66-620: Northwest India is a loosely defined region of India consisting of north-western states of the Republic of India . It generally includes the states of Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Punjab , Rajasthan Uttarakhand , and often Uttar Pradesh , along with the union territories of Chandigarh , Jammu and Kashmir , Ladakh , and the National Capital Territory of Delhi . Gujarat is occasionally included as well. The mountainous upper portion of Northwest India consists of
132-464: A combined population exceeding 500 Gram Sabha . Clusters of villages are also sometimes called Hobli or Patti. Certain governmental functions and activities - including clean water availability, rural development, and education - are tracked at a sub-village level. These hamlets are termed "habitations". India is composed of 1,714,556 habitations In some states, most villages have a single habitation; in others (notably Kerala and Tripura ) there
198-577: A nested hierarchy of administrative divisions . Indian states and territories frequently use different local titles for the same level of subdivision (e.g., the mandals of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana correspond to tehsils of Uttar Pradesh and other Hindi-speaking states but to talukas of Gujarat , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu ). The smaller subdivisions (villages and blocks ) exist only in rural areas. In urban areas, urban local bodies exist instead of these rural subdivisions. The diagram below outlines
264-816: A part of the empire. During this period, the region and the empire was invaded by the Iranian Empire , followed by the Afghan Empire . The East India Company controlled the British territories within the Hindustani Empire and nominally functioned under the authority of the Shahenshah of Hindustan. It took over western parts of the Awadh province from the Nawab (governor) in 1783 and in 1803 became
330-522: A revenue district, is a basic administrative unit under a state or union territory. Each District is headed by an IAS officer called District Magistrate . A sub-division is an administrative division of a district in India. In some states( Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Tamil Nadu , Kerala ) they are called Revenue Divisions . It is headed by a sub-divisional magistrate (also known as assistant collector or assistant commissioner). In some states,
396-523: Is a high ratio of habitations to villages. A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighbourhoods, townships, cities, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts. As social, economic, and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas, as well as satellite cities, towns, and intervening rural areas that are socio-economically tied to
462-465: Is as under: Each zone has a zonal headquarters where a zonal cultural center has been established. Several states have membership in multiple zones, but no state subdivisions are utilized in the zonal divisions. In addition to promoting the culture of the zones they are responsible for, each zonal center also works to cross-promote and create exposure to other cultural zones of India by organizing functions and inviting artistes from other zones. India
528-579: Is composed of 28 states and eight union territories (including a national capital territory). The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions which have been given autonomy within their respective states . Presently, 10 Autonomous Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura are formed by virtue of the Sixth Schedule with
594-686: Is headed by a senior IAS officer called Divisional Commissioner . States like Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Goa , etc. don't have separate divisions or regions. Instead, they're directly split into districts for administrative purposes. As of September 2022, divisions exist in 18 of the 28 states and 3 of the 8 union territories. As of September 2022, there are a total of 102 divisions in India. Some states consist of regions, which have no official administrative governmental status. They are purely geographic regions; some correspond to historic countries, states or provinces. A region may comprise one or more divisions, averaging about three divisions per region. However,
660-516: Is identified as Kanyakubja or region around Kannauj . During Late Vedic times (c. 1100–500 BCE), it was one of the most powerful states of ancient India , closely allied with the Kuru Kingdom . By the c. 5th century BCE, it had become an oligarchic confederacy , considered one of the solasa (sixteen) mahajanapadas (major states) of the Indian subcontinent . After being absorbed into
726-468: Is identified with king Vangapala, known from his coins. The name of Damagupta is also found on a clay sealing. The last independent ruler of Ahichatra was Achyuta , who was defeated by Samudragupta , after which Panchala was annexed into the Gupta Empire . The coins of Achyuta found from Ahichatra have a wheel of eight spokes on the reverse and the legend Achyu on the obverse. Ajamida II had
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#1732772590634792-412: Is often the next level of administrative division (for development purposes, whereas tehsil is next to the district for revenue purposes). Villages are often the lowest level of subdivisions in India. The governmental bodies at the village level are called Gram Panchayat , of which there were an estimated 256,000 in 2002. Each Gram Panchayat covers a large village or a cluster of smaller villages with
858-935: Is spoken in Punjab, Kumaoni and Garhwali of Pahari languages are spoken in Uttarakhand, Himachali languages of Pahari languages are spoken in Himachal Pradesh, Haryanvi of Central Indo-Aryan languages is spoken in Haryana, Hindi and Awadhi of Central Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthani languages are spoken Rajasthan. Sino-Tibetan languages like Tibetan are spoken in Ladakh . Administrative divisions of India The administrative divisions of India are subnational administrative units of India ; they are composed of
924-688: The House of Babur ( Mughal dynasty ). In 1556, Akbar the Great was crowned Emperor of Hindustan amid a civil war against the House of Sur in the Hindustani Empire. He annexed the Kingdom of Kashmir in 1586 and brought the Rajput kingdoms under his suzerainty. In the eighteenth century, Punjab region broke free, and the Sikh Confederacy was established in the region. The remaining portion remained
990-533: The Kingdom of Malwa , the Kingdom of Jejakabhukti , the Kingdom of Tripuri , the Kingdom of Sambhar (later the Kingdom of Ajmer) under the House of Chauhan, and the Kingdom of Delhi under the House of Tomar . The Kingdom of Kannauj was revived by the House of Gahadavala in 1089 by ousting the Kingdom of Tripuri to its southern territories. The Kingdom of Amber and the Kingdom of Jaisalmer declared independence from
1056-813: The Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE), Panchala regained its independence until it was annexed by the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE. The Pañcāla state was located to the west of the Gomti river , and the north of the Chambal River . Its western neighbours were the Sūrasenas and the Yakṛllomas, while in the north-west it was separated from the Gaṅgā and the Kurus by dense forests. The northern boundaries of Pañcāla were
1122-737: The Western Himalayas , while the flat lower portion consists of the middle portion of the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Thar Desert . Northwest India borders Pakistan to the west, and the Tibet Autonomous Region and Xinjiang of China to the northeast. Before the Partition of India , the term "Northwest India" included the entirety of Punjab , Sindh and North West Frontier Province , in addition to
1188-532: The East India Company suffered initial defeats. The war lasted until 1858 after which Britain proclaimed its victory. Bahadur Shah was exiled to Burma and the British Crown began directly ruling British territories in India and dissolved the East India Company. The various alliances and treaties with various kingdoms and states (such as the Kingdom of Kashmir and Punjab and Rajput states) made by
1254-586: The East India Company were transferred to the British Crown as well. In 1876, Victoria was declared the Empress of India , and the Indian Empire was established consisting of British India and the various princely states . In 1947, the Indian Empire was dissolved and British India was divided into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan while the various princely states acceded to one of
1320-618: The Emperor of Bengal invaded Kannauj and deposed Indrayudha and replaced him with Indrayudha's brother, Chakrayudha whom he made his vassal. This obviously led to war and the Gurjara Empire defeated Bengal and the Gurjara Emperor Vatsaraja occupied Kannauj. Rashtrakuta Emperor Dhruva defeated the Gurjara Empire and Vatsaraja fled his empire, while Dhruva returned to his empire. Bengal re-installed Chakrayudha as
1386-722: The Gurjara armies, and Nagabhatta retreated back to his empire. Dharmapala and Chakrayudha acknowledged Govinda III as their overlords to earn his friendship after which Govinda went back and Kannauj came back under Bengal rule in 800. Kannauj remained a vassal of the Bengal Empire until 816 when the Gurjara Emperor Nagabhata II invaded the Kingdom of Kannauj and conquered it and made the city of Kannauj its capital. In 912, owing to an inner conflict, multiple feudatory kingdoms declared their independence —
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#17327725906341452-676: The Huns. The Kingdom of Malwa which had been a feudatory of the Magadhan Empire defeated and conquered much of the Hunic kingdom in 528. However, Malwa collapsed in 550 and the Principality of Thanesar became an independent state in upper gangetic plain. In 556, the Kingdom of Kannauj became independent from Magadha in the middle plains. The remaining eastern part of the Magadhan Empire collapsed and broke into multiple small kingdoms in
1518-660: The Indo-Greeks eventually captured all of their strongholds except the one at Sagala. In middle Ganga plain, the Kingdom of Panchala regained its independence from the collapsing Magadhan Empire in 107 BC. In AD 10, the Indo-Scythian satrap of Mathura captured the last Indo-Greek stronghold at Sagala. In AD 19, the Governor of Sakastan in the Parthian Empire to the west declared independence and established
1584-675: The Indo-Parthian Kingdom. The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was conquered by the Kushan Empire by the mid-first century and in the early second century conquered the Indo-Scythian kingdom of Mathura. The Kushan Empire expanded further into the Gangetic plain and made the Kingdom of Panchala its tributary state for a brief period until early third century when it lost controlled over northwest India. By mid third century,
1650-578: The King of Kannauj and its vassal. After the death of Dhruva in 793, the Rashtrakuta Empire fell into a war of succession. In the Gurjara Empire, the son of Vatsaraja, Nagabhata II , seeking revenge and taking advantage of the succession crisis in the Rashtrakuta Empire, invaded Kannauj and defeated Dharmapala and made Chakrayudha his vassal. Before he could invade Bengal however, the new Rashtrakuta Emperor Govinda III invaded Kannauj and defeated
1716-560: The Kingdom of Sambhar in 1128 and 1156 respectively. The Kingdom of Sambhar conquered the Kingdom of Delhi in 1152. The Ghurid Empire conquered the Kingdom of Sambhar in 1192 and the Kingdom of Kannauj in 1197. However the empire collapsed in 1206 and the Indian territories were consolidated by his general Qutub-ud-din Aibak , who proclaimed himself the Sultan of Delhi in 1206. This region was
1782-756: The Kushan Empire had fallen under the control of the Second Persian Empire . Multiple kingdoms came up in northwest India. Some of these were the Yaudheya Confederation and the Arjunayana State . To the east still existed the Kingdom of Panchala. The Magadhan Empire was restored by Chandragupta I of the House of Gupta in AD 319. Large conquests were made to the empire under Samudragupta (reign. AD 335–375). Panchala
1848-626: The Pandavas during the war. The Panchala janapada is believed to have been formed by multiple janas (tribes). The Shatapatha Brahmana suggests that Panchala was the later name of the Krivi tribe (who, according to the Rigveda , lived on the bank of the Indus river ). The later Vedic literature uses the term Panchala to describe the close associates of the Kurus . Panchala is identified with
1914-680: The Punjab . To the extreme there was the Kingdom of Kashmir and Jammu , below that the Punjab States, and to its south, the Rajputana Agency . By 1945, the region had been slightly re-organised. The Punjab States Agency was created out of the Punjab States, and the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi was created out of Punjab Province. The Oudh province and the North-Western provinces had been merged to form
1980-630: The Rajasthan Union and Province of Himachal Pradesh were created. After India became a republic in 1950, all provinces were declared States of the Indian Union. United Provinces became the State of Uttar Pradesh and the State of Himachal Pradesh , State of Punjab , State of Rajasthan and State of Jammu and Kashmir were created. Delhi Province became a union territory. In 1966, Haryana
2046-516: The Shahenshah of Hindustan. The Shahenshah declared war against the East India Company and wrote letters to the various kingdoms and principalities of the erstwhile empire. Many declared their allegiance to the Shahenshah and supported the declaration of war. In many states that supported the company, the troops rebelled and acquired control, and joined the war nonetheless. However many of the larger states like Hyderabad, Mysore and Kashmir remained neutral. The United Kingdom got involved in this war after
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2112-590: The Sikh Empire in 1846 and re-established the Kingdom of Kashmir , and conquered the entirety of the Sikh Empire in 1849. In 1856, it annexed the Kingdom of Awadh. In 1857, the troops of the Bengal Army under the East India Company mutinied and marched towards Delhi. The troops in the forts on their way also mutinied and joined them. They finally reached Delhi in 12 May, and proclaimed Bahadur Shah II
2178-815: The Somaka clan. However, the Mahabharata and the Puranas consider the ruling clan of the northern Panchala as an offshoot of the Bharata clan, identifying Divodasa , Sudas , Srinjaya, Somaka, and Drupada (also called Yajnasena) as its most notable rulers. It is also mentioned that Sutasoma , the son of Draupadi and the Pandava prince Bhima , was the king of the Somaka tribe during the Kurukshetra War . The Panchala kingdom rose to its highest prominence in
2244-706: The Thar Desert and a small part of the Gangetic plain. The languages spoken in this region belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family of the Indo-European languages . The languages belong to six main branches: Dardic languages , Pahari languages , North Western Indo-Aryan languages , Rajasthani languages and Central Indo-Aryan languages . Kashmiri and Dogri of Pahari languages is spoken in Jammu and Kashmir, Punjabi of North-Western Indo-Aryan languages
2310-844: The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. After the dissolution of the Indian Empire and the partitioning of British India, the Dominion of India was created which included the Province of East Punjab and the United Provinces to the north west. Jammu and Kashmir, the Punjab States Agency (except Bahawalpur) and the Rajputana Agency joined the Union of India. Following this, the Patiala and East Punjab States Union ,
2376-401: The Upper Gangetic plain covering the states of Uttar Pradesh and the National Capital Territory; and the Thar Desert covering the state of Rajasthan. The northern part is mountainous and includes the Western Himalayas and extends into the Tibetan plateau . The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal and Uttarakhand are located in the Western Himalayas. The union-governed territory of Ladakh is
2442-421: The Vedic texts - the Krivis with Kravya Panchala, the Turvashas with Sona Satrasaha, the Keshins with Keshin Dalbhya, the Srinjayas with Sahadeva Sarnjaya, and the Somakas with Somaka Sahadevya. The names of the last two clans, the Somakas and the Srinjayas, are also mentioned in the Mahabharata and the Puranas . King Drupada, whose daughter Draupadi was married into the Pandavas in the Mahabharata, belonged to
2508-499: The aftermath of the decline of the Kuru Kingdom, culminating in its eventual defeat by the non-Vedic Salva tribe . The king of Panchala, Keśin Dālbhya (approximately between 900 and 750 BCE ), was the nephew of the Kuru king, who had died heirless; Keśin subsequently took over the leadership, establishing his kingdom as the new political and cultural center, and ensuring the continuation of the Vedic tradition. His dynasty remained in power for many generations; one of his later successors
2574-536: The boundaries of the regions and the boundaries of the divisions do not always coincide exactly. So far there has been no movement to give the regions official administrative status. If this was to be done, it would presumably require that the boundaries of the regions be slightly modified so that they correspond exactly with their constituent districts. States and territories (or divisions) are further subdivided into districts ( zilla ), of which there are 797 (as of Nov 2023). A district in India, officially referred to as
2640-466: The c. 6th century BCE. The 4th century BCE text Arthashastra also attests to the Panchalas as following the Rajashabdopajivin (king consul) constitution. Panchala was annexed into the Magadha empire during the reign of Mahapadma Nanda in the mid-4th century BCE. Numismatic evidence reveals the existence of independent rulers of Panchala during the post-Mauryan period. Most of the coins issued by them are found at Ahichatra and adjoining areas. All
2706-454: The city of Kanyakubja or the region around it. The Mahabharata mentions the 'Saranjayas' as a tribe or a family among the Panchalas, occasionally using the terms inter-changeably, but also separately at a few places. The Mahabharata further mentions that the Panchala country had its capital at Kanyakubja or modern day Kannauj but was later divided into two territories: the northern Panchala with its capital at Ahichchhatra , and
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2772-413: The coins are round, made of a copper alloy and have a set pattern on the obverse-a deeply incised square punch consisting of a row of three symbols and the ruler's name placed in a single line below them. The reverse bears depictions of the deities or sometimes of their attributes, whose names form a component of the issuers' names (for example, coins of Agnimitra bear the depiction of Agni ). The names of
2838-412: The core of the Delhi Sultanate for the following centuries. The Delhi Sultanate defeated the invading Mongol Empire and saved India from the destruction that had met Central and Western Asia. In 1526, Babur , Emir of Kabul, defeated Ibrahim Lodhi , Sultan of Delhi and took over the sultanate. Following this, he defeated the Rajput Confederation and proclaimed himself the King of Hindustan and founded
2904-416: The forests around the region of the Gaṅgā's source. The territory of Pañcāla corresponded to the modern-day areas of Rohilkhand such as Bareilly , Budaun , Shahjahanpur , Kannauj such as Farrukhabad , Kannauj and Kanpur , and parts of Awadh such as the western half of Hardoi , and parts of Lakhimpur as well as the Central Gaṅgā- Yamunā Doab in Uttar Pradesh . Drupada , the king of Panchala
2970-915: The land and revenue department, headed by tehsildar ; and blocks come under the rural development department, headed by the block development officer and serve different government administrative functions over the same or similar geographical area. States use varying names for their sub-districts. Detailed information is as follows (as of 2018): Census of India (2011) states the following criteria in defining towns. They are: All areas under statutory urban administrative units like Municipal Corporation , #India , Cantonment Board , Notified Town Area Committee, Town Panchayat , etc., are known as Statutory Towns. Census towns are areas in India that have urban characteristics but are not defined as towns by state governments. They are governed by rural local bodies like gram panchayats, unlike statutory towns. The Community Development Block also known as CD Block or just block,
3036-423: The late sixth century. In 607, Harsha inherited both the Principality of Thanesar and the Kingdom of Kannauj and was declared the Emperor of Kannauj . He conquered vast territories in North India. The empire, however, was short-lived and collapsed in 647. The rump state of Kannauj was ruled by Arunasva . Between 725 and 770, Kingdom of Kannauj was ruled by the House of Varman . In 770, Bhoja, King of Kannauj
3102-509: The official protectors of the Shahenshah. It made subsidiary military alliances with Rajput states in 1818. The same year the Nawab of Awadh declared his independence and established the Kingdom of Awadh , however it wasn't recognised widely, not even by the people of Awadh who continued to call him Nawab. In 1835, the East India Company stopped recognising the authority of the Shahenshah of Hindustan, at that time Akbar II , and downgraded him to King of Delhi. The East India Company annexed parts of
3168-496: The post is designated as Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) or Sub-Divisional Officer (Civil). A district may have multiple sub-divisions, and each of those sub-divisions may contain multiple sub-districts ( tehsils / C.D. Blocks ) and municipalities. For example, in West Bengal , the Murshidabad district contains five sub-divisions ( mahakumas ) In some instances, tehsils (sub-districts) overlap with " blocks " (panchayat union blocks or community development blocks) and come under
3234-508: The rest being formed as a result of other legislation. There are 10 Autonomous District Councils created by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India : Some states have created autonomous councils by an Act of their state legislatures. The two autonomous councils in the union territory of Ladakh was created by the state of Jammu and Kashmir (1952 – 2019). Many of the Indian states are subdivided into divisions, which have official administrative governmental status, and each division
3300-494: The rulers found on these coins are Vangapala, Yajnapala, Damagupta, Rudragupta, Jayagupta, Suryamitra, Phalgunimitra, Bhanumitra, Bhumimitra, Dhruvamitra, Agnimitra, Indramitra, Vishnumitra, Jayamitra, Prajapatimitra, Varunamitra, Anamitra, Bhadraghosha and Yugasena (the reverse of the coins of Varunamitra, Yugasena and Anamitra do not exhibit any deity). Shaunakayaniputra Vangapala, ruler of Ahichatra, whom Vaidehiputra Ashadhasena mentioned as his grandfather in his Pabhosa inscription,
3366-492: The six tiers of administrative divisions: The states of India have been grouped into six zones having an Advisory Council "to develop the habit of cooperative working" among these States. Zonal Councils were set up vide Part-III of the States Reorganisation Act , 1956. The North Eastern States' special problems are addressed by another statutory body - The North Eastern Council, created by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971. The present composition of each of these Zonal Councils
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#17327725906343432-424: The southern Panchala with its capital at Kampilya . According to the political scientist Sudama Misra, the name of the Panchala janapada suggests that it was a fusion of five ( pancha ) janas (tribes). H.C. Raychaudhuri theorized that these five clans were the Krivis, the Turvashas, the Keshins, the Srinjayas, and the Somakas. Each of these clans is known to be associated with one or more princes mentioned in
3498-400: The territory of modern-day India west of the 77th meridian east and north of the 24th parallel north . Since the ancient period, the region has been subject to foreign invasions. In the ancient era, it was part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom , followed by the Kushan Empire . The region was invaded and conquered by the Ghorid Empire in the twelfth century. In the eighteenth century, the region
3564-485: The two states. The First Kashmir War was fought between the Indian Union and Pakistan from 1947 to 1948 over the Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir , resulting in Gilgit-Baltistan in the northwestern part of the kingdom and an eastern strip becoming a part of Pakistan. In 1961, the Sino-Indian War , broke out between the Indian Republic and the newly established People's Republic of China , resulting in Aksai Chin coming under Chinese control. The Second Kashmir War (1965)
3630-410: The urban core, typically measured by commuting patterns. The metropolitan cities of India (more commonly called Tier-1 cities) are: Delhi , Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad , Ahmedabad and Pune . Kingdom of Panchala Panchala ( IAST : Pañcāla ) was an ancient kingdom of northern India , located in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab of the Upper Gangetic plain which
3696-430: The western part of the Tibetan plateau. The southern region is flat and consists of the middle portion of Indo-Gangetic plains and the Thar Desert . The states of Punjab and Haryana are located in the Trans-Gangetic plain along with the territories of Chandigarh and National Capital Territory, and the state of Uttar Pradesh is located in the Upper Gangetic plain or the Doab region. The state of Rajasthan extends across
3762-443: Was re-instated in 1849 and existed till its accession to the Indian Union in 1947. The Kashmir region is disputed between China , India , and Pakistan . India claims the entirety of Kashmir , including the Trans-Karakoram Tract (a.k.a. the Shaksgam Valley), but the regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan are controlled by Pakistan while Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract are controlled by China. The region
3828-408: Was a part of the Indus Valley civilisation until it decayed and following the Indo-Aryan migrations, the Kingdom of Kashmir in Kashmir region and other small kingdoms in the Gangetic plains were established during the Vedic era. The surrounding region was part of the First Persian Empire until it was briefly conquered by the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great , following which the region
3894-430: Was conquered by the Magadhan Empire in AD 350. The entire northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent except Kashmir was brought under Magadhan domination between AD 370 and 380 and was annexed between AD 400 and 405. However the power of the Magadhan Empire was to last not for many years longer. The First Hunnic War (496–515), between the Alcon Huns and the Magadhan Empire led to conquest of western Magadhan Empire by
3960-408: Was conquered by the Magadhan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya . In 185 BC, Demetrius I , the son of the King of Bactria , conquered the western part of the Magadhan Empire and established the Indo-Greek Kingdom . After the death of Menander I in 130 BC, multiple Indo-Greek kingdoms ruled various territories in the region. Indo-Scythians, in modern-day Afghanistan, Balochistan and Sindh, warred with
4026-448: Was deposed by Vajrayudha founding the House of Ayudha . This triggered Kannauj Wars (770–854) for the control over the Kingdom of Kannauj between three great powers — the Gurjara Empire under the Rajput Pratihara dynasty , the Bengal Empire under the House of Pala , and the Rashtrakuta Empire . In 785, Vatsaraja , the Gurjara Emperor invaded Kannauj, made Indrayudha, the King of Kannuj his vassal. In response to this, Dharmapala ,
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#17327725906344092-422: Was formed, and in 2000, Uttarakhand was formed. In 2019, the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir was terminated and the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh were created. The region consists of four main regions – the Western Himalayas covering the states and territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand; the Trans-Gangetic plain covering the states of Punjab and Haryana;
4158-401: Was inconclusive with minor territorial changes in the region. The Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War , lasted for only 13 days, and culminated in an Indian victory with minor territorial changes in the Kashmir region. In late nineteenth century, the region had three provinces – North-Western Provinces , Chief Commissioner's Province of Oudh and the Province of
4224-422: Was invaded and ransacked by Afghanistan and Iran . In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Punjab region was ruled by Sikh Misls . The Rajputs ruled the Thar region and occasionally the upper plains from the mediaeval era till the formation of the Indian Union (1947). The Kingdom of Kashmir existed from the ancient era until its conquest in 1586 by Akbar the Great , Emperor of Hindustan . It
4290-416: Was the father of Draupadi , who married the Pandavas . To avenge her humiliation during the game of dice played at Hastinapur which led to their lengthy exile, he fought on the side of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War . Bhishma ranked him a Mighty Maharathi , his son Dhrishtadyumna an Atirathi and his other son, Shikhandi , a Rathi . He contributed three (of the seven) Akshauhini armies to
4356-402: Was the philosopher-king Pravahana Jaivali , who was the contemporary of King Janaka of Videha and the philosophers Uddalaka Aruni and Svetaketu (8th–7th centuries BCE). Originally a monarchical clan , the Panchalas appear to have switched to a republican model of government around 500 BCE. The Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya mentions Panchala as one of the sixteen mahajanapadas of
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