, Hines concealed himself in an old closet obscured by mortar and red bricks, where he avoided detection by the troops who inspected the house. Hines learned there that his beloved Nancy Sproule
10665-428: The inner and the 25-foot (7.6 m) outer prison walls, near a coal pile. On the day of escape, November 26, 1863, Morgan switched cells with his brother, Richard Morgan. The day was chosen as a new Union military commander was coming to Columbus, and Morgan knew the prison cells would be inspected then. Together, after the daily midnight inspection, Hines, John Hunt Morgan, and five captains under Morgan's command used
10800-551: The last Democrat to carry the county was George B. McClellan in 1864, and the only Democrat to win forty percent of the county's vote since at least 1896 has been Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 . For much of its history, Butler County's main line of transportation was the Green River . As railroads became more important economically, the county compensated by building a series of roads to major trade centers such as U.S. 231 connecting Beaver Dam with Owensboro . Green River
10935-438: The line and diluted the effectiveness of the two attacking corps. It became impossible to control the intermingled units, so the corps commanders decided to divide the battlefield, and each commander led their battlefield portion instead of their own corps. The attack went forward as a frontal assault . Johnston and Beauregard did not put more strength on the east side, which meant they did not focus on their objective of turning
11070-542: The line, and McClernand took the center. On the left were the remnants of W.H.L. Wallace's division (commanded by Tuttle), plus Hurlbut's division. At the landing were 10,000 to 15,000 stragglers and noncombatants. The line included the artillery assembled by Colonel Webster, and the two gunboats were close by. Grant and Webster rode up and down the line, urging the men to keep firing at their enemy. The advance of Buell's army, from Nelson's division, had begun arriving around 5:00 pm. Its 36th Indiana Infantry Regiment
11205-464: The mistaken rumor that Booth had escaped into Canada. After he fled Detroit, Hines went to Toronto , where several other former Confederates lived. He did not expect to return to the United States, so he sent for his wife, Nancy. In Toronto, he studied law with General John C. Breckinridge , a former Vice President of the United States . Once U.S. President Andrew Johnson declared a pardon for most former Confederates, Hines returned to Detroit to sign
11340-471: The morning, range from eight to fourteen. An estimated 10,000 Confederate soldiers were involved. At 3:30 pm, the Confederate army began moving all available artillery pieces into positions around the Hornet's Nest. Soon they had, at the time, the largest concentration of field artillery (over 50 pieces) ever on the North American continent. This concentration, known as "Ruggles's Battery"
11475-577: The project and encouraged Hines to proceed, with the only hesitation by Davis, Benjamin, and Sheldon being the potentially damaging effect on public opinion of the exposure of such a plan, including what Great Britain and the Second French Empire would think of Hines' actions. Hines thought entering the Union from Canada would be easier and traveled there during the winter. Hines led the Northwest Conspiracy from Canada in
11610-531: The rear. Sometime in the late afternoon, Grant assigned Colonel Joseph Dana Webster , a veteran of the Mexican–American War , the task of setting up a defensive position at Pittsburg Landing. Webster used stragglers and noncombatant personnel. He began rounding up artillery pieces, including siege guns and any batteries (or partial batteries) that retreated back to the landing. He eventually assembled about 50 artillery pieces, and they were positioned on
11745-706: The regiments in Buell's army had participated in a major battle, all were well-trained and well-equipped. The divisions in the battle were: The Confederate army at the Battle of Shiloh was the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston, with General Pierre G. T. Beauregard as Johnston's second in command. Created by combining the scattered divisions of Johnston's army with troops from Mobile and New Orleans , and later including one regiment that arrived on April 7, Johnston's army had 44,699 men present for duty. The army also had 117 artillery pieces for
11880-494: The remnants of Sherman's division established a new position further north from Shiloh Church. This position was near a crossroads of the Hamburg–Purdy Road with the Pittsburg–Corinth Road. By this time, Sherman's Third Brigade (three Ohio regiments) was eliminated, as its last intact regiment ran away. Colonel Jesse Hildebrand, the brigade commander, remained on the field as a volunteer aide for McClernand's headquarters. Sherman's First Brigade, commanded by Colonel John A. McDowell
12015-517: The remnants of their divisions. The situation at the Union center was much better. Prentiss repelled multiple attacks by the brigade commanded by Colonel Randall L. Gibson . Captain Andrew Hickenlooper 's 5th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery used shrapnel and canister to stop the first charge, and Confederate losses were considerable. After a third try, Gibson's brigade suffered enough casualties (including one colonel hit in
12150-484: The role of army commander. The Confederate attack on its right (Union left) stalled after Johnston's death, and many exhausted Confederate soldiers drank from what became known as the "Bloody Pond" located between the Peach Orchard and Wicker Field. The lull was caused more by the exhaustion and disorganized condition of the Confederate army than mourning for Johnston or Beauregard's lack of action. Beauregard sent Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles to coordinate an attack on
12285-544: The secrets of Confederate espionage from public knowledge. Hines was born in Butler County, Kentucky , on October 8, 1838, to Judge Warren W. and Sarah Carson Hines and was raised in Warren County, Kentucky . While his education was largely informal, he spent some time in common schools. He was 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) tall, and weighed a mere 140 pounds (64 kg). With his slender build, Hines
12420-502: The soldier who wrote in his diary that the road was about three feet deep was in a regiment that was not close enough to the road to see it. When the fighting later became heated in this area—Duncan Field, the Sunken Road, and the woods on the north side of the road—the Confederates began calling it the Hornets Nest. At the beginning of the day, Prentiss had 7,545 men present for duty. By the time he moved back to Barnes Field near
12555-595: The south near the Eastern Corinth Road. It was not until 4:30 pm that all Confederate artillery batteries were engaged, and at least one historian believes their effectiveness has been exaggerated. Shortly after 4:00 pm, Hurlbut was gone from the east side of the Hornet's Nest, and McClernand had fallen back about a half mile (0.8 km) from the west side. Realizing that they were going to be surrounded, Brigadier General W.H.L. Wallace began leading his division north. Around 4:15 pm, he
12690-416: The surrounding area. The Confederate army facing Sherman and McClernand was reorganizing, and some of the units were shifted to the Hornet's Nest. After another attack at 4:00 pm, Sherman and McClernand fell back further around 5:00 pm. On the Union left, Bragg tried to pursue the retreating Union soldiers, but was harassed by Union gunboats firing with increasing accuracy. The Tennessee River
12825-402: The three regiments from McDowell's First Brigade had reunited with Sherman and McClernand, and three additional regiments arrived for reinforcement. McClernand's troops began a counterattack with the assistance of McDowell's brigade. The Confederates were pushed back beyond McClernand's morning headquarters, and both sides had numerous casualties. With reinforcements, the Confederate forces began
12960-597: The train before it entered the Cincinnati train station. They continued to evade capture in Cincinnati, staying for one night at the Ben Johnson House in Bardstown, Kentucky . In Tennessee, Hines diverted the Union troops' attention away from Morgan and was himself recaptured and sentenced to death by hanging. He escaped that night by telling stories to the soldier in charge of him and subdued him when given
13095-774: The tunnel to escape. Aided by the fact that the prison sentries sought shelter from the raging storm occurring at the time, the Confederate officers climbed the 25-foot-tall (7.6 m) wall effortlessly, using metal hooks to effect their escape. Hines left a note for "Warden N. Merion, the Faithful, the Vigilant" that read, "Castle Merion, Cell No. 20. November 27, 1863. Commencement, November 4, 1863. Conclusion, November 20, 1863. Hours for labor per day, three. Tools, two small knives. La patience est amere, mais son fruit est doux. By order of my six honorable confederates." Those left behind were strip searched and moved to different cells in
13230-402: The tunneling effort. The tunnel was only eighteen inches wide, just large enough for him to enter the four-foot by four-foot air chamber surrounded by heavy masonry. As Hines and the six others who accompanied Hines and John Hunt Morgan worked on the tunnel, a thin crust of dirt was used to hide the tunnel from the prison officials. They tunneled for six weeks, with the tunnel's exit coming between
13365-572: The turmoil. After his time on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, Hines returned to practicing law in Frankfort, Kentucky . In 1886, Hines began writing four articles discussing the Northwest Conspiracy for Basil W. Duke's Southern Bivouac magazine. The magazine espoused the Lost Cause of the Confederacy but was less adversarial than similar Neo-Confederate magazines, gaining a larger Northern readership than similar journals. The first of
13500-511: The two were leaving the Kentucky State House, by Colonel Thomas Buford , a judge from Henry County, Kentucky . Buford, enraged by Elliott's failure to rule in favor of his late sister in a property dispute, shot Elliott with a double-barreled twelve-gauge shotgun filled with buckshot after Hines had turned and walked away from Elliott. Hines inspected the body as Buford surrendered to a deputy sheriff who had come to investigate
13635-540: The vicinity of Derby, Perry County, Indiana, to memorialize Hines' entry into Indiana states that Hines invaded Indiana in 1862, although he did so in 1863. In addition, a marker by the Confederate Monument of Bowling Green in Bowling Green's Fairview Cemetery says that Hines died before he could go to the dedication ceremony in 1876 when, in reality, he died in 1898 and is buried a few hundred feet away. Butler County, Kentucky Butler County
13770-401: The victor in the Battle of Fort Henry and the Battle of Fort Donelson. For the Battle of Shiloh, Grant's army had 48,894 men in six divisions. Two new divisions (4th and 5th) were added to Grant's three in early March. A 6th Division was created from reinforcement units at the beginning of April. The divisions (and gunboats) were as follows: The other Union army at the Battle of Shiloh was
13905-535: The wounded. Johnston died about 100 yards (91 m) south of the Bell Farm at 2:30 pm. He was the highest-ranking soldier killed in combat in the American Civil War. With the death of Johnston, Beauregard officially became the Confederate army's commander. Some historians argue that since Beauregard was directing the army from the rear while Johnston was at the front, Beauregard already had
14040-438: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.98. The county population contained 25.30% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 23.20% from 45 to 64, and 12.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.20 males. The median income for
14175-432: Was a log church named Shiloh (a Hebrew word meaning "place of peace"), and it is from this church that the battle gets its name. The battle has also been called the Battle of Pittsburg Landing . The area that would become the Shiloh battlefield was somewhat shaped like a triangle, with the sides formed by various creeks and the Tennessee River. The land was mostly wooded, with scattered cotton fields, peach orchards, and
14310-408: Was adjacent to Duncan Field at the Sunken Road. After a failed attack and the addition of more men, the Confederates attacked Sherman and McClernand again at 11:00 am. This Confederate attacking force consisted of portions of seven brigades. The Union losses in this attack included Colonel Raith, who was mortally wounded, and Behr's battery which fled to the rear after Behr was shot dead. On
14445-424: Was advised that Prentiss was in trouble. Hurlbut brought his remaining two brigades south on the Hamburg-Savannah Road near Wicker Field, and he encountered a large number of panic-stricken men from Prentiss's division who were fleeing north. Unable to stop the retreat, he settled his brigades further south near a peach orchard. Grant was in Savannah having breakfast at his Cherry Mansion headquarters when he heard
14580-411: Was also foiled. In the same year, he tried to free Confederate prisoners of war by recruiting former members of Morgan's Raiders who had escaped to Canada, including John Hunt Morgan's telegrapher George "Lightning" Ellsworth , who was a native of Canada. On his last day in Chicago, Hines had to avoid discovery by U.S. soldiers inspecting the home he was hiding in by crawling into a mattress upon which
14715-416: Was also joined by portions of the Army of the Ohio , under the command of Major General Don Carlos Buell . The Union forces conducted an unexpected counterattack in the morning, which reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day. The exhausted Confederate army withdrew further south, and a modest Union pursuit started and ended on the next day. Though victorious, the Union army had more casualties than
14850-426: Was at the intersection of two railroads, including one that was part of the rail network used to move Confederate supplies and troops between Tennessee and Virginia. By the end of March, over 40,000 Confederate troops were concentrated at Corinth. The Union plan was to combine Grant's and Buell's armies and continue its southward offensive. If the combined armies could move south and capture Corinth, they would have
14985-404: Was attacked by two Confederate brigades, and Peabody was wounded four times before being killed. By 8:30 am, the remnants of Peabody's brigade were pushed north, and the Confederate army occupied his camp. Further east, Prentiss's other brigade was attacked by brigades commanded by Brigadier General Adley H. Gladden and Brigadier General James R. Chalmers . Around 8:45 am, Gladden
15120-487: Was attacked. An additional messenger from Grant found him at 11:30 am, and Wallace did not get his division moving until noon. Another messenger found Wallace at 2:00 pm, and notified Wallace that he was on the wrong road. Wallace believed he was to reinforce Sherman and McClernand at their original camps—he was unaware that those divisions had been pushed back toward Pittsburg Landing. By noon, Sherman and McClernand had been pushed back to Jones Field. However,
15255-481: Was beginning to accumulate men who had fled their posts, and Grant ordered a colonel to halt all stragglers. He then rode inland and confirmed that the Confederates had launched a full-scale attack instead of a probing action. He sent a message to Crump's Landing, ordering Lew Wallace to bring his division to the battlefield. After the beginning of the battle, Brigadier General W.H.L. Wallace sent his Second Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General John McArthur , to fill
15390-408: Was critical of Prentiss for not making a timely withdrawal. However, the Hornet's Nest stand by Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace (who was there longer and had more men under his command) allowed Grant more time to prepare his Last Line. By the time the Hornet's Nest fell, Grant's men had a defensive line from Pittsburg Landing to the Hamburg-Savannah Road and further north. Sherman commanded the right of
15525-601: Was described as rather benign in appearance, and a friend observed that he had a voice resembling a "refined woman". He was said to love women, music, and horses fondly. He became an adjunct professor at the Masonic University, a school established by the Grand Lodge of Kentucky Freemasons for teaching the orphans of Kentucky Masons in La Grange in 1859. He was the principal of its grammar school, but with
15660-532: Was eventually closed to traffic after Woodbury 's Lock and Dam Number 4 washed out in 1965 and Rochester 's Lock and Dam Number 3 was abandoned by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1980. Completion of the William H. Natcher Parkway (now I-165 ) linked the area to the national interstate system in 1970. Butler County is part of the Bowling Green radio and television markets, and
15795-505: Was ever imposed upon"; despite being Morgan's second-in-command, Duke was usually not told of all the espionage Hines was carrying out, causing some to believe that Hines and Duke did not like each other, which was not the case. It was due to Hines that the riverboats Alice Dean and the John T. McCombs were captured to transport Morgan's 2000+ men force across the Ohio River. Hines' reports encouraged Morgan to be rough with anyone posing as
15930-415: Was fighting, the adjacent position in the Union line was occupied by McArthur's partial brigade. McArthur's force was attacked around 2:00 pm by one of Breckinridge's brigades. Despite reinforcements, McArthur fell back about 300 yards north of the Peach Orchard where he stabilized his line 20 minutes later. On McArthur's right, Hurlbut's division was also under attack, causing it to fall back. Most of
16065-493: Was gone. After sending an order to Colonel Statham, an object could be heard striking Johnston. Although blood could be seen dripping from his leg, the general did not show concern. Shortly afterwards, he was slumping in his saddle. Asked if he was wounded, Johnston replied "Yes, and I fear seriously." Johnston bled to death from a torn popliteal artery in his right leg. Although a tourniquet might have saved Johnston's life, his personal physician had been sent elsewhere to treat
16200-570: Was in Detroit, Michigan, when he was mistaken for John Wilkes Booth , who was then the subject of a massive search. After finding himself in a fight, Hines jumped several fences and made his way to Detroit's wharf . He waited for a ferryboat to empty its passengers and then forced the captain at gunpoint to take him across the Detroit River to Canada. On arrival, Hines apologized to the captain and gave him five dollars. Hines' exploit led to
16335-489: Was in an Ohio convent . He decided to "spirit" her from it. On November 10, 1864, at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Covington, Kentucky , they were married, despite her father's wishes to wait until the war was over due to Hines' wartime activities. They spent a week's honeymoon in Kentucky, after which Hines returned to his clandestine activities in Canada. Two days after Lincoln's assassination , on April 16, 1865, Hines
16470-424: Was led by Brigadier General Ruggles. In his report, Ruggles claimed responsibility for assembling the batteries, but multiple people may have been involved—including Major Francis A. Shoup (Hardee's artillery chief) and Brigadier General James Trudeau. By 4:00 pm, the Confederate artillery was firing on Wallace and Prentiss in the Hornet's Nest. Confederate artillery was concentrated near Duncan Field and to
16605-498: Was mortally wounded as a portion of his division escaped encirclement. A ravine north of the Sunken Road near Cloud Field became known as "Hell's Hollow", and over 1,000 Union soldiers were captured there. By 4:45 pm, most of Wallace's division was removed from the battlefield, and Prentiss was left with about 2,000 men. Around 5:30 pm, various Union regiments began surrendering (including Prentiss), and approximately 2,200 Union soldiers were captured. In his memoirs, Grant
16740-417: Was mortally wounded from cannon fire. The Confederate troops suffered considerable casualties, especially from artillery fire. However, the Confederate troops pushed on, and captured the remaining 6th Division camp sometime near 9:00 am. The Confederate soldiers had seen many of the Union soldiers running away from the front line, and now possessed the Union camps of Sherman and Prentiss. Looting became
16875-520: Was named for Major General Richard Butler , who died at the Battle of the Wabash in 1791. In June of that year, the Kentucky Governor commissioned a study to locate a county seat. They selected a two-acre tract belonging to Christopher Funkhouser. This site, at first called Funkhouser Hill, was later named Morgantown. The county site has remained at that site until present times. In 1833
17010-471: Was near high tide, and the Union gunboat leaders had discovered that by elevating their guns and using lower charges, they could hit targets close to the river. The Tyler had some direct hits on Chalmers's Brigade beginning at 5:35 pm. The Confederate army spent a considerable amount of time and resources assaulting the Hornet's Nest instead of bypassing it. Historians' estimates of the number of separate infantry charges, including those from earlier in
17145-434: Was not present at Shiloh. The combined armies present for the battle totaled to 66,812 men. They had 119 artillery pieces available for the battle. The majority of the Union soldiers were armed with either a .69 caliber model 1841 rifled musket or a .69 caliber model 1842 smoothbore musket, although a few regiments had more modern weapons such as the .58 caliber Springfield Model 1855 . A few regiments, or sometimes
17280-485: Was part of the war's Western Theater . The battlefield is located between a small, undistinguished church named Shiloh and Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River . Two Union armies combined to defeat the Confederate Army of Mississippi . Major General Ulysses S. Grant was the Union commander, while General Albert Sidney Johnston was the Confederate commander until his battlefield death, when he
17415-530: Was placed on the east side of Grant's Last Line in time to help defend against an attack. The two navy gunboats helped defend, and the Lexington fired 32 rounds into the attacking Confederate force in only 10 minutes. The Confederate attack was repelled, and shortly after 6:00 pm Beauregard called off all attacks. Buell and his army, and some in Grant's army, believed they had saved Grant's Army of
17550-453: Was replaced by his second-in-command, General P. G. T. Beauregard . The Confederate army hoped to defeat Grant's Army of the Tennessee before it could be reinforced and resupplied. Although it made considerable gains with a surprise attack on the first day of the battle, Johnston was mortally wounded and Grant's army was not eliminated. Overnight, Grant's Army of the Tennessee was reinforced by one of its divisions stationed farther north, and
17685-476: Was thoroughly repelled. Southeast of the Sunken Road, Stuart still held the Union left. The Confederate brigades commanded by brigadier generals James R. Chalmers and John K. Jackson attacked Stuart's three regiments. The intensity of the fight increased around 11:15 am, causing most of the 71st Ohio Infantry Regiment to flee to the rear. Stuart repositioned his remaining two regiments, but eventually they began panicking. Although Stuart restored order, he
17820-555: Was to attack the Union left, pushing it northwest against the swampy land adjacent to Snake and Owl creeks. Confederate troops along the Tennessee River would prevent Union reinforcements and resupply. The two Union armies in the Battle of Shiloh were part of the Department of the Mississippi, which was commanded by Major General Henry Halleck. Although Halleck hoped to lead the two armies in an eventual attack on Corinth, he
17955-469: Was to visit Nancy Sproule, his childhood sweetheart and future bride, in Brown's Lock , near Bowling Green. On other occasions, he visited his parents in Lexington, Kentucky . In both places, U.S. authorities attempted to capture Hines, but he always escaped, even after his father had been captured and his mother was sick in bed. In June 1863, Hines led an invasion into Indiana with 25 Confederates posing as
18090-476: Was west on the Hamburg–Purdy Road and cut off. Colonel Ralph P. Buckland 's Fourth Brigade was fragmented and ammunition was low. Sherman prepared a defense with the men he had left, including Colonel Julius Raith 's Third Brigade from McClernand's division that had reinforced Sherman's left earlier. Sherman also had the 6th Indiana Artillery Battery commanded by Captain Frederick Behr, and part of
18225-415: Was wounded and command temporarily fell to Lieutenant Colonel Oscar Malmborg . Lew Wallace's division had made little progress following Grant's order to move to the battlefield. Early in the morning, his division had been spread as much as five miles (8.0 km) from Crump's Landing. The purpose of this positioning was to protect routes that would be used by reinforcements in case his isolated division
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