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51-574: Early uses of the designation have been noted after the 1603 Union of the Crowns of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland . In early use the term could refer to inhabitants of Scotland as well as the country itself; since at least the late 15th century, "Britain" could be equivalent to "Briton", even being used interchangeably in early texts. Accordingly, "North Britain" was sometimes used as equivalent to "North Briton". Francis Bacon wrote in 1604 that

102-492: A Christian King under the Gospel, should be a polygamist and husband to two wives; that I being the head should have a divided or monstrous body or that being the shepherd to so fair a flock should have my flock parted in two. Parliament may very well have rejected polygamy; but the marriage, if marriage it was, between the realms of England and Scotland was to be morganatic at best. James's ambitions were greeted with horror from

153-656: A North Britain Student Forum on geoscience and engineering topics. Union of the Crowns The Union of the Crowns ( Scottish Gaelic : Aonadh nan Crùintean ; Scots : Union o the Crouns ) was the accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I and the practical unification of some functions (such as overseas diplomacy) of the two separate realms under

204-406: A dealer in cattle." "North Britain" is often used historically, referencing the period before the formation of Scotland and England. As such, it forms a geographic, yet politically and culturally neutral description of the area. The term, particularly in adjective form, found use in the creation of the railway system. The North British Railway operated from 1846 to 1923, leaving a later legacy in

255-444: A disappointing English one. The greatest and most obvious was the question of his exact status and title. In his first speech to his southern assembly on 19 March 1604 James gave a clear statement of the royal manifesto: What God hath conjoined let no man separate. I am the husband and the whole isle is my lawful wife; I am the head and it is my body; I am the shepherd and it is my flock. I hope therefore that no man will think that I,

306-766: A draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, with London placed under guard. English agents including Thomas Chaloner were advising James in Edinburgh on forms of government. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, with the news received without protest or disturbance. On 5 April 1603, James left Edinburgh for London and promised to return every three years, which he failed to keep by returning only once, in 1617. He progressed slowly from town to town to arrive in

357-414: A hundred thousand of them were there, for wee are all one Countrymen now, yee know; and wee shoulde finde ten times more comfort of them there, then wee do here. Anti-English satires proliferated, and in 1609, the king had an act passed that promised the direst penalties against the writers of "pasquillis, libellis, rymis, cockalanis, comedies and sicklyk occasiones whereby they slander and maligne and revile

408-675: A kingdom in name, but since 1601, a subject nation in practice. The asymmetric relationship between Scotland and England had been evident for at least a decade. In 1589, the Spanish Armada shipwreck survivor Francisco de Cuellar sought refuge in Scotland, as he had heard the Scottish king "protected all the Spaniards who reached his kingdom, clothed them, and gave them passages to Spain". However, following his six-month ordeal within

459-719: A monarch, who directed their domestic and foreign policies, along with Ireland , until the Acts of Union of 1707 during the reign of the last Stuart monarch , Anne . However, there was a republican interregnum in the 1650s, during which the Tender of Union of Oliver Cromwell created the Commonwealth of England and Scotland which ended with the Stuart Restoration . In August 1503, James IV of Scotland married Margaret , eldest daughter of Henry VII of England , and

510-426: A mood of high expectation. The twilight years of Elizabeth had been a disappointment, and for a nation troubled for so many years by the question of succession, the new king was a family man who already had male heirs waiting in the wings. But James's honeymoon was of very short duration, and his initial political actions were to do much to create the rather negative tone, which was to turn a successful Scottish king into

561-504: A single individual on 24 March 1603. It followed the death of James's cousin, Elizabeth I of England , the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty . The union was personal or dynastic , with the Crown of England and the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate despite James's best efforts to create a new imperial throne. England and Scotland continued as two separate states sharing

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612-439: A smooth succession. Cecil advised James not to press the matter of the succession upon the queen but simply to treat her with kindness and respect. The approach proved effective: "I trust that you will not doubt", Elizabeth wrote to James, "but that your last letters are so acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them you in grateful sort". In March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James

663-797: The Glasgow Daily Mail in 1901 and merged with the Glasgow Record the same year, ultimately becoming the Daily Record . Cousin Henry , one of Anthony Trollope 's 1879 novels , was serialized in that year in the North British Weekly Mail . Particularly in the 19th century, "North Britain" or "N.B." was widely used for postal addresses in Scotland. However, by the early 20th century, any vestiges of popular usage of this style had declined. "South Britain",

714-640: The Royal Scots Greys were renamed the "Royal North British Dragoons". Similarly, the "Scots" in the name of the Royal Scots Fusiliers was changed to "North British", a name which lasted until 1877, when it became the "21st (Royal Scots Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot". In 1712, The Boston News-Letter in British North America was using the term "North British". The Oxford English Dictionary cites Matthew Prior using

765-552: The "middle shires". Free trade proved contentious, as did the issue of equal rights before the law. Fears were openly expressed in the Westminster Parliament that English jobs would be threatened by all the poor people of the realm of Scotland, who will "draw near to the Sonn, and flocking hither in such Multitudes, that death and dearth is very probable to ensue". The exact status of the post nati , those born after

816-466: The 18th and 19th centuries, and in 1844 there was also a North British Advertiser . The North British Review was founded in 1844 by members of the Free Church of Scotland as a Scottish "national review" for those unsatisfied with the secular Edinburgh Review or the conservative Quarterly Review . It continued until 1871. In 1847 a North British Daily Mail was founded, which was renamed

867-502: The Countrey ... is too good for those that possesse yt, and too bad for others to be at the charge of conquering yt. The ayre might be wholesome, but for the stincking people that inhabit yt ... Their beasts be generallie small (women excepted) of which sort there are no greater in the world. A wounding observation came in the comedy Eastward Ho , a collaboration between Ben Jonson , George Chapman and John Marston . In enthusing over

918-436: The English parliament who feared the loss of the ancient and famous name of England. Legal objections were raised, with legal opinion at the time being that a union would end all established laws of both countries. For James, whose experience of parliaments was limited to the stage-managed and semi-feudal Scottish variety, the self-assurance — and obduracy — of the English version, which had long experience of upsetting monarchs,

969-717: The King that they injured and hurt one another". James's English coronation took place on 25 July though the festivities had to be restricted because of an outbreak of the plague. A Royal Entry featuring elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson was deferred until 15 March 1604, when all London turned out for the occasion: "The streets seemed paved with men", wrote Dekker, "Stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children, open casements filled up with women". Whatever residual fears that many in England may have felt, James's arrival aroused

1020-556: The Union of March 1603, was not decided by Parliament but in the courts by Calvin's Case (1608), which extended property rights to all the King's subjects in English common law and allowed them to bring cases before the courts. Scottish aristocrats and other placeseekers made their way to London to compete for high positions in government. In 1617, Sir Anthony Weldon wrote of the poverty of Scotland, as conceived by English courtiers:

1071-509: The academy before the Great War . Works known to have been displayed at these exhibitions include: Notable men and women were invited to become members, including: A list of members can be found in the first Exhibition Catalog. Publications by the academy included: And also A gold medal and honorary fellowship were offered in 1909 to the first British aviator who flew a British-made machine between Newcastle and London to encourage

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1122-625: The academy providing the seeds. Their window boxes and flower pots were to be exhibited and judged in one of the school halls of the city in September of the following year. It was intended to extend the competition to London and other cities and towns of the United Kingdom, with school principals in North Britain being asked to encourage their charges to enter the competition. Scholarships were provided for talented poor students in

1173-473: The ancient laws and liberties of Scotland ; for any such hurt would mean that "it culd no more be a frie monarchie". James attempted to reassure his new English subjects that the new union would be much like that between England and Wales and that if Scotland should refuse, "he would compel their assents, having a stronger party there than the opposite party of the mutineers". In October 1604 English and Scottish MP's were appointed as commissioners to explore

1224-538: The ane kingdome, to great honor and beccome forȝetfull of the uther, sua to mak the samyn altogidder solitat and desoltat qhilk cannot stand vith your Majestie's honor. As god hes heichlie advanceit your Majestie lett Scotland qhilk is ȝour auldest impyir be partakeris of ȝour blissings. Those fears were echoed by the Scottish Parliament, whose members were telling the King that they were "confident" that his plans for an incorporating union would not prejudice

1275-421: The capital after Elizabeth's funeral. Local lords received James with lavish hospitality along the route, and James's new subjects flocked to see him and were relieved above all that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion. As James entered London, he was mobbed. The crowds of people, one observer reported, were so great that "they covered the beauty of the fields; and so greedy were they to behold

1326-704: The complementary style apportioned to England, had never seriously established itself, either north or south of the Anglo-Scottish border . At least two ships were named the SS North Britain : a 1940 vessel torpedoed in 1943, and the 1945 SS North Britain , which was built by Lithgows , Port Glasgow as the Empire Cyprus for the Ministry of War Transport . She was sold into merchant service in 1948 and renamed North Britain . In 1962, she

1377-495: The creation of a perfect union. James closed the final session of his first parliament with a rebuke to his opponents in the House of Commons: "Here all things suspected.... He merits to be buried in the bottom of the sea that shall but think of separation, where God had made such a Union". The Union Commission made some limited progress, on discrete issues such as hostile border laws, trade and citizenship. The borders were to become

1428-409: The decades that followed, England repeatedly invaded Scotland , including burning its capital . By the middle of Henry's reign, the problems of the royal succession, which seemed so unimportant in 1503, acquired ever larger dimensions, when the question of Tudor fertility or the lack thereof entered directly into the political arena. Margaret's line was excluded from the English succession though during

1479-408: The encouragement and advantages of its associates and members, and for the creation of local art patriotism and enthusiasm amongst cultured and influential classes of North Britain." They soon evolved to encompass "the betterment of humanity by the advancement of art, literature, science, music, education, law, medicine, manufactures, commerce, agriculture, industries, and, engineering, to the end that

1530-475: The estait and countrey of England..." In October 1605 Nicolò Molin , the Venetian ambassador in London, noted that "the question of the Union will, I am assured, be dropped; for His Majesty is now well aware that nothing can be effected, both sides displaying such obstinacy that an accommodation is impossible; and so his Majesty is resolved to abandon the question for the present, in hope that time may consume

1581-468: The first Union Flag , where Scotland and England are not otherwise named: Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas, about the bearing of their Flagges ... This usage was repeated in Charles I 's Proclamation of 1634 on the use of the flag, though adding England and Scotland too for explanation: Our further will and pleasure is, that all

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1632-406: The fledgling British aviation industry. A gardening competition was established in 1910 to foster a love of nature and beauty amongst school children, so that the homes of the poor might be beautified and the young provided with an innocent and interesting hobby. Initially there were 2,761 child gardeners at work in the slums of Newcastle upon Tyne, competing for prizes to a total of 50 guineas with

1683-473: The good life to be had in the Colony of Virginia , it is observed: And then you shal live freely there, without Sergeants, or Courtiers, or Lawyers, or Intelligencers – onely a few industrious Scots perhaps, who indeed are disperst over the face of the whole earth. But as for them, there are no greater friends of Englishmen and England, when they are out an't, in the world, then they are. And for my part, I would

1734-448: The ill-humours". King James devised new coats of arms and a uniform coinage. The creation of a national flag proved contentious, designs acceptable to one side typically offending the other. James finally proclaimed the new Union Flag on 12 April 1606: Scots who saw in it a St George's Cross superimposed upon a St Andrew's Saltire sought to create their own 'Scotch' design, which saw the reverse superimposition take place. (that design

1785-596: The kingdom, he concluded "the King of Scotland is nobody: nor does he possess the authority or position of a king: and he does not move a step, nor eat a mouthful, that is not by order of the Queen ( Elizabeth I )". John Russell , lawyer and writer, an initial enthusiast for "the happie and blissed Unioun betuixt the tua ancienne realmes of Scotland and Ingland" was later to warn James: Lett it not begyne vith ane comedie, and end in ane tragedie; to be ane verball unioun in disparitie nor reall in conformity... hairby, to advance

1836-452: The membership secretary was Frederick Huntley (1887-1960), and curator was William J. Macgarree. The "Entrance Fee" was two guineas, the "Annual Subscription", one guinea, and "Life Composition", twelve guineas. Annual Meetings were held in September, and exhibitions of members' works normally held twice a year. Members were described as fellows of the academy, and entitled to append F.N.B.A. after their names. Eight exhibitions were held by

1887-698: The name of the North British Hotel in Edinburgh , which was renamed The Balmoral Hotel in the 1990s. The North British Locomotive Company existed from 1903 until its bankruptcy in 1962, again leaving a naming legacy in other organisations. The name is found in other private enterprises, examples being the Edinburgh North British Insurance Company , founded in 1809, and North British Distillery Company founded there in 1885. The North British Rubber Company

1938-555: The other Ships of Our Subjects of England or South Britain bearing flags shall from henceforth carry the Red Cross, commonly called S. George's Cross, as of old time hath been used; And also that all other ships of Our Subjects of Scotland or North Britain shall henceforth carry the White Cross commonly called S. Andrews Cross. After the Acts of Union 1707 , Scotland was sometimes referred to as "North Britain" officially. In 1707,

1989-635: The power of Inglis men our forbearis. The peace did not last in "perpetuity"; it was disturbed in 1513 when Henry VIII of England , who had succeeded his father four years before, declared war on France in the War of the League of Cambrai . In response France invoked the terms of the Auld Alliance , her ancient bond with Scotland. James duly invaded Northern England leading to the Battle of Flodden . In

2040-429: The reign of Elizabeth I , concerns were once again raised. In the last decade of her reign it was clear to all that James VI of Scotland , great-grandson of James IV and Margaret, was the only generally acceptable heir. From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister, Sir Robert Cecil , maintained a secret correspondence with James to prepare in advance for

2091-468: The spelling "North Briton" in 1718. In Rob Roy (1817), Sir Walter Scott refers to a Scottish person in England as a North Briton , sometimes in the mouth of an English character but also in the authorial voice. "Why, a Scotch sort of a gentleman, as I said before," returned mine host; "they are all gentle, ye mun know, though they ha' narra shirt to back; but this is a decentish hallion—a canny North Briton as e'er cross'd Berwick Bridge — I trow he's

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2142-582: The spirit of the new age was celebrated by the poet William Dunbar in The Thrissil and the Rois . The marriage was the outcome of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace , concluded the previous year, which, in theory, ended centuries of Anglo-Scottish war. The marriage brought Scotland's Stuarts into England's Tudor line of succession , despite the improbability of a Scottish prince acceding the English throne at

2193-532: The sum of human knowledge may be increased", with the Society organized into ten sections, each presided over by a distinguished specialist. It was founded in 1908, incorporated in 1913, and dissolved in 1924. William James Morgan (1850-1923) was the secretary throughout the life of the Academy. At various times, Henry John Brinsley Manners (1852-1925), the 8th Duke of Rutland , was its president. Early on

2244-420: The time. However, many on the English side were concerned by the dynastic implications of matrimony, including some Privy Councillors . In countering these fears Henry VII is reputed to have said: our realme wald receive na damage thair thorow, for in that caise Ingland wald not accress unto Scotland, bot Scotland wald acress unto Ingland, as to the most noble heid of the hole yle...evin as quhan Normandy came in

2295-564: The union made "The people to be the South-Brittains and North-Brittains". The Oxford English Dictionary cites the poet Richard Brathwait , the play Wit at Several Weapons , and Sir William Mure of Rowallan as early 17th-century appearances of the name for Scotland as a whole. King James VI and I , the first joint monarch of both kingdoms, used the terms "South Britain" and "North Britain" for England and Scotland respectively, most famously in his royal decree of 1606 establishing

2346-687: Was an art institution of Newcastle upon Tyne in northern England . The Academy, later known as the North British Academy of Arts, Science, Literature, and Music, was located in the Claremount Buildings on the western side of Barras Bridge on the corner with Eldon Place in Newcastle upon Tyne, which is now opposite the County Council Offices. Its objectives were initially "for the advancement of art,

2397-504: Was an obvious shock. He decided to side-step the whole issue by unilaterally assuming the title of King of Great Britain by a Proclamation concerning the Kings Majesties Stile on 20 October 1604 announcing that he did "assume to Our selfe by the cleerenesse of our Right, The Name and Stile of KING OF GREAT BRITTAINE, FRANCE AND IRELAND, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, &c." . This only deepened the offence. Even in Scotland there

2448-572: Was founded in 1856 in Edinburgh's Fountainbridge , notable for its Wellington boots and eventually becoming Hunter Boot Ltd . An example of its use in respect to northern Great Britain rather than Scotland can be found in the title of the North British Academy of Arts which existed from 1908 to 1924 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne , a city in northern England . The North Briton and New North Briton were newspapers in

2499-417: Was little real enthusiasm for the project, though the two parliaments were eventually prodded into taking the whole matter 'under consideration'. Consider it they did for several years, never drawing the desired conclusion. In Scotland there were early signs that many saw the risk of the "lesser being drawn by the greater", as Henry VII once predicted. An example before Scottish eyes was the case of Ireland ,

2550-501: Was sold to Hong Kong and renamed Jesselton Bay , scrapped in 1968. In current usage, the northern parts of Great Britain are sometimes referred to simply as 'the North', though this term is more frequently used to describe northern England . This usage is often prevalent in social commentary on the suggested " North–South divide ". In 2008 the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh , in addition to Heriot-Watt University , organised

2601-440: Was used in Scotland until 1707). For years afterwards, vessels of the two nations continued to fly their respective "flags", the royal proclamation notwithstanding. The Union Flag entered into common use only under Cromwell's Protectorate . North British Academy of Arts 54°58′44″N 1°36′47″W  /  54.979°N 1.613°W  / 54.979; -1.613 The North British Academy of Arts (1908–1924)

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