The Northern Railway of Canada was a railway in the province of Ontario , Canada. It was the first steam railway to enter service in what was then known as Upper Canada . It was eventually acquired by the Grand Trunk Railway , and is therefore a predecessor to the modern Canadian National Railway (CNR). Several sections of the line are still used by CNR and GO Transit .
101-517: First known as the Toronto, Simcoe and Huron Railway , and then the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway , the aim was to provide a portage route from the upper Great Lakes at Collingwood to Toronto . The plan for the railway was largely executed by Frederick Chase Capreol who was fired as manager of the company the day before the ground broke. Financial difficulties and a government bailout led to
202-450: A blue plaque at 189 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7, which was erected in 1909. Lind has been commemorated in music, on screen and even on banknotes. In the 1930 Hollywood film A Lady's Morals , Grace Moore starred as Lind, with Wallace Beery as Barnum. The Swedish opera singer Helga Görlin portrayed Lind in the 1937 Swedish historical drama film John Ericsson, Victor of Hampton Roads . In 1941 Ilse Werner starred as Lind in
303-470: A tumpline and one on the back ( strangulated hernia was a common cause of death). To allow regular rests the voyageur would drop his pack at a pose about every 1 kilometre ( 1 ⁄ 2 mi) and go back for the next load. The time for a portage was estimated at one hour per half mile. The Diolkos was a paved trackway in Ancient Greece which enabled boats to be moved overland across
404-827: A century, but remain today a matter of mystery. Many possible explanations have been advanced, but not one of them has been verified". In London, Lind's close friendship with Mendelssohn continued. There had been speculation that their relationship extended beyond friendship. In 2013, George Biddlecombe confirmed in the Journal of the Royal Musical Association that "The Committee of the Mendelssohn Scholarship Foundation possesses material indicating that Mendelssohn wrote passionate love letters to Lind entreating her to join him in an adulterous relationship and threatening suicide as
505-406: A few places iron-plated wooden rails were laid to take a handcart. Heavily used routes sometimes evolved into roads when sledges, rollers or oxen were used, as at Methye Portage . Sometimes railways ( Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad ) or canals were built. When going downstream through rapids an experienced voyageur called the guide would inspect the rapids and choose between the heavy work of
606-715: A fixed fee of $ 1,000 per concert, and in January 1850 Barnum agreed. Together with a supporting baritone, Giovanni Belletti , and her London colleague, Julius Benedict, as pianist, arranger and conductor, Lind sailed to America in September 1850. Barnum's advance publicity made her a celebrity even before she arrived in the US, and she received a wild reception on arriving in New York. Tickets for some of her concerts were in such demand that Barnum sold them by auction. The enthusiasm of
707-443: A higher possible note or two, available on rare occasions; and that the lower half of the register and the upper one were of two distinct qualities. The former was not strong – veiled, if not husky; and apt to be out of tune. The latter was rich, brilliant and powerful – finest in its highest portions." Chorley praised her breath management, her use of pianissimo , her taste in ornament and her intelligent use of technique to conceal
808-526: A load of anxiety had been taken off his mind. His attachment to Mademoiselle Lind's genius as a singer was unbounded, as was his desire for her success." Mendelssohn worked with Lind on many occasions and wrote the beginnings of an opera, Lorelei , for her, based on the legend of the Lorelei Rhine maidens; the opera was unfinished at his death. He composed the soprano aria in his oratorio Elijah ("Hear Ye Israel") with Lind's voice in mind, focusing
909-452: A means of exerting pressure upon her, and that these letters were destroyed on being discovered after her death". Mendelssohn was present at Lind's London debut in Robert le diable , and his friend, the critic Henry Chorley , who was with him, wrote: "I see as I write the smile with which Mendelssohn, whose enjoyment of Mdlle. Lind's talent was unlimited, turned round and looked at me, as if
1010-558: A musical scholarship as a memorial to him; it was her first appearance in oratorio. The original intention had been to found a school of music in Mendelssohn's name in Leipzig , but there was not enough support there, and with the help of Sir George Smart , Julius Benedict and others, Lind eventually raised enough money to fund a scholarship "to receive pupils of all nations and promote their musical training". The first recipient of
1111-538: A poet, than Jenny Lind. For me she opened the sanctuary of art." The biographer Carol Rosen believes that after Lind rejected Andersen as a suitor, he portrayed her as The Snow Queen with a heart of ice. In December 1844, through Meyerbeer's influence, Lind was engaged to sing the title role in Bellini 's opera Norma in Berlin. That led to more engagements in opera houses throughout Germany and Austria, but such
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#17327757699991212-654: A portage across the Thracian Chersonese is lacking, but it is possible that traces of it have been confused with traces of the Long Wall , which was restored by Justinian I in the 6th century. The region also saw extensive damage during the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915. The Skagerak always has been treacherous for shipping and early navigators tried to avoid it. There are various river systems in (modern) northern Germany and southern Denmark where
1313-406: A portage and the life-threatening risk of running the rapids. If the second course were chosen, the boat would be controlled by the avant standing in front with a long paddle and the gouvernail standing in the back with a 2.7-metre (9 ft) steering paddle. The avant had a better view and was in charge but the gouvernail had more control over the boat. The other canoemen provided power under
1414-671: A reorganization of the company as the Northern Railway of Canada in 1859. The line saw three major expansions; North Grey Railway extended the original mainline to Meaford , the North Simcoe Railway ran to the port town of Penetanguishene , and the Muskoka Branch ran northeast to Gravenhurst . This last expansion would be the starting point for the Northern and Pacific Junction Railway , connecting to
1515-681: A river, or between two bodies of water. A path where items are regularly carried between bodies of water is also called a portage. The term comes from French, where porter means "to carry", as in "portable". In Canada , the term "carrying-place" was sometimes used. Early French explorers in New France and French Louisiana encountered many rapids and cascades . The Native Americans carried their canoes over land to avoid river obstacles. Over time, important portages were sometimes provided with canals with locks , and even portage railways . Primitive portaging generally involves carrying
1616-741: A role written for Lind but not premiered by her) became one of the songs most associated with Lind, and she was called on to sing it wherever she performed in concert. Her operatic repertoire included the title roles in Lucia di Lammermoor , Maria di Rohan , Norma , La sonnambula and La vestale as well as Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro , Adina in L'elisir d'amore and Alice in Robert le diable . About that time, she became known as "the Swedish Nightingale". In December 1845,
1717-461: A scene of enthusiasm as that displayed last night on the occasion of Mademoiselle Jenny Lind's début as Alice in an Italian version of Robert le diable . Queen Victoria attended each of Lind's sixteen debut performances in London. In July 1847, Lind starred in the world première of Verdi 's opera I masnadieri at Her Majesty's Theatre , under the baton of the composer. During her two years on
1818-475: A singer by García's training. She toured Denmark where, in 1843, Hans Christian Andersen met and fell in love with her. Although the two became good friends, she did not reciprocate his romantic feelings. She is believed to have inspired three of his fairy tales : "Beneath the Pillar", " The Angel " and " The Nightingale ". He wrote, "No book or personality whatever has exerted a more ennobling influence on me, as
1919-534: A singer's vowels must be rich in quality to form a sensation of "speak singing". She also stated that the different registers of the voice were unique to each individual and that each register needed to be trained individually and tailored to the specific singer's ability. Lind lived her final years at Wynds Point, Herefordshire , on the Malvern Hills near the British Camp . Her last public appearance
2020-653: A successful season in Vienna, where she was mobbed by admirers and feted by the Imperial Family, Lind traveled to London and gave her first performance there on 4 May 1847, when she appeared in an Italian version of Meyerbeer's Robert le diable . It was attended by Queen Victoria ; the next day, The Times wrote: We have had frequent experience of the excitement appertaining to "first nights", but we may safely say, and our opinion will be backed by several hundreds of Her Majesty's subjects, that we never witnessed such
2121-637: A year, the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer , an early and faithful admirer of her talent, arranged an audition for her at the Opéra in Paris, but she was rejected. The biographer Francis Rogers concludes that Lind strongly resented the rebuff: when she became an international star, she always refused invitations to sing at the Paris Opéra. Lind returned to the Royal Swedish Opera, greatly improved as
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#17327757699992222-717: Is a common place name in Scotland and Ireland indicating the site of a portage. Portages played an important role in the economy of some African societies. For instance, Bamako was chosen as the capital of Mali because it is located on the Niger River near the rapids that divide the Upper and Middle Niger Valleys. Places where portaging occurred often became temporary and then permanent settlements. The importance of free passage through portages found them included in laws and treaties. One historically important fur trade portage
2323-522: Is being expanded towards Owen Sound as the Tom Thompson Trail . Sections from Collingwood to Stayner have a trail running beside them. The North Simcoe Railway now forms the 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi) Tiny Beaches Trail with sections south of this also in use. Talk about a line from Toronto to the upper Great Lakes has been recorded to as early as 1834, but no serious effort was taken until 1848 when Frederick Chase Capreol announced he
2424-576: Is commemorated in Poets' Corner , Westminster Abbey , London under the name "Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt". Among those present at the memorial's unveiling ceremony on 20 April 1894 were Goldschmidt, members of the Royal Family, Sullivan, Sir George Grove and representatives of some of the charities supported by Lind. There is also a plaque commemorating Lind in The Boltons , Kensington , London and
2525-462: Is devoted to her and the lasting effects of her widespread popularity in America. Her 1850–1852 tour of America is a plot point in the 1980 musical Barnum and the 2017 film The Greatest Showman , both of which include a fictionalized relationship between Lind and Barnum with "romantic undertones". Norwegian Air Shuttle 's Boeing 737-8JP registration LN-DYG is called Jenny Lind and has
2626-669: Is likely named after her, although there are several tales about its naming. An elementary school in Minneapolis , Minnesota, and the Jenny Lind Tower , a stone tower in North Truro , Massachusetts, are named for her. She visited Mammoth Cave in central Kentucky in 1851, and a feature in the cave was named in her honor, called "Jenny Lind's Armchair". Cottage-style spindled furniture is still named for her, especially Jenny Lind cribs and beds. Andover, Illinois , has
2727-631: Is now Grand Portage National Monument . Recreational canoeing routes often include portages between lakes, for example, the Seven Carries route in Adirondack Park . Numerous portages were upgraded to carriageways and railways due to their economic importance. The Niagara Portage had a gravity railway in the 1760s. The passage between the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers was through a short swamp portage which seasonally flooded and it
2828-699: Is now Russia were vital for the Varangian commerce with the Orient and Byzantium . At the most important portages (such as Gnezdovo ) there were trade outposts inhabited by a mixture of Norse merchants and native population. The Khazars built the fortress of Sarkel to guard a key portage between the Volga and the Don. After Varangian and Khazar power in Eastern Europe waned, Slavic merchants continued to use
2929-565: Is thought that a channel gradually developed unintentionally from the dragging of the boat bottoms. The 1835 Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad connected the cities of New York and Montreal without needing to go through the Atlantic. Many settlements in North America were named for being on a portage. Portages existed in a number of locations where an isthmus existed that the local Māori could drag or carry their waka across from
3030-635: The 14-kilometre ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi) Grand Portage (both in North America) often covering hilly or difficult terrain. Some portages involve very little elevation change, such as the very short Mavis Grind in Shetland , which crosses an isthmus . This section deals mostly with the heavy freight canoes used by the Canadian Voyageurs . Portage trails usually began as animal tracks and were improved by tramping or blazing. In
3131-862: The Bach Choir in 1875, Lind trained the soprano choristers for the first English performance of Bach's B minor Mass in April 1876, and performed in the mass. Her concerts decreased in frequency until she retired from singing in 1883. From 1879 until 1887, Lind worked with Frederick Niecks on his biography of Frédéric Chopin . In 1882, she was appointed professor of singing at the newly founded Royal College of Music . She believed in an all-round musical training for her pupils, insisting that, in addition to their vocal studies, they were instructed in solfège , piano, harmony, diction, deportment and at least one foreign language. Her students included German singer and composer Georgina Schubert . In 1868, Lind wrote that
Northern Railway of Canada - Misplaced Pages Continue
3232-638: The Canadian Pacific Railway mainline outside of North Bay . In 1887, the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) gained a controlling interest, and the takeover was formalized in January 1888. The line primarily served the port towns on Georgian Bay , where it faced increasing competition over the years. A combination of factors, including the Great Depression and the opening of a wider Welland Canal led to decreased use of
3333-673: The Canadian Pacific Railway transcontinental lines at North Bay in 1886. The Northern Railway was purchased by Grand Trunk Railway in 1888, and through its amalgamation, became part of the Canadian National Railway. CNR operated the mainline as the CN Newmarket Subdivision, selling off the branches to the west, and pulling up the section between Barrie and Orillia. It is now the Barrie line after its purchase by Metrolinx . The first locomotive of
3434-635: The Isthmus of Corinth between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf . It was constructed to transport high ranking Despots to conduct business in the justice system. The 6-to-8.5-kilometre-long ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi) roadway was a rudimentary form of railway , and operated from around 600 BC until the middle of the 1st century AD. The scale on which the Diolkos combined
3535-625: The Jenny Lind Chapel , a Swedish Lutheran Chapel that Lind donated $ 1,500 to construct. The Jenny Lind Wing is part of a student residence building at Augustana College , Rock Island , Illinois, which was founded by the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America in 1860. The college also named a Jenny Lind Vocal Ensemble. Jenny Lind soup is a soup named for her. The American Swedish Historical Museum 's Jenny Lind Room
3636-636: The Kenepuru Sound which links Queen Charlotte Sound at Torea Bay. This portage was created by mid-19th century settler Robert Blaymires. Jenny Lind Johanna Maria Lind (Madame Goldschmidt) (6 October 1820 – 2 November 1887) was a Swedish opera singer , often called the " Swedish Nightingale ". One of the most highly regarded singers of the 19th century, she performed in soprano roles in opera in Sweden and across Europe, and undertook an extraordinarily popular concert tour of
3737-638: The Royal Dramatic Theatre , where she studied with Carl Magnus Craelius , the singing master at the theatre. Lind began to sing onstage when she was 10. She had a vocal crisis at the age of 12 and had to stop singing for a time, but she recovered. Her first great role was Agathe in Weber 's Der Freischütz in 1838 at the Royal Swedish Opera. At 20, she was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and court singer to
3838-677: The Tasman Sea to the Pacific Ocean or vice versa. The most famous ones are located in Auckland , where there remain three roads named 'Portage Road's in separate parts of the city. Portage Road in the Auckland suburb of Otahuhu has historical plaques at both the north and south ends proclaiming it to be 'at half a mile in length, surely the shortest road between two seas'. The small Marlborough Sounds settlement of Portage lies on
3939-553: The tessitura of the aria around F-sharp (F♯5) , a note in her range that Mendelssohn supposedly found irresistibly charming. Four months after her London debut, she was devastated by the premature death of Mendelssohn in November 1847. She did not at first feel able to sing the soprano part in Elijah , which he had written for her. She finally did so at a performance in London's Exeter Hall in late 1848, which raised £1,000 to fund
4040-527: The 1980 musical Barnum and the 2017 film The Greatest Showman , both of which include a fictionalized relationship between Lind and Barnum with "romantic undertones". At the time of her tour, the debate over slavery in the United States had been intensified by the Compromise of 1850 . American abolitionists attempted to secure Lind's support for their cause, but she refused to comment on
4141-557: The 5'6" track gauge to the 4'8 1 ⁄ 2 " American standard gauge starting in the 1870s. The railway earned revenues from passenger, freight, postal, and sundry other sources. The total earnings for 1 January to 7 July 1860 were $ 166,108.64, and for 1 January to 6 July 1861 were $ 210,177.46. In 2010, the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway was inducted to the North America Railway Hall of Fame . The OS&HR
Northern Railway of Canada - Misplaced Pages Continue
4242-806: The Edmonsons, a Black family enslaved in Washington, D.C. , praising Uncle Tom's Cabin as "having been a strong means in the Creator's hand of operating essential good in one of the most important questions for the welfare of our black brethren." Historian Joan D. Hedrick suggested that Stowe's book "may have changed Lind's heart". Lind and Goldschmidt returned to Europe together in May 1852. They lived first in Dresden , Germany, and, from 1855, in England for
4343-464: The German repertoire, citing Mozart, Haydn and Mendelssohn's Elijah as best suited to her. Miller concluded that although connoisseurs of the voice preferred other singers, her wider appeal to the public at large was not merely a legend created by Barnum but was a mixture of "a uniquely pure (some called it celestial) quality in her voice, consistent with her well-known generosity and charity". Lind
4444-596: The German-language musical biography film The Swedish Nightingale . In 2001, a semibiographical film, Hans Christian Andersen: My Life as a Fairytale , featured Flora Montgomery as Lind. In 2005, Elvis Costello announced that he was writing an opera about Lind, called The Secret Arias with some lyrics by Andersen. A 2010 BBC television documentary "Chopin – The Women Behind the Music" includes discussion of Chopin's last years, during which Lind "so affected"
4545-423: The Great Lakes. This resistance to expansion would ultimately backfire; in 1864 the company was approached by businessmen from Grey and Bruce counties about building a line through their burgeoning agricultural areas. Cumberland refused, stating that traffic would be too low. This left an opening for the formation of the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway (TG&B), which began construction toward Owen Sound in
4646-441: The H&NW, along with about $ 150,000 from towns along the route, some indication of the area's upset with the Northern. The line reached Barrie in 1877 and Collingwood in mid-1879. The H&NW never completed their northern expansion to Midland. The Northern went ahead with one portion of their own expansion plans, dropping plans for the line from King City and instead splitting off west of Barrie to run north to Penetanguishene as
4747-428: The Jenny Lind Children's Hospital of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital . There is a Jenny Lind Park in the same city. A chapel is named for Lind at the University of Worcester City Campus. A hotel and pub is named after her in the Old Town of Hastings , East Sussex . Hereford County Hospital has a psychiatric ward named for Jenny Lind. A district in Glasgow is named after her. In Sutton , London,
4848-444: The King of Sweden and Norway. Her voice became seriously damaged by overuse and untrained singing technique, but her career was saved by the singing teacher Manuel García with whom she studied in Paris from 1841 to 1843. He insisted that she should not sing at all for three months, to allow her vocal cords to recover, before he started to teach her a healthy and secure Bel canto vocal technique. After Lind had been with García for
4949-422: The Lakes led to intense building through the entire area. Businessmen in Hamilton took the opportunity to plan a second line to Barrie as the Hamilton and North-Western Railway (H&NW), with their proposed line passing through several towns along the way. The Northern countered with the suggestion for a South Simcoe Junction Railway , splitting off the existing line at King City or Bolton , and then meeting
5050-400: The Mendelssohn Scholarship was the 14-year-old Arthur Sullivan , whom Lind encouraged in his career. In 1849, Lind was approached by the American showman P. T. Barnum with a proposal to tour throughout the United States, giving 150 concerts in eighteen months. Realising that it would yield large sums for charity, particularly the endowment of free schools in her native Sweden, Lind demanded
5151-446: The North Simcoe Railway. Construction began in January 1878. In 1881, the entire line was regauged in sections. The entire mainline to Gravenhurst was converted to standard gauge in a single day on 9 July 1881. Work gangs were located all along the line waiting for the 7:45 AM mail train leaving Toronto, which carried a large card reading "Last Train". The crews moved the rails as soon as the train passed them, having already half driven
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#17327757699995252-493: The Northern again west of Barrie and continuing on to Penetanguishene as the North Simcoe Railway . Comparing the two, business interests in Simcoe County and towns along the route demanded additional work from both companies. The H&NW finally agreed to run a branch line to Collingwood, splitting off the mainline some distance west of Newmarket , and added optional plans for an extension north from Barrie to Midland . Bonuses from Simcoe County totalling $ 300,000 were given to
5353-413: The Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Union Railroad was named Lady Elgin and built in Portland , Maine . It was named for Mary Lambton, second wife of James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin , the 42nd Governor General of Canada (1847–1854); she had also lifted a ceremonial silver spade for the sod-turning ceremony of the construction of the railway at Front Street and Simcoe Street on 15 October 1851. Because of
5454-527: The United States beginning in 1850. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music from 1840. Lind became famous after her performance in Der Freischütz in Sweden in 1838. Within a few years, she had suffered vocal damage, but the singing teacher Manuel García saved her voice. She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s, and was closely associated with Felix Mendelssohn . After two acclaimed seasons in London, she announced her retirement from opera at
5555-516: The age of 29. In 1850, Lind went to the United States at the invitation of the showman P. T. Barnum . She gave 93 large-scale concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management. She earned more than $ 350,000 (equivalent to $ 12,818,400 in 2023) from these concerts, donating the proceeds to charities, principally the endowment of free schools in Sweden. With her new husband, Otto Goldschmidt , she returned to Europe in 1852, where she had three children and gave occasional concerts over
5656-410: The area north of Orillia . Section west of Collingwood now form the Georgian Trail. The Meaford station was dismantled after 1960 and two stations along this section of the line remain: Several sections of the line have been turned over to rail trail use. The section of the mainline from the western side of Collingwood to Meaford is now the high-quality 34 kilometres (21 miles) Georgian Trail , which
5757-532: The chief soprano part in the first English performance of the cantata Paradise and the Peri by Robert Schumann . In 1866, she gave a concert with Arthur Sullivan at St James's Hall . The Times reported, "there is magic still in that voice... the most perfect singing – perfect alike in expression and in vocalization... Nothing more engaging, nothing more earnest, nothing more dramatic can be imagined." At Düsseldorf in January 1870, she sang in Ruth , an oratorio composed by her husband. When Goldschmidt formed
5858-449: The company in July 1849, now having to raise conventional bonds for the first 75 miles (121 km), from which point government funding would be available. Continued difficulties delayed construction, during which time the company re-chartered as the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Union Railroad in 1850. Capreol was fired as manager two days before the official sod turning, which was carried out on 15 October 1851 by Lady Elgin . The occasion
5959-427: The composer. Both the 1996 and 2006 issues of the Swedish 50- krona banknote bear a portrait of Lind on the front. Many artistic works have honoured or featured her. Anton Wallerstein composed the "Jenny Lind Polka" around 1850. Many places and objects have been named for Lind, including Jenny Lind Island in Canada, the Jenny Lind locomotive and a clipper ship , the USS Nightingale . An Australian schooner
6060-422: The concert stage and became romantically linked by 1844. Their schedules separated them, however, as Günther remained in Stockholm and then became a student of Garcia in Paris in 1846–1847. After reuniting in Sweden, according to Lind's 1891 Memoir , they became engaged to marry in the spring of 1848, just before Lind returned to England. However, the two broke off the engagement in October of the same year. After
6161-443: The customs house at Abydos . It would have been too costly to regularly move large ships across the peninsula, but Cosmas says that Constantine IV did it, presumably during the blockade of Constantinople (670/1–676/7) when the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles were controlled by the Umayyads . Constantine is said to have "driven" the ships rather than dragged them, probably indicating the use of wheels. Archaeological evidence for
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#17327757699996262-451: The day after her debut at the Leipzig Gewandhaus under the baton of Mendelssohn, she sang without fee for a charity concert in aid of the Orchestra Widows' Fund. Her devotion and generosity to charitable causes remained a key aspect of her career and greatly enhanced her international popularity even among the unmusical. At the Royal Swedish Opera, Lind had been friends with the tenor Julius Günther . They sang together both in opera and on
6363-464: The differences between her upper and lower registers. He thought her "execution was great" and that she was a "skilled and careful musician" but felt that "many of her effects on the stage appeared overcalculated" and that singing in foreign languages impeded her ability to give expression to the text. He felt that her concert singing was more admirable than her operatic performances, but he praised some of her roles. Chorley judged her finest work to be in
6464-413: The expansion to Owen Sound was never completed; a combination of much more difficult terrain west of Meaford, the impending arrival of the TG&B, and demand for other expansions that were considered more important. The company had continually been at odds with a number of groups in Simcoe County , especially those in Barrie who continually pushed for an expansion of the line into the downtown area. This
6565-403: The harbor of Alexandria , which may have been located at the southern tip of the island of Pharos. Another diolkos is mentioned by Ptolemy (90–168 CE) in his book on geography (IV, 5, 10) as connecting a false mouth of a partly silted up Nile branch with the Mediterranean Sea . Writing in the first half of the eighth century, Cosmas of Jerusalem describes the portage of boats across
6666-415: The high customs duties and shipping costs for the locomotive, executives of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Union Railroad decided that subsequent locomotives would be built in Ontario. The James Good foundry Toronto Locomotive Works , located at the corner of Queen and Yonge Street , would manufacture nine locomotives for the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron railway at an average cost of $ 5000. The first of these
6767-534: The institution. After meeting Lind in July 1851, British abolitionist Judith Griffiths wrote that "the colored people are regarded by her as beneath humanity – and too unworthy to be educated... She seemed horrified at colored people – I now know for myself that she is thoroughly pro-slavery – I am so grieved." Abolitionist lawyer Maunsell Field wrote that "she had an abhorrence for negroes she could not overcome. 'They are so ugly', she used to say." Yet in June 1852, Lind donated $ 100 to Harriet Beecher Stowe to free
6868-456: The instructions of the avant. Going upstream was more difficult, as there were many places where the current was too swift to paddle. Where the river bottom was shallow and firm, voyageurs would stand in the canoe and push it upstream with 3-metre (10 ft) poles. If the shoreline was reasonably clear the canoe could be 'tracked' or 'lined', that is, the canoemen would pull the canoe on a rope while one man stayed on board to keep it away from
6969-410: The later concerts under her own management are scarce, but it is known that under Barnum's management Lind gave 93 concerts in America for which she earned about $ 350,000, and he netted at least $ 500,000 ($ 10.9 million and $ 15.6 million, as of 2021, respectively). She donated her profits to various charities, including free schools in Sweden and some US charities. The tour is a plot point in
7070-419: The line to pass over the Oak Ridges Moraine , and it was not until 16 May 1853 that the first train reached Machell's Corners, today's Aurora, Ontario . Work north of there was much more rapid; the line reached Allandale in Barrie later in 1853, and Collingwood in 1855. Early traffic was dominated by agricultural products, earning it the nickname "Oats, Straw, and Hay". In spite of reasonable volumes of traffic
7171-416: The line was never very profitable, and by 1858 the company was in financial difficulty. Frederick William Cumberland agreed to take control of the railway, after reorganizing as the Northern Railway Company of Canada in August 1858. Cumberland focused on profitability, cutting any train that didn't pay for itself, strongly resisting any expansion plans, and selling off their small fleet of ships operating on
7272-541: The locomotive's progress from the foundry to the Front Street tracks, and the event was the subject of a later artistic rendering. Its first duty was three weeks later, transporting passengers and freight between the city of Toronto and the community of Machell's Corner, now known as Aurora . This first duty is commemorated by a plaque installed in 1953 at Union Station in Toronto . The Toronto and other locomotives were scrapped after Canadian railways converted from
7373-645: The narrowest part of the Thracian Chersonese (Gallipoli Peninsula) between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara . The peninsula there is six miles wide. Cosmas describes the dragging of small boats as common in his day for local trade between Thrace and Gothograecia . The motivation for this practice was to avoid the long detour around the peninsula and through the Dardanelles , but also to avoid
7474-598: The next three decades, settling in England in 1855. From 1882, for some years, she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London. Born in Klara in central Stockholm , Sweden, Lind was the illegitimate daughter of Niclas Jonas Lind (1798–1858), a bookkeeper, and Anne-Marie Fellborg (1793–1856), a schoolteacher. Lind's mother had divorced her first husband for adultery but refused to remarry until after his death in 1834. Lind's parents married when she
7575-426: The operatic stage in London, Lind appeared in most of the standard opera repertory. In early 1849, still in her twenties, Lind announced her permanent retirement from opera. Her last opera performance was on 10 May 1849 in Robert le diable ; Queen Victoria and other members of the Royal Family were present. Lind's biographer Francis Rogers wrote, "The reasons for her early retirement have been much discussed for nearly
7676-678: The portages along the Volga trade route and the Dnieper trade route . The names of the towns Volokolamsk and Vyshny Volochek may be translated as "the portage on the Lama River " and "the little upper portage", respectively (from Russian волок volok , meaning "portage", derived from the verb волочить voločitʹ "to drag"). In the 16th century, the Russians used river portages to get to Siberia (see Cherdyn Road ). Tarbert
7777-539: The ports, and traffic fell. The closure of Collingwood Shipbuilding in 1986 led to the abandonment of the sections in Collingwood and to the west. The line is intact from Barrie all the way to Union Station , with the section between Toronto and Barrie used by GO Transit as the Barrie line . The Muskoka Junction has been combined with the Ontario Northland Railway to form CNR's mainline in
7878-479: The pub "The Jenny Lind", next to Lind Road, has been renamed "The Nightingale". In the US, Lind is commemorated by street names in Amelia, Ohio ; Fort Smith, Arkansas ; New Bedford, Massachusetts ; Taunton, Massachusetts ; McKeesport, Pennsylvania ; North Easton, Massachusetts ; North Highlands, California and Stanhope, New Jersey ; and in the name of Jenny Lind, Arkansas . The town of Jenny Lind, California
7979-630: The public was so strong that the American press coined the term "Lind mania". After her first two performances in New York in September 1850, Lind's party toured the east coast of America, with continued success, and later took in Cuba, the Southern US and Canada. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her ties with him; they parted amicably. She continued
8080-530: The rest of their lives. They had three children: Otto, born September 1853 in Germany, Jenny, born March 1857 in England, and Ernest, born January 1861 in England. Although she refused all requests to appear in opera after her return to Europe, Lind continued to perform in the concert hall. In 1856, at the invitation of the Philharmonic Society conducted by William Sterndale Bennett , she sang
8181-625: The scale, which even enthusiasm cannot deprive of their sharpness". The American press agreed that Lind's presentation was more typical of Germanic "cold, untouching, icy purity of tone and style", rather than the passionate expression necessary for Italian opera, and the Herald wrote that her style was "suited to please the people of our cold climate. She will have triumphs here that would never attend her progress through France or Italy". The critic H. F. Chorley, who admired Lind, described her voice as having "two octaves in compass – from D to D – having
8282-580: The shore. (The most extreme case of tracking was in the Three Gorges in China where all boats had to be pulled upstream against the current of the Yangtze River .) In worse conditions, the 'demi-chargé' technique was used. Half the cargo was unloaded, the canoe forced upstream, unloaded and then returned downstream to pick up the remaining half of the cargo. In still worse currents, the entire cargo
8383-597: The smallest watercraft, was at least once used by the Venetian Republic for the transport of a military fleet in 1439. The land link is now somewhat harder because of the disappearance of Loppio Lake. In the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries, Viking merchant-adventurers exploited a network of waterways in Eastern Europe , with portages connecting the four most important rivers of the region: Volga , Western Dvina , Dnieper , and Don . The portages of what
8484-555: The spikes. The cost of construction, general financial difficulties of the era, and the enormous cost of an expansion to North Bay led the Northern and H&NW to organize a new joint management agreement, forming the Northern and North Western Railway in June 1879. This provided the funding and income needed to begin construction of the Northern and Pacific Junction Railway , which ran between Gravenhurst and Nipissing . This reached
8585-501: The spring of 1869. Faced with their first real competition, the Northern chartered their own North Grey Railway on 15 February 1871, with plans to extend out of Collingwood to Meaford and authority to continue to Owen Sound. Construction between Collingwood and Meaford took place over the flat terrain between the Niagara Escarpment and the southern shore of Georgian Bay, and the line was completed on 1 April 1872. However,
8686-497: The tour for nearly a year, under her own management, until May 1852. Benedict left the party in 1851 to return to England, and Lind invited Otto Goldschmidt to replace him as pianist and conductor. Lind and Goldschmidt were married on 5 February 1852, near the end of the tour, in Boston. She used the name "Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt" (or "Jenny Goldschmidt Lind" or simply "Jenny Goldschmidt") both privately and professionally. Details of
8787-473: The two principles of the railway and the overland transport of ships was unique in antiquity . There is scant literary evidence for two more ship trackways referred to as diolkoi in antiquity, both located in Roman Egypt : The physician Oribasius ( c. 320–400 CE ) records two passages from his first-century colleague Xenocrates , in which the latter casually refers to a diolkos close to
8888-429: The vessel and its contents across the portage in multiple trips. Small canoes can be portaged by carrying them inverted over one's shoulders and the center strut may be designed in the style of a yoke to facilitate this. Historically, voyageurs often employed tump lines on their heads to carry loads on their backs. Portages can be many kilometers in length, such as the 19-kilometre (12 mi) Methye Portage and
8989-701: The watershed is narrow and low, such as between the Treene (discharging into the North Sea) and the Schlei (discharging into the Baltic) that would have allowed portage. There is no certain physical or written evidence, except that it is known that goods were transported along these routes between different merchant settlements. The land link between Adige River and Garda Lake in Northern Italy , hardly used by
9090-602: The words of the critic Philip L. Miller, "Even had the fabled Edison cylinder survived, it would have been too primitive, and she too long retired, to tell us much". The biographer Francis Rogers concludes that although Lind was much admired by Meyerbeer, Mendelssohn, the Schumanns, Berlioz and others, "In voice and in dramatic talent she was undoubtedly inferior to her predecessors, Malibran and Pasta , and to her contemporaries, Sontag and Grisi ." He notes that because of her expert promoters, including Barnum, "almost all that
9191-569: Was 14. Lind's mother ran a day school for girls out of her home. When Lind was about 9, her singing was overheard by the maid of Mademoiselle Lundberg, the principal dancer at the Royal Swedish Opera . The maid, astounded by Lind's extraordinary voice, returned the next day with Lundberg, who arranged an audition and helped her gain admission to the Royal Dramatic Training Academy , the acting school of
9292-546: Was at a charity concert at Royal Malvern Spa in 1883. She died of cancer at age 67 at Wynds Point on 2 November 1887, and was buried in the Great Malvern Cemetery to the music of Chopin's Funeral March . She bequeathed a considerable part of her wealth to help poor Protestant students in Sweden receive an education. There are no known surviving recordings of Lind's voice. She is believed to have made an early phonograph recording for Thomas Edison , but in
9393-456: Was eventually solved through the late 1869 formation of the Toronto, Simcoe and Muskoka Junction Railway , or Muskoka Branch , which branched off at the Allendale station and ran north-east to Orillia and then on to Lake Muskoka outside Gravenhurst . The line was officially absorbed into the Northern in 1875. Upset with the Northern remained, and demand for additional shipping routes on
9494-490: Was going to build a line to the Collingwood area under the name Toronto, Simcoe and Huron Railroad Union Company . He suggested a novel method to raise the funds for construction, using a $ 2 million lottery. The proposition was considered so scandalous it was put to a referendum and defeated. With the passage of the Railway Guarantee Act in 1849, Capreol joined forces with Charles Albert Berczy and chartered
9595-622: Was her success in Berlin that she continued there for four months before she left for other cities. Among her early admirers were Robert Schumann , Hector Berlioz and, most importantly for her, Felix Mendelssohn . Ignaz Moscheles wrote: "Jenny Lind has fairly enchanted me... her song with two concertante flutes is perhaps the most incredible feat in the way of bravura singing that can possibly be heard". That number, from Meyerbeer's Ein Feldlager in Schlesien ( The Camp of Silesia , 1844,
9696-445: Was marked with a parade, to which an estimated 20,000 people attended of a total population of the city of only 31,000. Sandford Fleming took the sod and preserved it for history. A party later that night at St. Lawrence Hall was capped by a performance by Jenny Lind organized by P.T. Barnum . In February 1853, the railway commissioned the construction of the first locomotive built in any British colony. Early construction required
9797-655: Was named Jenny Lind in her honour. In 1857, it was wrecked in a creek on the Queensland coast; the creek was accordingly named Jenny Lind Creek. A bronze statue of a seated Jenny Lind by Erik Rafael-Rådberg, dedicated in 1924, sits in the Framnäs section of Djurgården island in Stockholm. In Britain, Goldschmidt's endowment of an infirmary for children in her honour in Norwich is perpetuated in its present form as
9898-574: Was named Toronto , built in its namesake city and the first locomotive built in Canada or in any colony of the British Empire. Commissioned in February 1853, its construction was completed by 16 April. Over five days, it was rolled along temporary wooden rails on Queen Street and York Street, and on 26 April it was lifted onto the new OSH railway tracks on Front Street. Torontonians would monitor
9999-420: Was recognized for its contribution to railroading as a "Community, Business, Government or Organization" in the "National" category (pertaining specifically to the area in and around St. Thomas, Ontario.) Portage Portage or portaging ( CA : / p ɔːr ˈ t ɑː ʒ / ; US : / ˈ p ɔːr t ɪ dʒ / ) is the practice of carrying water craft or cargo over land, either around an obstacle in
10100-414: Was unloaded ('décharge') and carried overland while the canoe was forced upstream. In the worst case a full portage was necessary. The canoe was carried overland by two or four men (the heavier York boats had to be dragged overland on rollers) The cargo was divided into standard 41-kilogram (90 lb) packs or pièces with each man responsible for about six. One portage or canoe pack would be carried by
10201-530: Was written about her was undoubtedly biased by an almost overwhelming propaganda in her favor, bought and paid for". Rogers says of Mendelssohn and Lind's other admirers that their tastes were "essentially Teutonic" and, except for Meyerbeer, they were not expert in Italian opera, Lind's early specialty. He quotes a critic of the New York Herald , who noted "little deficiencies in execution, in ascending
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