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68-590: The region's largest city is Hammond , followed closely by Gary . Other municipalities in Northwest Indiana include Aix , Burns Harbor , Chesterton , Crown Point , DeMotte , Dyer , East Chicago , Griffith , Highland , Hebron , Hobart , Kentland , Lake Station , La Porte , Lowell , Merrillville , Michigan City , Munster , Portage , Schererville , St. John , Cedar Lake , Valparaiso , Whiting , and Winfield . The counties of Jasper , Lake , LaPorte , Newton and Porter are included in

136-592: A Chicago to South Bend, Indiana commuter rail line, has a station on Hohman Avenue. It is operated by the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District . Amtrak , the national passenger rail system, provides twice-daily service in both directions, operating its Wolverine through the Hammond–Whiting station between Chicago and Pontiac, Michigan , just north of Detroit . The nearest commercial airport

204-588: A city under Indiana law. It therefore has a mayor and a nine-member city council . Hammond's City Hall is located at 5925 Calumet Avenue . The Hammond City Council has meetings scheduled for the second and fourth Mondays of each month. The city maintains a city court on the second floor of the City Hall, exercising a limited jurisdiction within Lake County . The court handles not only local ordinance violations and certain minor criminal matters, but also

272-658: A gross domestic product of $ 28.64 billion in 2015, Northwest Indiana accounts for approximately nine percent of Indiana's gross state product. This figure ranks second among metropolitan areas in the state (after Indianapolis) and 89th in the United States, comparable to the GDP of the El Paso, Texas metropolitan area. The northern portion of Northwest Indiana is noted for its heavy industry . Gary, Portage, Burns Harbor and East Chicago are home to major steel mills , including

340-515: A cover of till. Interpreting the glacial history of landforms can be difficult due to the tendency of overprinting landforms on top of each other. As a glacier melts, large amounts of till are eroded and become a source of sediments for reworked glacial drift deposits. These include glaciofluvial deposits , such as outwash in sandurs , and as glaciolacustrine and glaciomarine deposits, such as varves (annual layers) in any proglacial lakes which may form. Erosion of till may take place even in

408-736: A distribution center. Large railroad marshalling yards are also present in the city, with the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad 's headquarters in the city. The State Line Generating Plant operated on the Indiana-Illinois state line from 1929 to 2012, and was demolished in 2014. The Empress Casino opened in Hammond in June 1996 and was replaced with the Horseshoe Hammond casino in 2001. In February 2006,

476-466: A higher water content behave more fluidly, and thus are more susceptible to flow. There are three main types of flows, which are listed below. In cases where till has been indurated or lithified by subsequent burial into solid rock, it is known as the sedimentary rock tillite . Matching beds of ancient tillites on opposite sides of the south Atlantic Ocean provided early evidence for continental drift . The same tillites also provide some support to

544-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.36. The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

612-629: A significant portion of the debt collection and eviction actions brought in Lake County. All of Hammond is served by the School City of Hammond , a school corporation under Indiana state law that is independent of the civil city. In June 2021, the School City of Hammond permanently closed two junior/senior High Schools: Donald E. Gavit and George Rogers Clark, first opened in the 1930s and 1960s respectively. Catholic schools are under

680-550: A variety of degree programs in fields such as business administration, engineering and engineering technology, law, education, computing and information technology, and the liberal arts. Additionally, Northwest Indiana is proximate to numerous other universities elsewhere in Indiana and in the Chicago metropolitan area. A number of both public and private primary and secondary schools are also located throughout Northwest Indiana and

748-700: Is Chicago Midway International Airport about 25 miles away in Chicago. Bus transit was provided by the Northwest Indiana Regional Bus Authority , which assumed responsibility from the city's Hammond Transit System in 2010, establishing EasyGo Lake Transit system in its place. All EasyGo buses were discontinued on June 30, 2012, due to a lack of funding. In addition, Pace routes 350 and 364 and GPTC Tri-City Connection Route 12 from Gary, Indiana stop at Hammond's Dan Rabin Transit Plaza. The only hospital in Hammond

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816-400: Is unsorted glacial sediment . Till is derived from the erosion and entrainment of material by the moving ice of a glacier . It is deposited some distance down-ice to form terminal , lateral , medial and ground moraines . Till is classified into primary deposits, laid down directly by glaciers, and secondary deposits, reworked by fluvial transport and other processes. Till

884-620: Is a flat outwash plain formed by the melting glacier, which was stopped at the Valparaiso Moraine. (Mickelson and others, 1984). Deposits are predominantly sand and gravel, but also include alluvium and fill materials. Deposits average less than 200 ft (61 m) thick; in the lowlands they can be less than 50 ft (15 m) thick, while in the upland they can be more than 200 ft thick. Local elevation changes are less than 100 ft (30 m). and include many scattered sand dunes. The Bloomington Ridged Plain covers only

952-510: Is a form of glacial drift , which is rock material transported by a glacier and deposited directly from the ice or from running water emerging from the ice. It is distinguished from other forms of drift in that it is deposited directly by glaciers without being reworked by meltwater. Till is characteristically unsorted and unstratified , and is not usually consolidated . Most till consists predominantly of clay, silt , and sand , but with pebbles, cobbles, and boulders scattered through

1020-615: Is a well-preserved stretch of sand dunes, beaches, grasslands, and forests, as well as several historical homes and buildings. The terrain of Northwest Indiana varies from very steep and rugged at the dunes, to rolling in the moraines, and to pancake flat in the river valleys. It was shaped by glacial activity and Lake Michigan. The main geographical features of Northwest Indiana include the Valparaiso Moraine , Tinley Moraine , Lake Border Moraine, Iroquois Moraine, Calumet Shoreline , Glenwood Shoreline , Tolleston Shoreline , and

1088-522: Is land and 1.086 sq mi (2.81 km ) is water. As of the 2020 census , there were 77,879 people, 29,486 households, and 18,580 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,426.4/sq mi (1,322.9/km ). There were 31,822 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 39.2% White , 26.0% African American , 1.2% Native American , 0.8% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 18.5% from some other races and 14.2% from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.2% of

1156-417: Is likely eroded from bedrock rather than being created by glacial processes. The sediments carried by a glacier will eventually be deposited some distance down-ice from its source. This takes place in the ablation zone , which is the part of the glacier where the rate of ablation (removal of ice by evaporation, melting, or other processes) exceeds the rate of accumulation of new ice from snowfall. As ice

1224-811: Is located in Michigan City . Former Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels and the Indiana State Legislature formed the entity known as the Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority (RDA) in 2006. The RDA, a special-purpose district , is vested with both legal authority and tax dollars to invest in transportation and economic development throughout the region. A number of Northwest Indiana's suburban communities serve as bedroom communities for Chicago. Colleges and universities located in Northwest Indiana include: These institutions offer

1292-705: Is removed, debris are left behind as till. The deposition of glacial till is not uniform, and a single till plain can contain a wide variety of different types of tills due to the various erosional mechanisms and location of till with respect to the transporting glacier. The different types of till can be categorized between subglacial (beneath) and supraglacial (surface) deposits. Subglacial deposits include lodgement, subglacial meltout, and deformation tills. Supraglacial deposits include supraglacial meltout and flow till. Supraglacial deposits and landforms are widespread in areas of glacial downwasting (vertical thinning of glaciers, as opposed to ice-retreat. They typically sit at

1360-616: Is traversed by numerous railroads and expressways, including the South Shore Line , Borman Expressway , and Indiana Toll Road . Notable local landmarks include the parkland around Wolf Lake and the Horseshoe Hammond riverboat casino . Part of the Rust Belt , Hammond has been industrial almost from its inception but is also home to a campus of Purdue University and numerous historic districts. The first European-descended residents arrived around 1847 to settle on land between

1428-526: The 2020 census , it is the eighth-most populous city in Indiana, with 77,879 residents. It was first settled in the mid-19th century and it is one of the oldest cities of northern Lake County. From north to south, Hammond runs from Lake Michigan down to the Little Calumet River ; from east to west along its southern border, it runs from the Illinois state line to Cline Avenue . The city

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1496-578: The Chicago metropolitan area . Three counties — Lake, Porter and LaPorte — are served by the Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission metropolitan planning organization . Northwest Indiana is the home of Marktown , Clayton Mark 's planned worker community. The Lake Michigan shore is a major attraction. Indiana Dunes National Park , which stretches from Gary to Michigan City ,

1564-534: The Grand and Little Calumet Rivers , on the south end of Lake Michigan. Those first residents of European descent were German immigrant farmers looking for land and opportunity. Before that time, the area was a crossroad for Indian tribes, explorers, stagecoach lines and supply lines to the West. Convenient location and abundant fresh water from Lake Michigan led to the beginning of Hammond's industrialization in 1869 with

1632-511: The Hammond circus train wreck occurred about 5.5 miles (8.9 km) east of the city, killing 86 and injuring 127 persons. The downtown Hammond shopping district along State Street and Hohman Avenue included major chains such as Sears and J. C. Penney . The largest stores in downtown were the Goldblatt's and E.C. Minas department stores. The E.C. Minas store was constructed in 1894 and

1700-480: The Kankakee Outwash Plain . The Chicago Lake Plain covers the relatively flat northern quarter of Northwest Indiana north of the moraines. Initially, the plain was flat, composed of glacio-lacustrine deposits. These formed under the waters of glacial Lake Michigan. The lake formed from the melting glaciers north of the Valparaiso Moraine. Eventually the lake overflowed a low spot on the moraine at

1768-616: The National Register of Historic Places : Hammond Public Library, located at 564 State Street, includes the Suzanne G. Long Local History Room. The system used to operate the E.B. Hayward Branch at 1212 172nd Street and the Howard Branch at 7047 Grand Avenue. Both branches have since been closed. The Hammond Public Library was the first library in the state to form a recognized union, a local of AFSCME. Patricia E. Robinson

1836-563: The Precambrian Snowball Earth glaciation event hypothesis. Tills sometimes contain placer deposits of valuable minerals such as gold. Diamonds have been found in glacial till in the north-central United States and in Canada. Till prospecting is a method of prospecting in which tills are sampled over a wide area to determine if they contain valuable minerals, such as gold, uranium, silver, nickel, or diamonds, and

1904-513: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary . St. Catherine of Siena, a Catholic elementary school, opened prior to 1959. Prior to 2009 its enrollment had declined, with 130 students that year, and its financial state had deteriorated. The school closed in 2009. Most of Hammond's streets are laid out in a grid pattern similar to Chicago's streets. While Madison Street in Chicago acts as the reference point for north–south street numbering

1972-434: The entrainment by the moving ice of previously available unconsolidated sediments. Bedrock can be eroded through the action of glacial plucking and abrasion , and the resulting clasts of various sizes will be incorporated to the glacier's bed. Glacial abrasion is the weathering of bedrock below a flowing glacier by fragmented rock on the basal layer of the glacier. The two mechanisms of glacial abrasion are striation of

2040-656: The Chicago Outlet near the southwest suburbs. This lowered the lake level to current day Lake Michigan levels (Horsley, 1986). As the lake shrunk, it left a series of sand ridges where its ancient beaches were. Along the Lake Michigan shoreline, the prevailing winds have built a series of dune ridges, breaking up the original flat surface of the Lake Plain. South of the Chicago Lake Plain in

2108-657: The Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City Combined Statistical Area, the broadest of the census-derived Metropolitan definitions. Unlike the majority of Indiana , which operates on Eastern Standard Time , these counties and Starke are in the Central Time Zone , with Pulaski County being the only county of Northwest Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone, reflecting the region's close economic ties to

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2176-577: The George H. Hammond Company meat-packing plant following merchants and farmers to the area. Hammond was incorporated on April 21, 1884, and was named after the Detroit butcher. Hammond is one of the oldest cities in Lake County, with Crown Point being the oldest (established in 1834). According to the Encyclopedia of Chicago, George Henry Hammond, a pioneer in the use of refrigerated railcars for

2244-571: The NFL decided to reduce the number of teams, it did so by simply folding smaller franchises. The Hammond Pros never played a home game in Hammond . During the four years of the Hammond Pros' existence, the NFL had nine African-American players, six of whom played for the Pros. The NFL's first African-American head coach was Hall-of-Famer coach Fritz Pollard of the Pros. Hammond is incorporated as

2312-658: The Union Stock Yard in Chicago. By the middle of the 1880s, when it built a new plant in Omaha, Nebraska, Hammond was slaughtering over 100,000 cattle a year and owned a fleet of 800 refrigerator cars. After Hammond died in 1886, the company became less important and no longer challenged the giant Chicago packers, who acquired Hammond at the turn of the century and merged it into their National Packing Co. The Hammond Whiting & East Chicago Electric Railway Company trolley service ran from 1893 to 1940. On June 22, 1918,

2380-403: The average family size was 3.23. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males. The median income for a household in the city

2448-450: The bedrock by coarse grains moved by the glacier, thus gouging the rock below, and polishing of the bedrock by smaller grains such as silts. Glacial plucking is the removal of large blocks from the bed of a glacier. Much of the silt in till is produced by glacial grinding, and the longer the till remains at the ice-bedrock interface, the more thoroughly it is crushed. However, the crushing process appears to stop with fine silt. Clay in till

2516-723: The central parts of Lake and Porter County and northern LaPorte county is the hilly Wheaton Morainal Plain. The Wheaton Morainal Plain consist of the Valparaiso Moraine and Tinley Moraine, paralleling the Lake Michigan Shoreline. The plain consist of rolling Wisconsinan-age moraines. The Morainal Plain is clayey till , and sandy and loamy till, with areas of sand and gravel. Other deposits include lake clay, silt, and alluvium. Deposits are between 50 and 200 ft (15 and 61 m) thick, with many southern areas have over 200 ft of till (Mades, 1987). The Kankakee Outwash Plain (southern Lake, Porter, and LaPorte counties)

2584-579: The city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female. As of the 2000 census , there were 83,048 people, 32,026 households and 20,880 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,630.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,401.6/km ). There were 34,139 housing units at an average density of 1,492.2 per square mile (576.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 72.35% White , 14.57% African American , 0.41% Native American , 0.46% Asian , 0.08% Pacific Islander , 9.32% from other races , and 2.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.04% of

2652-424: The city was 59.4% White , 22.5% African American , 0.5% Native American , 1.0% Asian , 13.3% from other races , and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 34.1% of the population. There were 29,949 households, of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had

2720-498: The clasts dipping upstream. Though till is generally unstratified, till high in clay may show lamination due to compaction under the weight of overlying ice. Till may also contain lenses of sand or gravel , indicating minor and local reworking by water transitional to non-till glacial drift. The term till comes from an old Scottish name for coarse, rocky soil. It was first used to describe primary glacial deposits by Archibald Geikie in 1863. Early researchers tended to prefer

2788-529: The decision was made to demolish Woodmar Mall except for the Carson's store. The Hammond Redevelopment Commission announced plans in June 2016 for a $ 12 million sports complex to be built on the site of the former mall. The Carson's store closed in 2018, and was demolished in 2019, as part of its parent company's liquidation. The city sits within the boundaries of the former Lake Chicago , and much of its land area consists of former dune and swale terrain that

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2856-413: The difficulties in accurately classifying different tills, which are often based on inferences of the physical setting of the till rather than detailed analysis of the till fabric or particle size. Subglacial lodgement tills are deposits beneath the glacier that are forced, or "lodged" into the bed below. As glaciers advance or retreat, the clasts that are deposited by the ice may have a lower velocity than

2924-474: The first "1" is removed; this makes what would be a five digit address number in Illinois into a four digit address number in Hammond. The state line is used as the reference point for east–west street numbering. Other cities and towns in Northwest Indiana that use the Hammond numbering system are Whiting , Munster and Highland . Dyer also uses the Hammond numbering system but the first number removed from

2992-410: The glacier. Many of the clasts are faceted, striated, or polished, all signs of glacial abrasion . The sand and silt grains are typically angular to subangular rather than rounded. It has been known since the careful statistic work by geologist Chauncey D. Holmes in 1941 that elongated clasts in tills tend to align with the direction of ice flow. Clasts in till may also show slight imbrication , with

3060-411: The glacier. Since the rate of deposition is controlled by the rate of basal melting, it is worth considering the factors that contribute to melting. These can be the geothermal heat flux, frictional heat generated by sliding, ice thickness, and ice-surface temperature gradients. Subglacial deformation tills refer to the homogenization of glacial sediments that occur when the stresses and shear forces from

3128-401: The glacier. These consist of clasts and debris that become exposed due to melting via solar radiation. These debris are either just debris that have a high relative position on the glacier, or clasts that have been transported up from the base of the glacier. Debris accumulation has a feedback-loop relationship with melting. Initially, the darker colored debris absorb more heat and thus accelerate

3196-403: The ice itself. When the friction between the clast and the bed exceeds the forces of the ice flowing above and around it, the clast will cease to move, and it will become a lodgement till. Subglacial meltout tills are tills that are deposited via the melting of the ice lobe. Clasts are transported to the base of the glacier over time, and as basal melting continues, they are slowly deposited below

3264-877: The largest North American facilities for both U.S. Steel (Gary Works) and Cleveland Cliffs (Indiana Harbor). Whiting and Hammond are home to the largest oil refinery in the Midwestern U.S., operated by BP . Other industrial outputs include fabricated metals, transportation equipment, and food products. Since the 1990s, casino gambling has become a significant component of Northwest Indiana's economy. A land-based casino with about 150,000 square feet (14,000 m) of gambling floor opened in Gary in 2021, replacing two boats. Two casino boat properties with approximately 164,000 square feet (15,200 m) of aggregate gaming space are located along Lake Michigan in Lake County. An additional 65,000 square feet (6,000 m) of gaming space

3332-650: The melting process. After a significant amount of melting has occurred, the thickness of the till insulates the ice sheet and slows the melting process. Supraglacial meltout tills typically end up forming moraines. Supraglacial flow tills refer to tills that are subject to a dense concentration of clasts and debris from meltout. These debris localities are then subsequently affected by ablation . Due to their unstable nature, they are subject to downslope flow, and thus named "flow till." Properties of flow tills vary, and can depend on factors such as water content, surface gradient, and debris characteristics. Generally, flow tills with

3400-741: The most southern part of Northwest Indiana in the valley of the Iroquois River in southern Newton and Jasper counties. This area consists of low and rolling hills, i.e., moraines like the Iroquois Moraine with less than 300 ft (91 m) changes in elevation. The soils are loamy till, lake clay and silt. Unlike the northern half of Northwest Indiana, the Huron-Erie glacial lobe left these deposits in its northeastward retreat. Deposits are less than 200 ft (61 m) thick, with some more than 400 ft (120 m) thick. With

3468-470: The moving glacier rework the topography of the bed. These contain preglacial sediments (non glacial or earlier glacial sediments), which have been run over and thus deformed by meltout processes or lodgement. The constant reworking of these deposited tills leads to a highly homogenized till. Supraglacial meltout tills are similar to subglacial meltout tills. Rather than being the product of basal melting, however, supraglacial meltout tills are imposed on top of

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3536-410: The nearby Chicago metropolitan area. 41°10′N 87°0′W  /  41.167°N 87.000°W  / 41.167; -87.000 Hammond, Indiana Hammond ( / ˈ h æ m ə n d / HAM -ənd ) is a city in Lake County, Indiana , United States. Located along Lake Michigan , it is part of the Chicago metropolitan area and the only city in Indiana to border Chicago . As of

3604-458: The north–south streets is a "2," as by that point the Illinois numbers across the state line start with the number 2 (Munster's street numbers start with a "1" north of the Dyer line, making them 5 digits); and East Chicago uses the canal located in the middle of the city as the east–west reference point, while embodying Hammond's numbering system for the north–south streets. The South Shore Line ,

3672-410: The population. There were 32,026 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and

3740-429: The population. 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18, 5.3% were under 5 years of age, and 13.2% were 65 and older. As of the 2010 census , there were 80,830 people, 29,949 households, and 19,222 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,549.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,370.3/km ). There were 32,945 housing units at an average density of 1,446.2 per square mile (558.4/km ). The racial makeup of

3808-403: The south side of Chicago, which all relied on heavy industry (primarily steel production). Hammond's economy, on the other hand, depended on light manufacturing, transportation & warehousing, retail, banking & insurance, healthcare, hospitality & food service, and construction. In 1981, a toxic flood in Gary led Hammond to erect a barrier on 165th Street, one of several roads connecting

3876-464: The subglacial environment, such as in tunnel valleys . There are various types of classifying tills: Traditionally (e.g. Dreimanis , 1988 ) a further set of divisions has been made to primary deposits, based upon the method of deposition. Van der Meer et al. 2003 have suggested that these till classifications are outdated and should instead be replaced with only one classification, that of deformation till. The reasons behind this are largely down to

3944-412: The term boulder clay for the same kind of sediments, but this has fallen into disfavor. Where it is unclear whether a poorly sorted, unconsolidated glacial deposit was deposited directly from glaciers, it is described as diamict or (when lithified ) as diamictite . Tillite is a sedimentary rock formed by lithification of till. Glacial till is mostly derived from subglacial erosion and from

4012-491: The till. The abundance of clay demonstrates lack of reworking by turbulent flow, which otherwise would winnow the clay. Typically, the distribution of particle sizes shows two peaks (it is bimodal ) with pebbles predominating in the coarser peak. The larger clasts (rock fragments) in till typically show a diverse composition, often including rock types from outcrops hundreds of kilometers away. Some clasts may be rounded, and these are thought to be stream pebbles entrained by

4080-413: The top of the stratigraphic sediment sequence, which has a major influence on land usage. Till is deposited as the terminal moraine , along the lateral and medial moraines and in the ground moraine of a glacier, and moraine is often conflated with till in older writings. Till may also be deposited as drumlins and flutes , though some drumlins consist of a core of stratified sediments with only

4148-605: The transport of fresh meat, first used this method with his small packing company in Detroit, Michigan. In 1868, Hammond received a patent for a refrigerator car design. In the early 1870s, he built a new plant in northern Indiana along the tracks of the Michigan Central Railroad. By 1873, the George H. Hammond Co. was selling $ 1 million worth of meat a year; by 1875, sales were nearly $ 2 million. The company's large packing house in Hammond rivaled those located at

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4216-408: The two cities, which led to lasting tensions with Gary. Prominent manufacturing companies in Hammond include Unilever's soap factory, Atlas Tube, Cargill food processing, Munster Steel, Lear Seating Corporation, Jupiter Aluminum, Tri-State Automation, and Dover Chemical. Warehousing and storage is also prominent, with ExxonMobil and Marathon Petroleum having large oil storage facilities, and FedEx has

4284-623: Was Franciscan St. Margaret Health on Stateline Road, across the street from Calumet City , Illinois . It is an accredited chest pain center serving Northwest Indiana and the south suburbs of Chicago. The hospital was founded in late 1898 and was originally called St. Margaret Hospital, later merging with Our Lady Of Mercy Hospital in Dyer, Indiana , in the 1990s and was part of the former Sisters of St. Francis Health Services . The hospital closed in December 2022. Till Till or glacial till

4352-503: Was $ 35,528, and the median income for a family was $ 42,221. Males had a median income of $ 35,778 versus $ 25,180 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 16,254. About 12.0% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. According to the city, those businesses employing 200 or more employees in Hammond are: The following single properties and national historic districts are listed on

4420-457: Was anchored by a Carson Pirie Scott and Co. store. According to the 1960 United States census Hammond's population reached a record high of 111,698 residents. Hammond, like other industrial cities in the Rust Belt , went into decline during the 1970s and 1980s, with the city's population plunging to 94,000 in 1980, and 83,000 in 2000. However, Hammond's economy was more diversified than neighboring Gary, Indiana , East Chicago, Indiana , and

4488-648: Was in business until August 1984. The building which housed the Goldblatt's store had been purchased by the Chicago-based retailer in 1931 and operated until 1982 when it closed due to bankruptcy. The Pullman Standard Car Company built M4 Sherman tanks in Hammond during World War II . Architect Victor Gruen designed the Woodmar Mall in the Woodmar neighborhood. The mall opened in 1954 and

4556-511: Was subsequently leveled. Most of the city is on sandy soil with a layer of black topsoil that varies from non-existent to several feet (a meter or more) thick. Much of the exposed sand was removed for purposes such as industrial use to make concrete and glass. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 23.827 sq mi (61.71 km ), of which, 22.741 sq mi (58.90 km )

4624-563: Was the first president of the library union. Hammond was defeated by the team from Taipei , Taiwan in the 1972 Little League World Series . The Hammond Pros was one of the earliest professional football teams in the United States. When the American Professional Football League was formed in 1920, the Hammond Pros was a charter member, as it also was when the league changed its name to National Football League in 1922. However, four years later, when

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