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101-644: The Chalukya dynasty ruled the southern part of region during ancient times . The fort at Parola is believed to have once belonged to the father of the Queen of Jhansi . On 13 March 1795, the Maratha Empire defeated Nizam of Ahmadnagar and Dhule District became part of the empire. In 1906, the British government split Khandesh district into East Khandesh and West Khandesh. In 1960 these were renamed to Dhule district and Jalgaon district respectively. In

202-587: A fertility goddess is known. Jainism too was a prominent religion during this period. The kings of the dynasty were however secular and actively encouraged Jainism . One of the Badami Cave temples is dedicated to the Jain faith. Jain temples were also erected in the Aihole complex, the temple at Maguti being one such example. Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakeshin II was a Jain. Queen Vinayavati consecrated

303-556: A 2nd-century chieftain called Kandachaliki Remmanaka, a feudatory of the Andhra Ikshvaku (from an Ikshvaku inscription of the 2nd century) was put forward. This according to Kamath has failed to explain the difference in lineage. The Kandachaliki feudatory call themselves Vashisthiputras of the Hiranyakagotra . The Chalukyas, however, address themselves as Harithiputras of Manavyasagotra in their inscriptions, which

404-480: A different standard compared to the coins of the northern kingdoms. The coins had Nagari and Kannada legends. The coins of Mangalesha had the symbol of a temple on the obverse and a 'sceptre between lamps' or a temple on the reverse. Pulakeshin II's coins had a caparisoned lion facing right on the obverse and a temple on the reverse. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called, in old-Kannada, hun (or honnu ) and had fractions such as fana (or fanam ) and

505-593: A poet named Vijayanaka who describes herself as the "dark Sarasvati " have been preserved. It is possible that she may have been a queen of prince Chandraditya (a son of Pulakeshin II). Famous writers in Sanskrit from the Western Chalukya period are Vijnaneshwara who achieved fame by writing Mitakshara , a book on Hindu law, and King Someshvara III , a noted scholar, who compiled an encyclopaedia of all arts and sciences called Manasollasa . From

606-628: A popular tourist attraction in Jalgaon. The region has two small domestic airports: Nashik Airport and Jalgaon Airport . National Highway 53 does through Muktainagar, Bhusawal, Jalgaon, Dhule, Nandurbar talukas . Bhusaval Junction railway station , which has the most number of platforms in the nation, is located in Bhusawal . The region is well-connected to the various cities of the region and nation by railway lines. Chalukya dynasty The Chalukya dynasty ( [tʃaːɭukjə] )

707-594: A primary host of the Caribbean fruit fly and must be protected against infestation in areas of Florida where this pest is present. Guavas are cultivated in several tropical and subtropical countries. Several species are grown commercially; apple guava and its cultivars are those most commonly traded internationally. Guavas also grow in southwestern Europe, specifically the Costa del Sol on Málaga , (Spain) and Greece where guavas have been commercially grown since

808-511: A temple for the Trimurti ("Hindu trinity") at Badami. Sculptures of the Trimurti, Harihara (half Vishnu, half Shiva) and Ardhanarishwara (half Shiva, half woman) provide ample evidence of their tolerance. Buddhism was on a decline, having made its ingress into Southeast Asia. This is confirmed by the writings of Hiuen-Tsiang. Badami, Aihole, Kurtukoti and Puligere (modern Lakshmeshwar in

909-567: A vast empire, the Chalukyan workshops concentrated most of their temple building activity in a relatively small area within the Chalukyan heartland – Aihole , Badami , Pattadakal and Mahakuta in modern Karnataka state. Their temple building activity can be categorised into three phases. The early phase began in the last quarter of the 6th century and resulted in many cave temples, prominent among which are three elementary cave temples at Aihole (one Vedic , one Jain and one Buddhist which

1010-529: Is a celebration of the achievements of the Chalukyas in the realm of art, craft, music and dance. The program, which starts at Pattadakal and ends in Aihole, is inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Karnataka . Singers, dancers, poets and other artists from all over the country take part in this event. In the 26 February 2006 celebration, 400 art troupes took part in the festivities. Colorful cutouts of

1111-781: Is a rich source of dietary fiber and vitamin C (275% of the Daily Value , DV), with moderate levels of folic acid (12% DV, table). Raw guava contains lycopene (table). Note: All nutrient values including protein and fiber are in %DV per 100 grams of the food item. Significant values are highlighted in light Gray color and bold letters. Cooking reduction = % Maximum typical reduction in nutrients due to boiling without draining for ovo-lacto-vegetables group Q = Quality of Protein in terms of completeness without adjusting for digestability. Guava leaves contain both carotenoids and polyphenols , such as (+)-gallocatechin and leucocyanidin . As some of these phytochemicals produce

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1212-467: Is a small tree in the myrtle family ( Myrtaceae ), native to Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean and northern South America . The name guava is also given to some other species in the genus Psidium such as strawberry guava ( Psidium cattleyanum ) and to the pineapple guava, Feijoa sellowiana . In 2019, 55 million tonnes of guavas were produced worldwide, led by India with 45% of

1313-563: Is also eaten with a pinch of salt and pepper, cayenne powder or a mix of spices (masala) . In the Philippines, ripe guava is used in cooking sinigang . Guava is a snack in Cuba as pastelitos de guayaba ; and in Taiwan, sold on many street corners and night markets during hot weather, accompanied by packets of dried plum powder mixed with sugar and salt for dipping. In east Asia, guava

1414-465: Is an effective method for propagating guava plant. It allows for the production of new plants while maintaining the parent plant’s characteristics. This technique involves selecting a healthy branch making a small incision on the branch, and applying rooting hormone to encourage root development. The branch is then wrapped in moist peat moss and covered with plastic to help retain moisture. After several weeks, roots will form and once established. After that

1515-514: Is claimed to be the Pulakeshin ;I 's father. However, according to the historians K. V. Ramesh, Chopra and Sastri, there are Badami Chalukya inscriptions that confirm Jayasimha was Pulakeshin I's grandfather and Ranaraga , his father. Kamath and Moraes claim it was a popular practice in the 11th century to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom. The Badami Chalukya records themselves are silent with regards to

1616-439: Is commonly eaten with sweet and sour dried plum powder mixtures. Guava juice is consumed in many countries. The fruit is also often included in fruit salads. Because of its high level of pectin , guavas are extensively used to make candies, preserves , jellies , jams , and marmalades (such as Brazilian goiabada and Colombian and Venezuelan bocadillo ), and as a marmalade jam served on toast. Red guavas can be used as

1717-701: Is incomplete), followed by four developed cave temples at Badami (of which cave 3, a Vaishnava temple, is dated accurately to 578 CE). These cave temples at Badami are similar, in that, each has a plain exterior but an exceptionally well finished interior consisting of a pillared verandah , a columned hall ( mantapa ) and a cella (shrine, cut deep into rock) which contains the deity of worship. In Badami, three caves temples are Vedic and one in Jain. The Vedic temples contain large well sculpted images of Harihara , Mahishasuramardhini , Varaha , Narasimha , Trivikrama, Vishnu seated on Anantha (the snake) and Nataraja (dancing Shiva ). The second phase of temple building

1818-581: Is located in Jalgaon. Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University 's campus is situated in Nashik , and serves the entirety Maharashtra. Marathi poet Bahinabai Chaudhari was born in Bhadli village near Bhusawal in Jalgaon district. Poets Balkavi Thombre and Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar , writers of several acclaimed poetry works, were both from the region. Thombre was born in Jalgaon District and

1919-485: Is presumed Pulakeshin II, "the great hero", died fighting. The Badami Chalukya dynasty went into a brief decline following the death of Pulakeshin II due to internal feuds when Badami was occupied by the Pallavas for a period of thirteen years. It recovered during the reign of Vikramaditya I , who succeeded in pushing the Pallavas out of Badami and restoring order to the empire. Vikramaditya I took

2020-541: Is repeated by his court poet Bilhana, who claims that the first member of the family, "Chalukya", was so named as he was born in the "hollow of the hands" of God Brahma . Some genealogical accounts point to an Ayodhya origin and claim that the Chalukyas belonged to the Solar dynasty . According to a theory put forward by Lewis, the Chalukya were descendants of the " Seleukia " tribe of Iraq and that their conflict with

2121-714: Is said to have authored the Prabhrita , and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), the possible author of the Chudamani ("Crest Jewel"), a lengthy commentary on logic . The rule of the Western and Eastern Chalukyas, however, is a major event in the history of Kannada and Telugu literatures respectively. By the 9th–10th centuries, Kannada language had already seen some of its most notable writers. The "three gems" of Kannada literature , Adikavi Pampa , Sri Ponna and Ranna belonged to this period. In

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2222-519: Is seen clearly in the field of architecture. The Chalukyas spawned the Vesara style of architecture which includes elements of the northern nagara and southern dravida styles. During this period, the expanding Sanskritic culture mingled with local Dravidian vernaculars which were already popular. Dravidian languages maintain these influences even today. This influence helped to enrich literature in these languages. The Hindu legal system owes much to

2323-949: Is similar to the Dasagrama unit used by the Kadambas . At the lower levels of administration, the Kadamba style prevailed fully. The Sanjan plates of Vikramaditya I even mentions a land unit called Dasagrama . In addition to imperial provinces, there were autonomous regions ruled by feudatories such as the Alupas, the Gangas , the Banas and the Sendrakas. Local assemblies and guilds looked after local issues. Groups of mahajanas (learned brahmins ) looked after agraharas (called ghatika or "place of higher learning") such as at Badami which

2424-464: Is the same lineage as their early overlords, the Kadambas of Banavasi. This makes them descendants of the Kadambas. The Chalukyas took control of the territory formerly ruled by the Kadambas. A later record of Eastern Chalukyas mentions the northern origin theory and claims one ruler of Ayodhya came south, defeated the Pallavas and married a Pallava princess. She had a child called Vijayaditya who

2525-557: The Varaha the Chalukya emblem, Satyashraya Pulakeshin (Pulakeshin II), famous sculptural masterpieces such as Durga , Mahishasuramardhini (Durga killing demon Mahishasura ) were present everywhere. The program at Pattadakal is named Anivaritacharigund vedike after the famous architect of the Virupaksha temple, Gundan Anivaritachari . At Badami it is called Chalukya Vijayambika Vedike and at Aihole, Ravikirti Vedike after

2626-731: The Cellular Jail on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . At that time the punishment was known as Kālā Pānī ( transl.  Black water ); Savarkar's elder brother Babarao Savarkar also received the same sentence and others received various degrees of imprisonment. In 1936, the Indian National Congress conducted its first ever assembly in Faizpur , East Khandesh district on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi . Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru , and Rajendra Prasad were among

2727-576: The Chola kingdom. Choda Bhima's invasion of Tondaimandalam, a Chola territory, and his subsequent death on the battlefield opened up a new era in Chola–Chalukya relations. Saktivarman I, the elder son of Danarnava was crowned as the ruler of Vengi in 1000, though under the control of king Rajaraja Chola I . This new relationship between the Cholas and the coastal Andhra kingdom was unacceptable to

2828-473: The Gadag district ) were primary places of learning. The Hindu caste system was present and devadasis were recognised by the government. Some kings had concubines ( ganikas ) who were given much respect, and Sati was perhaps absent since widows like Vinayavathi and Vijayanka are mentioned in records. Devadasis were however present in temples. Sage Bharata 's Natyashastra , the precursor to Bharatanatyam ,

2929-624: The Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II . After the death of Pulakeshin II, the Eastern Chalukyas became an independent kingdom in the eastern Deccan . They ruled from Vengi until about the 11th century. In the western Deccan, the rise of the Rashtrakutas in the middle of the 8th century eclipsed the Chalukyas of Badami before being revived by their descendants,

3030-938: The Karnata dravida tradition. The most notable of the many buildings dating from this period are the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi in the Koppal district , the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi in the Gadag district , the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, and the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali, both in the Davangere district . Other notable constructions are the Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal (Gadag district),

3131-589: The Mahakuta Pillar inscription of Mangalesha (595) and the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II (634) are examples of important Sanskrit inscriptions written in old Kannada script . The reign of the Chalukyas saw the arrival of Kannada as the predominant language of inscriptions along with Sanskrit, in areas of the Indian peninsula outside what is known as Tamilakam (Tamil country). Several coins of

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3232-481: The Malaprabha river basin in modern Bagalkot district of northern Karnataka. The building material they used was a reddish-golden Sandstone found locally. These cave temples are basically excavations, cut out of the living rock sites they occupy. They were not built as their structural counterparts were, rather created by a special technique known as "subtraction" and are basically sculptural. Though they ruled

3333-598: The Pallava of Kanchi was, but a continuation of the conflict between ancient Seleukia and " Parthians ", the proposed ancestors of Pallavas . However, this theory has been rejected by Kamath as it seeks to build lineages based simply on similar-sounding clan names. The Chalukyas ruled over the Deccan plateau in India for over 600 years. During this period, they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. These are

3434-589: The Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri ( Haveri district ), and the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri ( Dharwad district ). The Eastern Chalukyas built some fine temples at Alampur, in modern eastern Andhra Pradesh. The Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II (634) written by his court poet Ravikirti in Sanskrit language and Kannada script is considered as a classical piece of poetry. A few verses of

3535-699: The Vishnukundina kingdom. He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as Viceroy in 621. Thus the Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock. After the death of Pulakeshin II, the Vengi Viceroyalty developed into an independent kingdom and included the region between Nellore and Visakhapatnam . After the decline of the Badami Chalukya empire in the mid-8th century, territorial disputes flared up between

3636-607: The Western Chalukyas , in the late 10th century. These Western Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani (modern Basavakalyan ) until the end of the 12th century. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka . The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated

3737-652: The quarter fana (the modern day Kannada equivalent being hana  – which literally means "money"). A gold coin called gadyana is mentioned in a record at the Vijayeshwara Temple at Pattadakal , which later came to be known as varaha (their royal emblem). Both Shaivism and Vaishnavism flourished during the Badami Chalukya period, though it seems the former was more popular. Famous temples were built in places such as Pattadakal, Aihole and Mahakuta, and priests ( archakas ) were invited from northern India. Vedic sacrifices, religious vows ( vrata ) and

3838-478: The "Chalukyas of Badami" (also called "Early Chalukyas"), who ruled between the 6th and the 8th century, and the two sibling dynasties, the "Chalukyas of Kalyani" (also called Western Chalukyas or "Later Chalukyas") and the "Chalukyas of Vengi" (also called Eastern Chalukyas ). In the 6th century, with the decline of the Gupta dynasty and their immediate successors in northern India, major changes began to happen in

3939-526: The 11th century, Telugu literature was born under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas with Nannaya Bhatta as its first writer. The army was well organised and this was the reason for Pulakeshin II's success beyond the Vindyas. It consisted of an infantry, a cavalry, an elephant corps and a powerful navy. The Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsiang wrote that the Chalukyan army had hundreds of elephants which were intoxicated with liquor prior to battle. It

4040-497: The 1900s, inspired by Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini and his secret society Young Italy , Vinayak Savarkar founded a secret society, Abhinav Bharat , in Nasik. On 21 December 1909, Anant Kanhere , a student from Aurangabad , assassinated Nashik governor A. M. T. Jackson at a theatre. Kanhere was immediately arrested and after an investigation police arrested Vinayak Savarkar and other accomplices for conspiring against

4141-542: The 8th century and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site , marks the culmination and mature phase of Badami Chalukyan architecture. The Bhutanatha group of temples at Badami are also from this period. There are ten temples at Pattadakal, six in southern dravida style and four in the northern nagara style. Well known among these are the Sangamesvara Temple (725), the Virupaksha Temple (740–745) and

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4242-569: The Ayodhya origin. While the northern origin theory has been dismissed by many historians, the epigraphist K. V. Ramesh has suggested that an earlier southern migration is a distinct possibility which needs examination. According to him, the complete absence of any inscriptional reference of their family connections to Ayodhya, and their subsequent Kannadiga identity may have been due to their earlier migration into present day Karnataka region where they achieved success as chieftains and kings. Hence,

4343-691: The Badami Chalukyas with Kannada legends have been found. All this indicates that Kannada language flourished during this period. Travelogues of contemporary foreign travellers have provided useful information about the Chalukyan empire. The Chinese traveller Xuanzang had visited the court of Pulakeshin II . At the time of this visit, as mentioned in the Aihole record, Pulakeshin II had divided his empire into three Maharashtrakas or great provinces comprising 99,000 villages each. This empire possibly covered present day Karnataka , Maharashtra and coastal Konkan . Xuanzang, impressed with

4444-583: The British Indian court system. It was during the Western Chalukya rule that the Bhakti movement gained momentum in South India, in the form of Ramanujacharya and Basavanna , later spreading into northern India. A celebration called Chalukya utsava , a three-day festival of music and dance, organised by the Government of Karnataka , is held every year at Pattadakal, Badami and Aihole. The event

4545-594: The Caribbean region. Archaeological sites in Peru yielded evidence of guava cultivation as early as 2500 BC. Guava was adopted as a crop in subtropical and tropical Asia, parts of the United States (from Tennessee and North Carolina, southward, as well as the west and Hawaii), tropical Africa, and Oceania. Guavas were introduced to Florida , US in the 19th century and are grown there as far north as Sarasota , Chipley , Waldo and Fort Pierce . However, they are

4646-526: The Chalukya king Pulakeshin II was war-like and loved "military arts", because he was a Kshatriya by birth. The historians Jan Houben and Kamath, and the epigraphist D.C. Sircar note the Badami Chalukya inscriptions are in Kannada and Sanskrit . According to the historian N. L. Rao, their inscriptions call them Karnatas and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as Priyagallam and Noduttagelvom . The names of some Chalukya princes end with

4747-461: The Chalukya rule in the western Deccan and recovered most of the Chalukya empire. The Western Chalukyas ruled for over 200 years and were in constant conflict with the Cholas , and with their cousins, the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Vikramaditya VI is widely considered the most notable ruler of the dynasty. Starting from the very beginning of his reign, which lasted fifty years, he abolished

4848-573: The Chalukyas maintained close family and marital relationships. Pulakeshin II extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of Harsha by defeating him on the banks of the river Narmada . He then defeated the Vishnukundins in the south-eastern Deccan. Pallava Narasimhavarman however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily. It

4949-467: The Eastern Chalukyas. The Badami Chalukya era was an important period in the development of South Indian architecture. The kings of this dynasty were called Umapati Varlabdh and built many temples for the Hindu god Shiva. Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" or "Karnata Dravida architecture". Nearly a hundred monuments built by them, rock cut (cave) and structural, are found in

5050-516: The Ello Sphinx ( Erinnyis ello ), Eupseudosoma aberrans , E. involutum , and Hypercompe icasia . Mites , like Pronematus pruni and Tydeus munsteri , are known to be crop pests of the apple guava ( P. guajava ) and perhaps other species. The bacterium Erwinia psidii causes rot diseases of the apple guava. The fruit is cultivated and favored by humans, and many other animals such as birds consume it, readily dispersing

5151-848: The Godavari River. Various crops are grown in North Maharashtra, including jowar , cotton, lentils, chickpeas, wheat, onions, sugarcane , grapes, groundnuts , and maize . Yawal Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Yawal in the northern part of the region. Mukatainagar's forest has many tigers . The region has lots of neem , banyan, babool, guava , Pipad , and tamarind trees as well wild animal species such as warthogs , monkeys, snakes, fish, reptiles, and rats. Birds such as crows, sparrows, green parrots , hummingbirds, and egretss are also present. The number of has significantly reduced due to deforestation. North Maharashtra has

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5252-519: The Mallikarjuna Temple (740–745) in the southern style. The Papanatha temple (680) and Galaganatha Temple (740) are early attempts in the nagara  – dravida fusion style. Inscriptional evidence suggests that the Virupaksha and the Mallikarjuna Temples were commissioned by the two queens of King Vikramaditya II after his military success over the Pallavas of Kanchipuram. Some well known names of Chalukyan architects are Revadi Ovajja, Narasobba and Anivarita Gunda . The reign of Western Chalukyas

5353-447: The Meguti Jain Temple (634) which shows progress in structural design; the Durga Temple with its northern Indian style tower (8th century) and experiments to adapt a Buddhist Chaitya design to a brahminical one (its stylistic framework is overall a hybrid of north and south Indian styles. ); the Huccimalli Gudi Temple with a new inclusion, a vestibule , connecting the sanctum to the hall. Other dravida style temples from this period are

5454-434: The Naganatha Temple at Nagaral; the Banantigudi Temple, the Mahakutesvara Temple and the Mallikarjuna Temple at Mahakuta; and the Lower Sivalaya Temple, the Malegitti Sivalaya Temple (upper) and the Jambulingesvara Temple at Badami. Located outside the Chalukyan architectural heartland, 140 km south-east of Badami, with a structure related to the Early Chalukya style is the unusual Parvati Temple at Sanduru which dates to

5555-415: The Rashtrakutas, the new rulers of the western deccan, and the Eastern Chalukyas. For much of the next two centuries, the Eastern Chalukyas had to accept subordination towards the Rashtrakutas. Apart from a rare military success, such as the one by Vijayaditya II(c.808–847), it was only during the rule of Bhima I (c.892–921) that these Chalukyas were able to celebrate a measure of independence. After

5656-417: The Sanskrit work Mitakshara by Vijnaneshwara in the court of Western Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI. Perhaps the greatest work in legal literature, Mitakshara is a commentary on Yajnavalkya and is a treatise on law based on earlier writings and has found acceptance in most parts of India. Englishman Henry Thomas Colebrooke later translated into English the section on inheritance, giving it currency in

5757-405: The United States. In Cuba and Mexico, the leaves are used in barbecues. Guava fruits, usually 4 to 12 centimetres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long, are round or oval depending on the species. They have a pronounced and typical fragrance, similar to lemon rind but less sharp. The outer skin may be rough, often with a bitter taste, or soft and sweet. Varying between species,

5858-441: The Western Chalukyas, who had by then replaced the Rashtrakutas as the main power in the western Deccan. The Western Chalukyas sought to brook the growing Chola influence in the Vengi region but were unsuccessful. Initially, the Eastern Chalukyas had encouraged Kannada language and literature, though, after a period of time, local factors took over and they gave importance to Telugu language . Telugu literature owes its growth to

5959-460: The area south of the Vindhyas  – the Deccan and Tamilakam . The age of small kingdoms had given way to large empires in this region. The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakeshin I in 543. Pulakeshin I took Vatapi (modern Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka ) under his control and made it his capital. Pulakeshin I and his descendants are referred to as "Chalukyas of Badami". They ruled over an empire that comprised

6060-436: The base of salted products such as sauces, substituting for tomatoes , especially to minimize the acidity. A drink may be made from an infusion of guava fruits and leaves, which in Brazil is called chá-de-goiabeira , i.e., "tea" of guava tree leaves. A raw common guava is 81% water, 14% carbohydrates , 3% protein , and 0.5% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw guava supplies 68 calories and

6161-443: The beverage agua fresca is often made with guava. The entire fruit is a key ingredient in punch , and the juice is often used in culinary sauces (hot or cold), ales, candies, dried snacks, fruit bars, and desserts, or dipped in chamoy . Pulque de guayaba ("guayaba" is Spanish for guava) is a common alcoholic beverage in these regions. In many countries, guava is eaten raw, typically cut into quarters or eaten like an apple; it

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6262-415: The classical dance of South India, was popular and is seen in many sculptures and is mentioned in inscriptions. Some women from the royal family enjoyed political power in administration. Queen Vijayanka was a noted Sanskrit poet, Kumkumadevi, the younger sister of Vijayaditya (and queen of Alupa King Chitravahana) made several grants and had a Jain basadi called Anesajjebasadi constructed at Puligere, and

6363-402: The death of Bhima I, the Andhra region once again saw succession disputes and interference in Vengi affairs by the Rashtrakutas. The fortunes of the Eastern Chalukyas took a turn around 1000. Danarnava, their king, was killed in battle in 973 by the Telugu Choda King Bhima who then imposed his rule over the region for twenty-seven years. During this time, Danarnava's two sons took refuge in

6464-401: The development of Kannada literature and Sanskrit literature . They went into their final dissolution towards the end of the 12th century with the rise of the Hoysala Empire , the Pandyas , the Kakatiya and the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri . Pulakeshin II conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the coastal districts of modern Andhra Pradesh in 616, defeating the remnants of

6565-426: The dignitaries who were present. In 1942, Mahatma Gandhi announced the Quit India Movement in Bombay, after British police fired bullets at marching schoolchildren in Nandurbar . Shirish Kumar , a 15-year-old boy, and other participating children died due to gunshot wounds. The region was part of the Bombay Presidency . In 1956, it became part of Bombay State , before being included in Maharashtra in 1960. In

6666-420: The early Chalukyas, suggests that the Western Chalukya kings belonged to the same family line as the illustrious Badami Chalukya dynasty of the 6th century while other Western Chalukya inscriptional evidence indicates they were a distinct line unrelated to the Early Chalukyas. Tailapa II , a Rashtrakuta feudatory ruling from Tardavadi – 1000 ( Bijapur district ) overthrew Karka II , re-established

6767-446: The entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". Kannada literature , which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas in the Jain and Veerashaiva traditions. The 11th century saw

6868-435: The entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan. Pulakeshin II , whose pre-coronation name was Ereya, commanded control over the entire Deccan and is perhaps the most well-known emperor of the Badami dynasty. He is considered one of the notable kings in Indian history. His queens were princess from the Alupa Dynasty of South Canara and the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad , clans with whom

6969-504: The famous poet and minister (Ravikirti) in the court of Pulakeshin II. Immadi Pulikeshi , a Kannada movie of the 1960s starring Dr. Rajkumar celebrates the life and times of the great king. Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians References Sources Books Web Guava Guava ( / ˈ ɡ w ɑː v ə / GWAH -və ) is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions. The common guava Psidium guajava (lemon guava, apple guava)

7070-427: The following Lok Sabha constituencies: The region also has the following Maharashtra Legislative Assembly constituencies: The economy of the region relies on agriculture and common crops include cotton , sugarcane , lentils , maze , bananas , peas , and wheat . Jalgaon District is informally referred to as the "Banana Capital of India". The district is the largest producer of bananas in Maharashtra and grows

7171-416: The fruit skin and flesh color, guavas that are red-orange tend to have more polyphenol and carotenoid content than yellow-green ones. Guava seed oil may be used for culinary or cosmetics products. It is rich in linoleic acid . Since the 1950s, guavas – particularly the leaves – have been studied for their constituents, potential biological properties and history in folk medicine . Guavas are one of

7272-488: The giving of gifts ( dana ) was important. The Badami kings were followers of Vedic Hinduism and dedicated temples to popular Hindu deities in Aihole. Sculptures of deities testify to the popularity of Hindu Gods such as Vishnu , Shiva , Kartikeya , Ganapathi , Shakti , Surya and Sapta Matrikas ("seven mothers"). The Badami kings also performed the Ashwamedha ("horse sacrifice"). The worship of Lajja Gauri ,

7373-590: The governance of the empire observed that the benefits of the king's efficient administration was felt far and wide. Later, Persian emperor Khosrau II exchanged ambassadors with Pulakeshin II. Court poets of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani narrate: Some scholars connect the Chalukyas with the Chaulukyas (Solankis) of Gujarat . According to a myth mentioned in latter manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso , Chaulukyas were born out of fire-pit (Agnikund) at Mount Abu . However it has been reported that

7474-585: The government to instigate an armed rebellion. The case became known as the Nasik Conspiracy . Jackson's assassination created a sensation in Poona , Nasik and Bombay , with the case and subsequent imprisonment making Savarkar famous. At the trial in Bombay, police accused Savarkar of being one of the ringleaders behind the conspiracy. The Bombay court sentenced him to life imprisonment and transportation to

7575-682: The governor of the Chalukya branch of Navsari . Vikramaditya II later overran the other traditional kingdoms of Tamil country, the Pandyas , the Cholas and the Cheras in addition to subduing a Kalabhra ruler. The last Chalukya king, Kirtivarman II , was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga in 753. At their peak, the Chalukyas ruled a vast empire stretching from the Kaveri in

7676-436: The late 7th century. It is medium-sized, 48 ft long and 37 ft wide. It has a nagara (north Indian) style vimana (tower) and dravida (south Indian) style parts, has no mantapa (hall) and consists of an antarala ( vestibule ) crowned with a barrel-vaulted tower ( sukhanasi ). The "staggered" base plan of the temple became popular much later, in the 11th century. The structural temples at Pattadakal, built in

7777-656: The main source of information about Badami Chalukya history. Among them, the Badami cave inscriptions of Mangalesha (578), Kappe Arabhatta record of c. 700, Peddavaduguru inscription of Pulakeshin II , the Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple inscription and Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple inscription of Vikramaditya II (all in Kannada language) provide more evidence of the Chalukya language. The Badami cliff inscription of Pulakeshin I (543),

7878-564: The middle of the 20th century and they proliferate as cultivars. Mature trees of most species are fairly cold-hardy and can survive temperatures slightly colder than −4 °C (25 °F) for short periods of time, but younger plants will likely freeze to the ground. Guavas are of interest to home growers in subtropical areas as one of the few tropical fruits that can grow to fruiting size in pots indoors. When grown from seed, guava trees can bear fruit in two years, and can continue to do so for forty years. The most frequently eaten species, and

7979-554: The most common hosts for fruit flies like A. suspensa , which lay their eggs in overripe or spoiled guavas. The larvae of these flies then consume the fruit until they can proceed into the pupa stage. This parasitism has led to millions in economic losses for nations in Central America. Fungal pathogens, Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis species are causal agents of guava scab in Colombia. Air layering

8080-437: The one often simply referred to as "the guava", is the apple guava ( Psidium guajava ). Guavas are typical Myrtoideae , with tough dark heavy leaves that are opposite, simple, elliptic to ovate, and 5–15 centimetres (2–6 in) long. The flowers are white, with five petals and numerous stamens . The fruits are many-seeded berries . Psidium species are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera , mainly moths like

8181-631: The original Saka era and established the Vikrama Era . Most subsequent Chalukya inscriptions are dated in this new era. Vikramaditya VI was an ambitious and skilled military leader. Under his leadership the Western Chalukyas were able to end the Chola influence over Vengi (coastal Andhra) and become the dominant power in the Deccan. The Western Chalukya period was an important age in

8282-408: The patronage of Telugu literature under the Eastern Chalukyas . While opinions vary regarding the early origins of the Chalukyas, the consensus among noted historians such as John Keay , D.C. Sircar , Hans Raj, S. Sen, Kamath , K. V. Ramesh and Karmarkar is that the founders of the empire at Badami were native to the modern Karnataka region. A theory that they were descendants of

8383-663: The people and the monuments of Kanchipuram, the Pallava capital. He thus avenged the earlier humiliation of the Chalukyas by the Pallavas and engraved a Kannada inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple. During his reign Arab intruders of the Caliphal province of Sind invaded southern Gujarat which was under Chalukya rule, but the Arabs were defeated and driven out by Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin ,

8484-619: The period of the Badami Chalukyas, references are made to the existence of Kannada literature, though not much has survived. Inscriptions however refer to Kannada as the "natural language". The Kappe Arabhatta record of c. 700 in tripadi (three line) metre is the earliest available work in Kannada poetics. Karnateshwara Katha , which was quoted later by Jayakirti, is believed to be a eulogy of Pulakeshin II and to have belonged to this period. Other probable Kannada writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references are Syamakundacharya (650), who

8585-458: The place of origin of their ancestors may have been of no significance to the kings of the empire who may have considered themselves natives of the Kannada speaking region. The writing of 12th century Kashmiri poet Bilhana suggests the Chalukya family belonged to the Shudra while other sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were Kshatriya caste. According to Xuanzang ,

8686-455: The pure Kannada term arasa (meaning "king" or "chief"). The Rashtrakuta inscriptions call the Chalukyas of Badami Karnatakabala ("Power of Karnataka"). It has been proposed by the historian S. C. Nandinath that the word "Chalukya" originated from Salki or Chalki which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement. According to some historians, the Chalukyas originated from agriculturists. Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Kannada are

8787-530: The queens of Vikramaditya II, Lokamahadevi and Trailokyamahadevi made grants and possibly consecrated the Lokesvara Temple (now called Virupaksha temple) but also and the Mallikarjuna temple respectively at Pattadakal. The Chalukya era may be seen as the beginning of the fusion of cultures of northern and southern India, making way for the transmission of ideas between the two regions. This

8888-489: The seeds in their droppings. In Hawaii , strawberry guava ( P. littorale ) has become an aggressive invasive species threatening extinction to more than 100 other plant species. By contrast, several guava species have become rare due to habitat destruction and at least one (Jamaican guava, P. dumetorum ), is already extinct. Guava wood is used for meat smoking in Hawaii, and is used at barbecue competitions across

8989-555: The skin can be any thickness, is usually green before maturity, but may be yellow, maroon, or green when ripe. The pulp inside may be sweet or sour and off-white ("white" guavas) to deep pink ("red" guavas). The seeds in the central pulp vary in number and hardness, depending on species. In 2019, world production of guavas was 55 million tonnes , led by India with 45% of the total (see table). Other major producers were China and Thailand. In Mexico and other Latin American countries,

9090-515: The south to the Narmada in the north. The Chalukyas revived their fortunes in 973 after over 200 years of dormancy when much of the Deccan was under the rule of the Rashtrakutas. The genealogy of the kings of this empire is still debated. One theory, based on contemporary literary and inscriptional evidence plus the finding that the Western Chalukyas employed titles and names commonly used by

9191-587: The story of Agnikula is not mentioned at all in the original version of the Prithviraj Raso preserved in the Fort Library at Bikaner . According to the Nilagunda inscription of King Vikramaditya VI (11th century or later), the Chalukyas originally hailed from Ayodhya where fifty-nine kings ruled, and later, sixteen more of this family ruled from South India where they had migrated. This

9292-920: The summer, the temperature in the region climbs to over 44 °C (111 °F). Like the rest of India, North Maharashtra is affected by the South Asian Monsoon . This region contains the Godavari River in Nashik, the Tapti and Panjhara rivers in Dhule, and the Narmada River in Nandurbar. Hatnur Dam is located at the on Tapti River. North Maharashtra also has Garbaldi Dam near Pal hill station, and Waghur Dam near Jamner . Nashik district has Gangapur and Nandur-Madheshwar dams on

9393-538: The title "Rajamalla" ( lit "Sovereign of the Mallas " or Pallavas). The thirty-seven year rule of Vijayaditya (696–733) was a prosperous one and is known for prolific temple building activity. The empire was its peak again during the rule of the illustrious Vikramaditya II (733–744) who is known not only for his repeated invasions of the territory of Tondaimandalam and his subsequent victories over Pallava Nandivarman II , but also for his benevolence towards

9494-615: The total. Botanically, guavas are berries . The term guava appears to have been in use since the mid- 16th century . The name derived from the Taíno , a language of the Arawaks as guayabo for guava tree via the Spanish for guayaba . It has been adapted in many European and Asian languages, having a similar form. Guavas originated from an area thought to extend from Mexico, Central America or northern South America throughout

9595-725: The world's seventh largest banana crop. Nashik district is also a leader in grape production; only Niphad and Dindori talukas are ahead of Nashik in grape production in North Maharashtra. The region has its own entertainment industry, with many local singers and actors working in it. The Ahirani song industry has been experiencing robust growth since 2010. Music composers from Shendurni and Nashik district have made popular Ahirani-Marathi songs in recent years such as Jhumka wali por ( transl.  A girl wearing earrings ) (2023), Bablya ikas kesavar fuge ( transl.  Bablya sells balloons for hairs ). North Maharashtra University serves Dhule, Nandurbar, and Jalgaon districts, and

9696-404: Was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami ) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of

9797-721: Was an important period in the development of Deccan architecture. Their architecture served as a conceptual link between the Badami Chalukya architecture of the 8th century and the Hoysala architecture popularised in the 13th century. The centre of their cultural and temple-building activity lay in the Tungabhadra region of modern Karnataka state, encompassing the present-day Dharwad district ; it included areas of present-day Haveri and Gadag districts. Here, large medieval workshops built numerous monuments. These monuments, regional variants of pre-existing dravida temples, defined

9898-516: Was at Aihole (where some seventy structures exist and has been called "one of the cradles of Indian temple architecture" ) and Badami. Though the exact dating of these temples has been debated, there is consensus that the beginnings of these constructions are from c. 600. These are the Lad Khan Temple (dated by some to c. 450 but more accurately to 620) with its interesting perforated stone windows and sculptures of river goddesses;

9999-645: Was considered a child prodigy. Shirwadkar awww also a prominent novelist; his play Natsamrat is considered as an epic work of literature in Maharashtra. There are many Hindu pilgrimage centres in North Maharashtra such as Changdeva Temple , Muktabai mandir in Muktainagar, and Shirsada Hanuman Temple . There are also Saptashrungi Devi, Kalaram , and Trayambakeshawar jyotirlinga mandirs in Nashik district, as well as Padmalay Ganpati mandir near Erandol . Unapdev and Sunapdev's hot springs are

10100-401: Was served by 2000 mahajans and Aihole which was served by 500 mahajanas . Taxes were levied and were called the herjunka  – tax on loads, the kirukula  – tax on retail goods in transit, the bilkode  – sales tax, the pannaya  – betel tax, siddaya  – land tax and the vaddaravula  – tax levied to support royalty. The Badami Chalukyas minted coins that were of

10201-541: Was with their navy that they conquered Revatidvipa ( Goa ), and Puri on east coast of India. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use the term Karnatakabala when referring to the powerful Chalukya armies. The government, at higher levels, was closely modelled after the Magadhan and Satavahana administrative machinery. The empire was divided into Maharashtrakas (provinces), then into smaller Rashtrakas ( Mandala ), Vishaya (district), Bhoga (group of 10 villages) which

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