62-627: The North London Championships also known as the Gipsy Championships or simply Gipsy was a combined men's and women's grass court tennis tournament founded as the Gipsy Lawn Tennis Tournament in 1894. The tournament was held at the Gipsy Lawn Tennis Club, Stamford Hill , London , England until 1930. The North London Championships were established in 1894. The tournament was staged at
124-483: A square mile of piety , reflecting the many Jewish men seen walking in their distinctive clothes on their way to and from worship. The congregations often represent historical links with particular areas of Eastern Europe in their dress and their worship. Many also retain links with congregations around the world. The largest of these congregations is the Satmar dynasty, which has five directly associated synagogues; Belz
186-664: A traffic island in the middle of Edgware Road at its junction with Bayswater Road. Between the trees is a roundel with the inscription "The site of Tyburn Tree". It is also commemorated by the Tyburn Convent, a Catholic convent dedicated to the memory of martyrs executed there and in other locations for the Catholic faith. Although most historical records and modern science agree that the Tyburn gallows were situated where Oxford Street meets Edgware Road and Bayswater Road, in
248-402: A fee. On one occasion, the stands collapsed, reportedly killing and injuring hundreds of people. A hanging as public spectacle was depicted by William Hogarth in his satirical print The Idle 'Prentice Executed at Tyburn (1747). Tyburn was commonly invoked in euphemisms for capital punishment: for instance, to "take a ride to Tyburn" (or simply "go west") was to go to one's hanging, "Lord of
310-607: A natural boundary for the traditional ( parish and borough ) extent of Hackney , and now does so for the wider modern borough . Stamford Hill lies on the old Roman road of Ermine Street , on the high ground where it meets the Clapton Road, which runs from central Hackney . By the 18th century, the Roman road (now numbered as the A10) was subject to heavy traffic, including goods wagons pulled by six or more horses, and this caused
372-522: A site next to the stream in 1196. William Fitz Osbert , a populist leader who played a major role in an 1196 popular revolt in London, was cornered in the church of St Mary-le-Bow . He was dragged naked behind a horse to Tyburn, where he was hanged . In 1537, Henry VIII used Tyburn to execute the ringleaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace , including Sir Nicholas Tempest, one of the northern leaders of
434-530: A sometimes raucous procession of the condemned from Newgate Gaol in the City -- at the end of the 18th century, the hangings were moved to Newgate. The manor of Tyburn, and the neighbouring Lisson , were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, and were together served by the parish of Marylebone , itself named after the stream. The original name of the parish was simply Marybourne, the stream of St Mary;
496-525: Is a sub-district of Hackney , the major component of the London Borough of Hackney , and is known for its Hasidic community, the largest concentration of orthodox Ashkenazi in Europe. The district takes its name from the eponymous hill, which reaches a height of 108 ft (33m) AOD , and the originally Roman A10 also takes the name "Stamford Hill", as it makes its way through the area. The hill
558-513: Is also part of Hackney and shares much of the eastern side of the hill. There is little tradition of a particular border. The post code boundary is sometimes used but this is arbitrary: post code areas are not intended to define districts. The high fertility of the Haredi community contributes to the area having one of highest birthrates in the UK, with a crude birth rate of more than 25 per 1,000 of
620-544: Is another large community, with four synagogues. As well as Stamford Hill's own Jewish population, there are also many observant Jews in neighbouring Upper Clapton , West Hackney , Stoke Newington , and Tottenham ; there may be as many as 80 synagogues in this wider area. A volunteer emergency response first-aid service called Hatzola (the Hebrew word for rescue) and a volunteer community watch group called Shomrim (the Hebrew word for watchmen) are run by, and largely for,
682-542: Is believed to be named after the ford where the A10 crossed the Hackney Brook on the southern edge of the hill. Sanford and Saundfordhill are referred to in documents from the 1200s, and mean "sand Ford". Roque's map of 1745 shows a bridge, which replaced the ford, referred to as "Stamford Bridge". The hill rises gently from the former course of the Hackney Brook to the south, and its steeper northern slope provided
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#1732797941959744-473: Is reported that the majority of the condemned did so. A noose was then placed around their neck and the cart pulled away, leaving them hanging. Instances of pickpocketing have been reported in the crowds of executions, a mockery of the deterrent effect of capital punishment , which at the time was considered proper punishment for theft. Sites of public executions were significant gathering places and executions were public spectacles. Scholars have described
806-475: The Hackney Brook , which may have been as wide as 22m at this point, provided a natural southern boundary for the district, however the river was culverted and it is now difficult to discern its former course on the ground. This has led to very ambiguous boundary, along its former course, in the Cazenove\Northwold Road area. East and south-east boundary with Upper Clapton : Upper Clapton
868-521: The Jewish Chronicle as saying that between 800 and 1000 boys aged between 13 and 16 are "missing" from the school system in the borough of Hackney alone. Haredi families, on average, have 5.9 children, almost 2.5 times the average for England and Wales, and many families live in over-crowded flats. National planning policy and guidance are applied by the local council, prohibiting development of family housing. This has led to conflict between
930-418: The chamberlain to Eleanor of Aquitaine . In 1236, the City of London contracted with Sir Gilbert to draw water from Tyburn Springs, which he held, to serve as the source of the first piped water supply for the city. The water was supplied in lead pipes that ran from where Bond Street station stands today, 800 m east of Hyde Park , down to the hamlet of Charing ( Charing Cross ), along Fleet Street and over
992-737: The 1400s. In the 12th century, the Sheriff of London had been given the jurisdiction in Middlesex, as well as in the City of London. Prisoners were taken in public procession from Newgate Prison in the City, via St Giles in the Fields and Oxford Street (then known as Tyburn Road). From the late 18th century, when public executions were no longer carried out at Tyburn, they occurred at Newgate Prison itself and at Horsemonger Lane Gaol in Southwark . The first recorded execution took place at
1054-538: The Fleet Bridge, climbing Ludgate Hill (by gravitational pressure) to a public conduit at Cheapside . Water was supplied free to all comers. The junction of the two Roman roads had significance from ancient times, and was marked by a monument known as Oswulf's Stone , which gave its name to the Ossulstone Hundred of Middlesex . The stone was covered over in 1851 when Marble Arch was moved to
1116-600: The French "le" appeared in the 17th century, under the influence of names like Mary-le-Bow . Domesday showed that the manor was held, both before and after the Norman Conquest, by the Barking Abbey nunnery. The Domesday survey records it as having eight households, suggesting a population of around 40. In the 1230s and 1240s, the manor was held by Gilbert de Sandford, the son of John de Sandford , who had been
1178-422: The Gipsy Lawn Tennis Club, continuously until 1915, it was discontinued because of World War I . The tournament then resumed in 1919 and continued through till 1930 when it was abolished. Notbale winners of the men's singles title included; Arthur Gore , Herbert Roper Barrett , Harold Segerson Mahony , Major Ritchie , Theodore Michel Mavrogordato , Zenzo Shimidzu , Gordon Lowe , and Henry Mayes . Winners of
1240-584: The January 1850 issue of Notes and Queries , the book collector and musicologist Edward Francis Rimbault published a list of faults he had found in Peter Cunningham's 1849 Handbook of London , in which he claimed that the correct site of the gallows is where 49 Connaught Square was later built, stating that "in the lease granted by the Bishop of London, this is particularly mentioned". Tyburn
1302-640: The Jewish community. The strictly Orthodox Jewish community relies mostly on private education for schooling, with almost all Jewish children attending private, single-sex Jewish schools. In 2005, the Stamford Hill Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls' School achieved voluntary-aided status. In 2014, the Oxford, Cambridge, and RSA (OCR) Exam board , having conducted an investigation into alleged exam malpractice, concluded that
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#17327979419591364-586: The Lower School being located at the old Cardinal Allen School in Enfield, and the Upper School in new premises at Turkey Street, Enfield. Today, Lubavitch Senior Girls' School , Our Lady's RC High School , Skinners' Academy , and Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls' School are secondary schools located in the area. There are also many independent or Haredi schools in the area. Tyburn Tyburn
1426-488: The Manor of Tyburn" was the public hangman, "dancing the Tyburn jig" was the act of being hanged. Convicts would be transported to the site in an open ox-cart from Newgate Prison. They were expected to put on a good show, wearing their finest clothes and going to their deaths with insouciance . On 19 April 1779, clergyman James Hackman was hanged there following his 7 April murder of courtesan and socialite Martha Ray ,
1488-691: The Pilgrimage and the King's own Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland . In 1571, the Tyburn Tree was erected near the junction of today's Edgware Road , Bayswater Road and Oxford Street , 200 m west of Marble Arch . The "Tree" or "Triple Tree" was a form of gallows , consisting of a horizontal wooden triangle supported by three legs (an arrangement known as a "three-legged mare" or "three-legged stool"). Multiple criminals could be hanged at once, and so
1550-672: The St Giles Bowl appears to have been administered at a number of inns (or perhaps one inn under a number of names) in St Giles, each successively being referred to as "The Bowl". According to Walter Thornbury in his classic London Old and New , "The Bowl" would appear to have become associated with the "Angel Inn" on St Giles High Street. In 1873, the City Press feared that the Angel Inn, another memorial of ancient London,
1612-830: The Tower Hamlets) , a historic ‘county within a county’, under the leadership of the Lord-Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets (the post was always filled by the Constable of the Tower of London) . The military loyalty to the Tower meant local men served in the Tower garrison and Tower Hamlets Militia, rather than the Middlesex Militia. The Ancient Parishes provided a framework for both civil (administrative) and ecclesiastical (church) functions, but during
1674-525: The area, but it was shortly afterwards unearthed and propped up against the Arch. It has not been seen since it was stolen in 1869. Although executions took place elsewhere (notably on Tower Hill , generally related to treason by gentlemen), the Roman road junction at Tyburn became associated with the place of criminal execution for the City of London and Middlesex after most were moved here from Smithfield in
1736-408: The body on Judgement Day (see Jack Sheppard , Dick Turpin or William Spiggot ). The first victim of the "Tyburn Tree" was John Story , a Roman Catholic who was tried for and convicted of treason. There is a plaque to the Catholic martyrs executed at Tyburn in the period 1535–1681 at 8 Hyde Park Place, the site of Tyburn convent. Among the more notable individuals suspended from the "Tree" in
1798-503: The borough boundary. Northern boundary with Tottenham : Takes the northern boundary of the AP \ MB of Hackney. This corresponds to the current boundary between the modern borough of Hackney and Haringey . Western boundary with Stoke Newington : Takes part of the AP \ MB of Hackney's boundary with the AP \ MB of Stoke Newington along Bethune Road and down to the A10. Southern Boundary with West Hackney : The east–west course of
1860-592: The council and the Jewish population, sometimes represented by the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations . Agudas Israel Housing Association is active in developing housing for the Jewish community in Stamford Hill. There is also a notable population of Yemenite Jews , especially Adeni Jews who originated in the port city of Aden in Yemen . They settled in Stamford Hill, after fleeing anti-Jewish violence at
1922-568: The early Hasidic leaders in Stamford Hill was the Shotzer Rebbe . The Hungarian uprising also led to an influx of Haredi Jews fleeing hardship under Soviet rule. Another notable Jewish resident, from 1955 until his death in 2000, was the spiritual head of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations, Rabbi Chanoch Dov Padwa . Stamford Hill has never been an administrative area in its own right; it has always been an area of Hackney . Hackney
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1984-461: The elevated position. Stamford Hill had a gibbet that was used to display the remains of criminals executed at Tyburn in the 1740s. In 1765, a map of the area showed the Gibbet Field south of the road from Clapton Common, behind Cedar House. The area remained essentially rural in character, and little more was built until the arrival of the railway in 1872, and the tram system at about
2046-571: The end of the Aden Protectorate . The Adeni Congregation synagogue, Nahalat Yosef, is named after the original Adeni synagogue in Yemen. A further wave of immigration of Yemenite Jews occurred in the 1990s and 2000s when several families escaped antisemitic persecution from Houthis in the north of Yemen. In 2014, the community met with controversy after a sign was spotted in the location reading, "Women should please walk along this side of
2108-497: The execution of Katharine Knowland, "When she came to Tyburn, all the crossbeams were pulled down; so she was tied up on the top of one of the upright posts, and hung with her back to it." One of the first mentions of the gallows being used again was on 7 October 1759, when four people were executed on the "new moving gallows" which afterwards was "carried off in a cart". The executions were public spectacles which attracted crowds of thousands. Spectator stands provided deluxe views for
2170-437: The execution, around midnight, the sexton of St Sepulchre's church , adjacent to Newgate, recited verses outside the wall of the condemned. The following morning, the convicts heard prayers, and those who wished to do so received the sacrament . On the day of execution, the condemned were transported to the Tyburn gallows from Newgate in a horse-drawn open cart. It was about three miles (5 km) from Newgate to Tyburn, but as
2232-416: The executions at Tyburn as "carnivalesque occasion[s] in which the normative message intended by the authorities is reappropriated and inverted by an irreverent crowd" that found them a source of "entertainment as well as conflict." This analysis is supported by the presence of shouting street traders and food vendors and the erection of seating for wealthier onlookers. Additionally, a popular belief held that
2294-493: The following centuries were John Bradshaw , Henry Ireton and Oliver Cromwell , who were already dead but were disinterred and hanged at Tyburn in January 1661 on the orders of the Cavalier Parliament in an act of posthumous revenge for their part in the beheading of King Charles I . The gallows seem to have been replaced several times, probably because of wear , but in general, the entire structure stood all
2356-470: The foot of the hill, on High Road, Tottenham, in 1894, The school consisted of two houses called Morecombe Lodge and Burleigh House. In 1907, the college was recognised by the Board of Education, and began to receive public money. Notable former pupils of St Ignatius include Alfred Hitchcock and Cardinal Heenan . It remained as a grammar school until 1968, and then became a two-form entry comprehensive school,
2418-418: The gallows were used for mass executions, such as that on 23 June 1649 when 24 prisoners (23 men and 1 woman) were hanged simultaneously, having been conveyed there in eight carts. After executions, the bodies would be buried nearby or in later times removed for dissection by anatomists . The crowd would sometimes fight over a body with surgeons, for fear that dismemberment could prevent the resurrection of
2480-489: The hand of an executed criminal could cure cancers, and it was not uncommon to see mothers brushing their child's cheek with the hand of the condemned. The gallows at Tyburn were sources of cadavers for surgeons and anatomists. The sole male representative to the Kildare Geraldines was then smuggled to safety by his tutor at the age of twelve. Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare (1525–1585), also known as
2542-662: The increased development of the area, many distinguished families moved away: In 1842, there were few remaining of the wealthy Jews who had once settled in Hackney. The philanthropist and abolitionist MP Samuel Morley had a residence here from about 1860. The gardening writer and cottage gardener Margery Fish here in 1892. Until the late 20th century, East London was the focus of Jewish life in England, with settlement heavily focussed on an area in and around Whitechapel , extending from Bishopsgate to Cable Street . The area
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2604-458: The mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich . The Tyburn gallows were last used on 3 November 1783, when John Austin , a highwayman , was hanged; for the next eighty-five years, hangings were staged outside Newgate prison. Then, in 1868, due to public disorder during these public executions, it was decided to execute the convicts inside the prison. The site of the gallows is now marked by three young oak trees that were planted in 2014 on
2666-525: The new London Borough of Hackney . The area's usual definition is based on the physical feature of the hill and the neighbourhood's location within the Ancient Parish and subsequent (with almost identical boundaries) Metropolitan Borough of Hackney . It also reflects the fact that what was originally the Roman A10 also takes the name 'Stamford Hill' as goes over the hill between the brook and
2728-654: The nineteenth century, there was a divergence into distinct civil and ecclesiastical parish systems. In London, the Ecclesiastical Parishes sub-divided to better serve the needs of a growing population, while the Civil Parishes continued to be based on the same Ancient Parish areas. The London Government Act 1899 converted the parishes into Metropolitan Boroughs based on the same boundaries, sometimes with minor rationalisations. In 1965, Hackney merged with Shoreditch and Stoke Newington to form
2790-508: The place where the crime was committed; or burning at the stake; and being drawn and quartered , of which the latter two were common in cases of treason . The last days of the condemned were marked by religious events. On the Sunday before every execution, a sermon was preached in Newgate 's chapel, which those unaffiliated with the execution could pay to attend. Furthermore, the night before
2852-428: The population, twice the UK average. The data table shows 2011 ONS Census data for the wards around Stamford Hill, where respondents indicated a religion: Stamford Hill is at the centre of an Ashkenazi strictly-Orthodox Jewish , and predominantly Hasidic , community estimated to be some 15,000 strong, and growing at a rate of around 5% each year. It is the largest Hasidic community in Europe, and referred to as
2914-411: The road only". The sign was reportedly put up for a Torah Procession parade, and was meant to provide directions for members who wished to avoid contact with the opposite sex. After complaints about the sign were raised, a group of Shomrim who regularly police the area contacted the organisers to tell them that the posters "lacked explanation". The posters were removed, and the organisers agreed to take
2976-567: The same time. Stamford Hill was the point where the tram line coming north from the City met the Hackney tram line, and so, it became a busy interchange, with a depot opening in 1873. Electrification commenced in 1902 and by 1924 a service was commenced between Stamford Hill and Camden Town along Amhurst Park. Stamford Hill had many eminent Jewish residents, including the Montefiore family . Italian -born Moses Vita Montefiore (died 1789)
3038-639: The school had redacted questions involving the evolution of species on GCSE science exam questions. Ofqual subsequently ruled that blocking out exam questions is malpractice, and, accordingly, not permissible. The same year, it was reported by the BBC that many of the yeshivas in the area "usually don't provide any maths, English or science" classes and were operating "without the most basic health, safety, and child welfare checks". In an article on Stamford Hill yeshivas, The Daily Telegraph cited government documents obtained by Channel 4 's Dispatches and
3100-476: The signs down more quickly the following year. Since the 2011 census, there has been a migration of Stamford Hill Hasidic Jews to Canvey Island , in Essex . Canvey Island has a fairly homogenous ethnic make-up, and did not previously have a significant Jewish presence, but community relations appear to be good, and were the subject of a TV documentary. The Jesuit order founded St Ignatius' College , nearby, at
3162-500: The streets were often crowded with onlookers, the journey could last up to three hours. The cart usually stopped at the "Bowl Inn" public house in St Giles High Street. This was the "halfway house". Here the condemned were allowed to drink strong liquors, wine or strong ale . The draught itself was described in a 19th century ballad as being of a "nutty brown ale drunk from a 'broad wooden bowl' ". At various times
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#17327979419593224-510: The surface of the road to deteriorate. The local parishes appealed to Parliament in 1713 for the right to set up a Turnpike Trust , to pay for repairs and maintenance. Gates were installed at Kingsland and Stamford Hill, to collect the tolls. Roque's map of 1745 shows a handful of buildings around the Turnpike, and by 1795, the A10 was lined with the large homes and extensive grounds of wealthy financiers and merchants attracted, in part, by
3286-512: The time in Tyburn. After some acts of vandalism , in October 1759 it was decided to replace the permanent structure with new moving gallows. These remained until the last execution in Tyburn, probably carried out in November 1783. On the night of Wednesday, 28 March 1759, part of the gallows was blown down. Further evidence of the fixed gallows's disrepair was noted on Friday, 22 June 1759 with
3348-547: The women's singles championship included; Blanche Hillyard , Edith Austin , Dorothea Douglass , Hilda Lane , Agnes Morton , Dorothy Holman , Geraldine Ramsey Beamish , Molla Bjurstedt Mallory , Helen Wills , Elizabeth Ryan and Helen Jacobs . This tennis-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Stamford Hill Stamford Hill is an area in Inner London , England, about 5.5 miles north-east of Charing Cross . The neighbourhood
3410-616: Was a manor (estate) in London , Middlesex , England, one of two which were served by the parish of Marylebone . Tyburn took its name from the Tyburn Brook , a tributary of the River Westbourne . The name Tyburn, from Teo Bourne, means 'boundary stream'. The parish, and probably therefore also the manor, was bounded by Roman roads to the west (modern Edgware Road ) and south (modern Oxford Street ). The junction of these
3472-477: Was about to pass away. The Angel was remodelled in 1898 and stands to this day. Having arrived at Tyburn, the condemned found themselves in front of a crowded and noisy square; the wealthy paid to sit on the stands erected for the occasion, in order to have an unobstructed view. Before the execution, the condemned were allowed to say a few words; the authorities expected that most of the condemned, before commending their own souls to God , would admit their guilt. It
3534-465: Was an administrative unit with consistent boundaries from the early Middle Ages to the creation of the larger modern borough in 1965. Hackney was based for many centuries on the Ancient Parish of Hackney . The area was part of the historic (or ancient) county of Middlesex , but military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by the Tower Division (also known as
3596-473: Was chosen because of its cheap rents and the independent trades, notably weaving and textiles, known colloquially as "the rag trade" . Prosperity, integration and later severe wartime bomb damage saw the community disperse to other parts of East London and more widely. From the 1880's, Stamford Hill received a new influx of Jews from the core area of East End settlement and, in 1915, the New Synagogue
3658-401: Was living there in 1763. His son Joseph (died 1804) married Rachel Mocatta, and his grandson Abraham Montefiore (died 1824) married Henrietta, whose father, the financier Nathan Meyer Rothschild , lived near the modern Colberg Place from 1818 to 1835. The Montefiores' property a little further south was to be transformed by Abraham's grandson, Claude Montefiore, into Montefiore House school. With
3720-448: Was primarily known for its gallows, which functioned as the main execution site for London-area prisoners from the 16th through to the 18th centuries. For those found guilty of capital crimes who could not obtain a pardon, which accounted for about 40%, a probable destiny was to be hanged at Tyburn. Other contemporary methods of punishment that may have been used as alternatives to Tyburn included execution, followed by being hung in chains at
3782-431: Was the site of the famous Tyburn Gallows (known colloquially as the "Tyburn Tree"), now occupied by Marble Arch . So, for many centuries the name Tyburn was synonymous with capital punishment : it was the principal place for execution for London and Middlesex criminals and convicted traitors , including many religious martyrs . In the 18th century it was also known as "God's Tribunal". Hangings at Tyburn often included
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#17327979419593844-519: Was transferred to Stamford Hill to serve this growing population. In 1926, the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations was established in Stamford Hill, and this became a magnet for other strictly observant Jews, many fleeing Nazi persecution in the years before the Second World War . Also, many Jewish families came to the area from other areas of London, refugees in their own way from bombing and post-war clearances for new housing. One of
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