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41-542: As Dallas has grown over the last several decades, the concept of "North Dallas" has changed from the area just north of downtown, along Central Expressway (where North Dallas High School is located), to the far northern reaches of Dallas proper and the suburbs to the north of the city. The Collin County portion of North Dallas is served by the Plano Independent School District . Most of

82-755: A freeway section of U.S. Highway 75 between downtown Dallas and Van Alstyne, Texas . The southern terminus is south of the Woodall Rodgers Freeway at exit 284C of " hidden " Interstate 345 (signed as Interstate 45 southbound and US 75 northbound). From there, Central Expressway becomes the South Central Expressway , the northernmost portion of which was renamed César Chávez Boulevard on April 9, 2010. The North Central Expressway extends from Woodall Rogers Freeway to County Line Road in Van Alstyne . For its entirety,

123-553: A bilateral security architecture in East Asia that is different from the multilateral security architecture in Europe. The US acts as a "hub", and Asian countries like South Korea and Japan are its "spokes". There is a strong connection between the hub and the spoke, but weak or no connections between the spokes themselves. In April 2014, all ten ASEAN defense chiefs and United States Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel attended

164-558: A multicolored and articulated edge to the freeway. Two million square feet of these walls along the nine-mile-long (14 km) project distinguishes the freeway. South of US 75's terminus, North Central Expressway briefly continues south in the median of I-345, then becomes a surface street through the eastern side of downtown Dallas. The surface street section south of Pacific Avenue was renamed for César Chávez in April, 2010. South of Cesar Chavez Blvd, State Highway 310 continues to carry

205-419: A point-to-point network. For example, in a system with 6 destinations, the spoke–hub system requires only 5 routes to connect all destinations, and a true point-to-point system would require 15 routes. However distance traveled per route will necessarily be more than with a point-to-point system (except where the route happens to have no interchange). Therefore, efficiency may be reduced. Conversely, for

246-620: A real project in the 1920s (with first mention in The Dallas Morning News in December 1924), but resistance from the Southern Pacific railroad company proved to be a serious obstacle that delayed the project for decades. Southern Pacific opposed the use of their railroad's right of way to construct Central Expressway, and it was this opposition and lobbying of political forces that caused the significant delays in

287-584: A result of this, spokes are simpler to operate, and so new routes can easily be created. In addition, the hub constitutes a bottleneck or single point of failure in the network. The total cargo capacity of the network is limited by the hub's capacity. Delays at the hub (such as from bad weather conditions) can result in delays throughout the network. Cargo must pass through the hub before reaching its destination and so require longer journeys than direct point-to-point trips. That may be desirable for freight, which can benefit from sorting and consolidating operations at

328-534: A transportation network as a hub-and-spoke model". The hub-and-spoke model, as compared to the point-to-point model, requires fewer routes. For a network of n  nodes, only n − 1 routes are necessary to connect all nodes so the upper bound is n − 1 , and the complexity is O( n ). That compares favourably to the n ( n − 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}} routes, or O( n ), which would be required to connect each node to every other node in

369-491: Is a five-level stack interchange known as the High Five Interchange , the tallest in the world. For the next six miles (9.7 km) north of downtown Dallas , the freeway lies more than 30 feet (9.1 m) below adjacent and partially cantilevered frontage roads. This 14-lane segment is one of the busiest highways in the nation, averaging approximately 350,000 AADT in 2013. The North Central Expressway

410-661: Is located a short distance to the northwest. Additionally, Addison Airport , a general aviation airport, is located adjacent to North Dallas in Addison . Central Expressway (Dallas) Central Expressway is a north–south highway in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex in Texas ( USA ) and surrounding areas. The best-known section is the North Central Expressway , a name for

451-513: Is near high-income neighborhoods and enclave cities such as Highland Park and University Park . The freeway is also adjacent to popular districts including Uptown , Cityplace , Lower Greenville , NorthPark Center , and the Telecom Corridor . Near the intersection of Central Expressway and Mockingbird Lane is Southern Methodist University , and Mockingbird Station . In 2015 a small stretch between Knox-Henderson and Northwest Highway

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492-636: Is served by the Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District , and students are zoned to R.L. Turner High School or Newman Smith High School . The area is served by seven branches of the Dallas Public Library system: North Dallas is home to the headquarters of Texas Instruments (TI) . TI is the No. 4 manufacturer of semiconductors worldwide after Intel, Samsung and Toshiba, and

533-538: Is the No. 2 supplier of chips for cellular handsets after Qualcomm, and the No. 1 producer of digital signal processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors, among a wide range of other semiconductor products. Major business areas in North Dallas include the Platinum Corridor , Preston Center , and the Telecom Corridor . Since 2016 both Studio Movie Grill and Pollo Campero have their headquarters in

574-441: The hub-and-spoke system ) is a form of transport topology optimization in which traffic planners organize routes as a series of " spokes " that connect outlying points to a central "hub". Simple forms of this distribution/connection model contrast with point-to-point transit systems, in which each point has a direct route to every other point, and which modeled the principal method of transporting passengers and freight until

615-961: The Dallas County portion of North Dallas is served by the Dallas Independent School District , and students are zoned to either Emmett J. Conrad , Hillcrest , Thomas Jefferson , or W. T. White High Schools. All of Lake Highlands and portions of Far North Dallas in the Dallas County are served by the Richardson Independent School District . Lake Highlands students are zoned to Lake Highlands High School (Dallas) or Lloyd V. Berkner High School (Richardson), while portions of Far North Dallas are zoned to J.J. Pearce High School (Richardson) or Richardson High School (Richardson). The Denton County portion of North Dallas

656-438: The 1970s. Delta Air Lines pioneered the spoke–hub distribution model in 1955, and the concept revolutionized the transportation logistics industry after Federal Express demonstrated its value in the early 1970s. In the late 1970s the telecommunications and information technology sector subsequently adopted this distribution topology, dubbing it the star network network topology. "Hubbing" involves "the arrangement of

697-406: The 1990s expansion of the route, it was discovered that a quarter of the 4-acre (16,000 m ) Freedman's Cemetery , with graves dating back to Emancipation , had been paved over. Archeological excavations uncovered the remains of over 1100 men, women, and children under existing and proposed roadways. After their reburial, the site was turned into a memorial to the working-class black residents of

738-675: The Hidden Grove Office Building in North Dallas. As the majority of North Dallas was developed in the late 20th century, the primary mode of local transportation is the automobile and the area has a low density compared with neighborhoods built in the early 20th century. Efforts made by the City of Dallas and Dallas Area Rapid Transit to increase the availability of alternative modes of transportation have received varying degrees of support from North Dallas residents. Since 1996, two light rail lines flanking North Dallas on

779-613: The South Central Expressway name all the way to I-20 and I-45. The Central project was first proposed by Dallas City Planner George E. Kessler in 1911, who suggested that the city buy the right of way of the Houston and Texas Central Railway (H&TC) to remove the railway tracks and construct a Central Boulevard (later renamed the Central Expressway project) in their place. The Central project became

820-470: The airline industry was deregulated in 1978, several other airlines adopted Delta's hub-and-spoke paradigm. Airlines have extended the hub-and-spoke model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis and to create major routes between them. That reduces the need to travel long distances between nodes near one another. Another method is to use focus cities to implement point-to-point service for high-traffic routes and to bypass

861-408: The area are separated into major limited-access highways , high-capacity principal arterial roads , mid-capacity minor arterial roads , mid-capacity collector roads , and minor streets . The most organized of these systems is North Dallas' modified grid plan of principal arterial roads, which runs on a standard N/S/E/W grid. The routing of limited-access highways through North Dallas is based on

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902-734: The area's proximity to Dallas' downtown freeway loop, as Dallas' freeway system was built according to the hub-and-spoke paradigm . North Dallas' major north-south highways radiate out of the downtown freeway loop and cut through North Dallas at various angles. Additionally, four separate beltways arc across North Dallas: in order from their proximity to downtown: DART began operating its light rail lines in North Dallas in 1996: The Red Line connects North Dallas to Oak Cliff , south Dallas , downtown , Uptown , Richardson and Plano . The Blue Line connects North Dallas to south Dallas , downtown, Uptown, east Dallas , Lake Highlands , and Garland . The Green Line and Orange Line lines run just to

943-472: The area, which, after the expressways were built, became the upscale Uptown Dallas neighborhood. From south of the Woodall Rodgers Freeway at exit 284C of " hidden " Interstate 345 in downtown Dallas , North Central Expressway becomes the South Central Expressway . The portion of South Central Expressway between I-345 and I-45 was renamed César Chávez Boulevard on April 9, 2010. This section through and south of downtown mainly serves local traffic. I-45

984-523: The construction to the early 1950s. Parts of North Central Expressway were opened in 1950. The route from Downtown to Mockingbird Lane was fully functional by the end of 1952, and the whole route to Campbell Road in Richardson was opened for traffic in August 1956. By the time Central Expressway opened for traffic, North Dallas and Richardson had already expanded beyond expectations, and the new highway

1025-488: The east have been constructed and well-received, and two more flank North Dallas on the west, in northwest Dallas . However, plans to build a commuter or light rail line through the North Dallas area along the "Cotton Belt" (the St. Louis Southwestern Railway ) has met opposition from residents and local organizations. North Dallas' road network was developed according to the street hierarchy school of urban design . Roads in

1066-473: The end of freeway standards. The South Central Expressway continues past a partial interchange with Interstate 20 to end at a merge with I-45 north of Hutchins . The US-175 designation has since been moved from the South Central/S.M. Wright and onto a newer alignment straight to I-45. The new section opened in 2020. The former US-175 alignment is now part of SH-310. Meanwhile, TxDOT is redesigning

1107-430: The explosive growth that soon hit North Dallas and the nearby suburbs quickly overwhelmed its design and capacity. By the 1980s, the four-lane freeway had acquired a reputation for severe rush-hour traffic jams. During Central Expressway's construction in the 1940s, the southern end of the road was routed through a historic African-American neighborhood , displacing 1,500 black residents. When preparations began for

1148-591: The highway contains at least six frontage road lanes alongside the main lanes. The road has at least eight continuous general-purpose lanes between Downtown Dallas and SH 121 north of McKinney , except for a six-lane segment where it passes under Interstate 635 (two additional lanes are present but are only entrance ramps/exit ramps for Forest Lane and Midpark Road). A 16-mile bi-directional HOV system, opened in 2007, extends from Interstate 635 to McDermott Road in Allen . The expressway's junction with Interstate 635

1189-410: The hub entirely. The spoke–hub model is applicable to other forms of transportation as well: For passenger road transport , the spoke–hub model does not apply because drivers generally take the shortest or fastest route between two points. However, the road network as a whole likewise contains higher order roads like limited access highways and more local roads with most trips starting and ending at

1230-511: The hub, but it is problematic for time-critical cargo, as well as for passengers. The necessity of baggage transfers at the hub also increases the risk of missing luggage, as compared to the point-to-point model. In 1955, Delta Air Lines pioneered the hub-and-spoke system at its hub in Atlanta , Georgia , in an effort to compete with Eastern Air Lines . In the mid-1970s FedEx adopted the hub-and-spoke model for overnight package delivery. After

1271-661: The hub-and-spokes paradigm refers to the network of alliances the United States has built individually with other East Asian countries. The 1951 Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan , the 1953 U.S.–South Korea Status of Forces Agreement and the 1954 Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China (later replaced by the Taiwan Relations Act ) are some examples of such bilateral security relationships. The system creates

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1312-430: The latter but spending most of the distance on the former. The hub-and-spoke model has also been used in economic geography theory to classify a particular type of industrial district. Economic geographer Ann Markusen theorized about industrial districts, with a number of key industrial firms and facilities acting as a hub, with associated businesses and suppliers benefiting from their presence and arranged around them like

1353-470: The most heavily landscaped freeways in Texas. Every structure and element along the highway right-of-way was given aesthetic attention during the design phase. Support columns for overpasses and bridges have been designed to be as visually appealing as possible. The beige concrete columns which form the support structure for the retaining walls contrast with the brown, textured infill panels of the walls to create

1394-495: The portion of the South Central/S.M. Wright between I-45 and US 175's former east turn into a surface-street boulevard, and has held meetings with local residents about the project. The plan to convert the freeway into a tree-lined boulevard moved forward in 2018 after Dallas City Council approved the plan to accept maintenance responsibilities for the roadway once construction is completed. Spoke-hub distribution paradigm The spoke–hub distribution paradigm (also known as

1435-463: The same number of aircraft, having fewer routes to fly means each route can be flown more frequently and with higher capacity because the demand for passengers can be resourced from more than just one city (assuming the passengers are willing to change, which will of itself incur its own costs). Complicated operations, such as package sorting and accounting, can be carried out at the hub rather than at every node, and this leads to economies of scale . As

1476-439: The spokes of a wheel. The chief characteristic of such hub-and-spoke industrial districts is the importance of one or more large companies, usually in one industrial sector, surrounded by smaller, associated businesses. Examples of cities with such districts include Seattle (where Boeing was founded), Silicon Valley (a high tech hub), and Toyota City , with Toyota . In the context of East Asian geopolitics, Victor Cha says

1517-648: The west of North Dallas in northwest Dallas . The two lines serve DFW Airport , Irving and Las Colinas , Carrollton , Farmers Branch , the Stemmons Corridor , Victory Park , downtown, Deep Ellum , Fair Park , south Dallas and Pleasant Grove . Lines and stations in North Dallas include: Dallas's Love Field Airport is located in North Dallas, near the Bluff View and Devonshire neighborhoods. The Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex 's major international airport, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport ,

1558-476: Was already hopelessly inadequate by the 1960s. The Expressway did not reach the city of Anna and the northern Collin County line until late 1969 or early 1970. Prior to reconstruction, the North Central Expressway was considered to be one of the most poorly designed freeways in the nation. Though initially an engineering marvel as Dallas's first freeway when it opened to traffic in 1950,

1599-472: Was built roughly parallel to it. However, the parallel section of I-45 north of the Trinity River is completely elevated, and is often difficult to traverse when ice storms hit Dallas (about once per year); thus, South Central often takes over some of the traffic during this time. The road meets Interstate 30 at a three-level interchange and continues south as a surface road down to I-45. This section

1640-471: Was re-designated as the George W. Bush Expressway. The Dallas Area Rapid Transit light rail system has a tunnel underneath the North Central Expressway between downtown Dallas and Mockingbird Station . The freeway's architecturally distinctive design distinguishes it as one of the nation's most attractive urban freeways including 400,000 trees (bald cypress , yucca and honeysuckle ), making it one of

1681-423: Was renamed in honor of César Chávez in April, 2010. Upon crossing under I-45, it becomes State Highway 310 and is signed both as South Central Expressway and S.M. Wright Freeway (named for a local minister). After a short distance as a freeway, the road becomes at-grade again. After an interchange with US 175 , the road returns to freeway standards for a while. the S.M. Wright Freeway name ends at Loop 12 , past

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