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29-674: Apart from the town of Qaanaaq, Inuktun is also spoken in the villages of (Inuktun names in brackets) Moriusaq (Muriuhaq), Siorapaluk (Hiurapaluk), Qeqertat (Qikiqtat), Qeqertarsuaq (Qikiqtarhuaq), and Savissivik (Havighivik). The language is an Eskimo–Aleut language and dialectologically it is in between the Greenlandic language (Kalaallisut) and the Canadian Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun or Inuinnaqtun . The language differs from Kalaallisut by some phonological, grammatical and lexical differences. The Polar Inuit were

58-652: A lighter , can also be used as improvised weapons for self-defense. Verbal self-defense is defined as using words "to prevent, de-escalate , or end an attempted assault." According to Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics on Rainn, about "80 percent of juvenile victims were female and 90 percent of rape victims were adult women". In addition, women from ages 18 to 34 are highly at risk to experience sexual assault. According to historian Wendy Rouse in Her Own Hero: The Origins of Women's Self-Defense Movement , women's self-defense training emerged in

87-554: A 2009 case ruled the killing of a robber during his escape attempt to be justifiable self-defense because "the robbery was still in progress" at this time. In the United States between 2008 and 2012, approximately 1 out of every 38 gun-related deaths (which includes murders, suicides, and accidental deaths) was a justifiable killing, according to the Violence Policy Center . In Canada , self-defense, in

116-831: A combination of martial arts styles and techniques and will often customize self-defense training to suit individual participants. A wide variety of weapons can be deployed for use in a defensive capacity. The most suitable depends on the threat presented, the victim or victims, and the experience of the defender. Legal restrictions also vary greatly, and influence which self-defense options are available to choose from. In some jurisdictions, firearms may be carried openly or concealed expressly for this purpose, while other jurisdictions have tight restrictions on who can own firearms, and what types they can own. Knives , especially those categorized as switchblades , may also be controlled , as may batons , pepper spray and personal electroshock weapons —although some may be legal to carry with

145-415: A license or for certain professions. Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or ID-marker or DNA-marker sprays linking a suspect to a crime scene, would in most places be legal to own and carry. Everyday objects, such as flashlights , baseball bats , newspapers , keyrings with keys, kitchen utensils and other tools , and hair spray aerosol cans in combination with

174-448: A sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in boxing and jiu-jitsu. Interest in women's self-defense paralleled subsequent waves of the women's rights movement especially with the rise of Second-wave feminism in the 1960s and 1970s and Third-wave feminism in the 1990s. Today's Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD) courses focus on teaching verbal and psychological as well as physical self-defense strategies. ESD courses explore

203-412: A small power station for electricity, costing tax payers 2 million DKK (US$ 330,000) annually. Moriusaq had a small store, and the "recreation building" housed a school, a church, and even a small library. In 2007, the school closed and the last teacher left for Qaanaaq because there were no school-aged children living in the settlement. Moriusaq was established in 1963, and it reached a population peak in

232-646: Is a closed settlement located in the Avannaata municipality in northern Greenland . It is located just east of the mouth of Granville Fjord , approximately 42 km (26.1 mi) to the northwest of the Pituffik Space Base and 83 km (51.6 mi) to the southwest of Qaanaaq . Hunting and fishing resources in the area are plentiful, particularly fish, narwhals, seal, and polar bears. Moriusaq used to offer its inhabitants direct TV and radio broadcasting, Internet access, private telephones, and

261-411: Is part of the martial arts industry in the wider sense, and many martial arts instructors also give self-defense classes. While all martial arts training can be argued to have some self-defense applications, self-defense courses are marketed explicitly as being oriented towards effectiveness and optimized towards situations as they occur in the real world. Many systems are taught commercially, tailored to

290-405: The right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions . Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on various parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand, but also on

319-435: The 1970s when the census reported over 100 inhabitants, but it quickly dropped to 39 in 1998. In the subsequent years nearly all families moved away, particularly to Qaanaaq where the infrastructure is better and services are thus more readily available, making it the destination of choice despite the social problems prevalent in the town. In the 2009 census, the population of Moriusaq was 5, which dropped from 21 according to

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348-466: The 2005 census. Two of the remaining villagers were already permanently living in Qaanaaq although they are listed as inhabitants of Moriusaq. Further, a case of self-defense in 2009 decreased the remaining population, effectively leaving the settlement with only 2 inhabitants in 2010, which were a father and a son. The son fit the local power plant, supplying power to their homes. In September 2010,

377-411: The accused has autism (R v Kagan). Second, the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force. Third, the act that constitutes the offence must have been reasonable in the circumstances. There are a number of indicia which factor into whether the act was reasonable in the circumstances. For one,

406-436: The accused reasonably perceived there to have been no means of escape (R v Lavalleé). Third, the accused's role in the incident may play into the reasonableness of her or his act. Consideration of the accused's role is not limited to whether he did any provocative or unlawful acts at it was under the old self-defense provisions (R v Khill). Fourth, the nature and proportionality of the accused's response will factor into whether it

435-470: The context of criminal law, is a statutory defense that provides a full defense to the commission of a criminal act. It operates as a justification, the successful application of which means that owing to the circumstances in which the act was produced, it is not morally blameworthy. There are three elements an accused must demonstrate to successfully raise self-defense. First, the accused must demonstrate that she or he believed on reasonable grounds that force

464-408: The cyclical nature of violence in a way allows them to foresee when harm is coming. Second, it's relevant whether there was a reasonable avenue of escape available to the accused. Under the old self-defense provision, there was a requirement for the accused to have believed on reasonable grounds that there was no alternative course] of action open to him at the time, so that he reasonably thought that he

493-445: The defense that there were no other legal means of responding available. In other words, there may be an obligation to do retreat where there is an option to do so (R v Cain). However, there is an exception to the obligation to retreat which is there is no requirement to flee from your own home to escape an assault to raise self-defense (R v Forde). Moreover, evidence of the accused suffering from battered women's syndrome may evince that

522-494: The early twentieth century in the United States and the United Kingdom paralleling the women's rights and suffrage movement. These early feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. They challenged the notion that men were their "natural protectors" noting that men were often the perpetrators of violence against women . Women discovered

551-431: The following consonant. The digraphs ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨rh⟩ (from earlier /ɣs/ and /ʁs/ , cognates with West Greenlandic ⟨ss⟩ and ⟨rs⟩ ) are pronounced like West Greenlandic velar and uvular fricatives -gg- /xː/ and -rr- /χː/ respectively. ai [ai] e [e~ə] ee [eː~əː] o [o] oo [oː] Moriusaq Moriusaq (also Moriussaq )

580-417: The inhabitants of Qaanaaq and the surrounding villages use Inuktun in their everyday communication. All speakers of Inuktun also speak Standard Greenlandic and many also speak Danish and a few also English. There is no official way to transcribe Inuktun. This article uses the orthography of Michael Fortescue , which deliberately reflects the close connection between Inuktun and Inuktitut The vowels are

609-526: The last occupants of Moriusaq moved to Qaanaaq and the settlement was closed down. On December 31, 2010, its post office officially closed. Statistics Greenland recorded the population in 2012 as 0 and they now list Moriusaq as a closed settlement. Self-defense Self-defense ( self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English ) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm . The use of

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638-429: The last to cross from Canada into Greenland and they may have arrived as late as in the 18th century. The language was first described by the explorers Knud Rasmussen and Peter Freuchen who travelled through northern Greenland in the early 20th century and established a trading post in 1910 at Dundas (Uummannaq) near Pituffik . Inuktun does not have its own orthography and is not taught in schools. However, most of

667-490: The mental and physical preparedness of the defender. Many styles of martial arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other combat sports can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from a knife or gun situation or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To provide more practical self-defense, many modern martial arts schools now use

696-467: The multiple sources of gender-based violence especially including its connections with sexism, racism, and classism. Empowerment Self-Defense instructors focus on holding perpetrators responsible while empowering women with the idea that they have both the right and ability to protect themselves. Self-defense techniques and recommended behavior under the threat of violence are systematically taught in self-defense classes. Commercial self-defense education

725-402: The needs of specific target audiences (e.g. defense against attempted rape for women, self-defense for children and teens). Notable systems taught commercially include: In any given case, it can be difficult to evaluate whether force was excessive. Allowances for great force may be hard to reconcile with human rights. The Intermediate People's Court of Foshan , People's Republic of China in

754-798: The same as in other Inuit dialects: /i/ , /u/ and /a/ There are two diphthongs: /ai/ and /au/ , which have been assimilated in West Greenlandic to /aa/ (except for final /ai/ ) The most notable phonological difference from West Greenlandic is the debuccalization of West Greenlandic /s/ to /h/ (often pronounced [ç] ) except for geminate [sː] (from earlier /ss/ or /vs/ ). Inuktun also allows more consonant clusters than Kalaallisut, namely ones with initial /k/ , /ŋ/ , /ɣ/ , /q/ or /ʁ/ . Older or conservative speakers also still have clusters with initial /p/ , /m/ or /v/ . Younger speakers have gone further in reducing old clusters, with also /k/ , /ŋ/ and /ɣ/ being assimilated to

783-602: Was going to be used against her or him or another person or that a threat of force is being made against her or him or another person. The reasonableness of the belief is assessed through both a subjective and objective lens. Certain beliefs, including racist beliefs and beliefs induced by self-intoxication are prima facie unreasonable. Other beliefs related to the subjective experience of the accused may, however, be reasonable. These include any relevant military training (R v Khill), heightened awareness of patterns of cyclical violence in intimate relationships ( R v Lavallée ) and whether

812-414: Was obliged to kill in order to preserve himself from death or grievous bodily harm. Now, even though 34(2)(b) is only one consideration in a non-exhaustive list, the mandatory role it used to play in the common law suggests it carries considerable weight in determining the reasonableness of the act in the circumstances under 34(1)(c) As such, while there is no absolute duty to retreat, it is a prerequisite to

841-508: Was the violence or threat of violence imminent? Usually, if there is a significant time interval between the original unlawful assault and the accused's response, it undermines the contention that there were no other means available to respond to the potential use of force and one tends to suspect that the accused was motivated by revenge rather than self-defense. However, R v Lavalleé accepted expert evidence demonstrating that people experiencing battered women's syndrome have special knowledge about

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