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84-669: The North River Wildlife sanctuary has two major sections, marked by the Woodland Loop trails and the River Loop trails. The dominant trees of the Woodland Loop are members of the black oak family, towering white pines and American beech . The under story has American holly , highbush blueberry , sweet pepperbush and, along the Hannah Eames Brook, American hornbeam or “musclewood” trees. In warmer weather approximately fifteen species of ferns can be seen along

168-608: A barn once stood, representative of the successional growth that would take place throughout the field if it were not managed as it currently is. The lower loop of the River Loop winds through wetlands that include skunk cabbage and several species of ferns before emerging onto the platform above the saltmarsh grasses of the North River basin. There are more than a mile of trails at the North River Wildlife Sanctuary. Woodland Loop – The longest of

252-549: A boat yard near the river crossing in the late 18th century. In 1811, Edward Preble Little married Edy Rogers, and later married Beulah Brown of Lynn, Massachusetts in 1824. Between 1824 and 1905, the land passed from the Rogers family to Edward T. Loring of East Boston, Massachusetts , Oren A. Durrell of Lynn, Massachusetts , Benjamin E. Wright, and Enos M. Stoddard, owner of the Boston Ice Company In 1905, upon

336-452: A citywide organization called Boston Center for Youth and Families. The Centers aim to assist local youth with after-school programming. In the early 1990s, East Boston had the least open space of any Boston neighborhood, except Chinatown. However, the city of Boston, and East Boston in particular, has undergone several major initiatives to increase open space in Boston. One such initiative

420-635: A cooper in East Boston, he carried nothing with him except two things: a strong religious faith and a strong desire for liberty. I am glad to say that all of his great grandchildren have valued that inheritance. The Kennedy Family lived on Meridian Street in what is now a small home wedged between a Hispanic market and hardware store, approaching the Meridian Street branch of the Boston Public Library . The family later moved to

504-406: A few years after being established under fully stocked over stories. Most black oak sprouts under mature stands develop crooked stems and flat-topped or misshapen crowns. After the over story is removed, only the large stems are capable of competing successfully. Seedlings are soon overtopped. The few that survive usually remain in the intermediate crown class. Even-aged silvicultural systems satisfy

588-412: A flu epidemic. Betty and her son remained in the cottage. In 1923, the main house, now the nature center of the North River Wildlife Sanctuary, and the cottage were renovated to their present configurations. Charles Stoddard died in 1933, leaving the house to his wife. When she died in 1937, she left the estate to her three children. Izaak died in 1955, Betty in 1975, and Constance in 1977. Their will left

672-476: A larger home on Monmouth Street. P. J. Kennedy 's success enabled him to purchase a home for his son, Joseph , and another for his two daughters at Jeffries Point. In 1954, John F. Kennedy famously paraded through East Boston with his wife, Jackie , in anticipation for his campaign to run for United States Senate , to secure votes from the neighborhood. In a famous photograph, Kennedy is shown walking down Chelsea Street heading towards Maverick Square, waving to

756-406: A noted shipbuilder in East Boston. In the 1830s, the largest problem keeping East Boston from thriving was transportation. The East Boston Company believed the neighborhood could not become a valuable asset until people had a way to reach the area from the Boston mainland. As a temporary solution, they set up a paddle steamer to carry 15 people at a time from Boston Proper to the neighborhood. It

840-599: A school named after Fr. James Fitton was dedicated on the Holy Redeemer site. In 1974, a school merger occurred, producing the current East Boston Central Catholic School. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston operates East Boston Central Catholic School on the Most Holy Redeemer Parish site. It is a K1–8 private school in East Boston. The school is managed by a board from the Our Lady of

924-537: A single defoliation, two or three defoliations in successive years kill many trees. Other defoliators that attack black oak and may occasionally be epidemic are the variable oak leaf caterpillar ( Heterocampa manteo ), the orange striped oakworm ( Anisota senatoria ), and the brown tail moth ( Euproctis chrysorrhoea ). The nut weevils ( Curculio spp.), gall-forming cynipids ( Callirhytis spp.), filbertworm ( Melissopus latiferreanus ), and acorn moth ( Valentinia glandulella ) damage black oak acorns. Black oak

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1008-592: A sole owner, established his own shipyard on Border Street. His ships included the Flying Cloud (1851), which made two 89-day passages from New York to San Francisco and the Sovereign of the Seas (1852), which posted the fastest speed ever by a sailing ship (22 knots) in 1854. In the 1840s and 1850s, the principal shipbuilders besides McKay included Paul Curtis and Samuel Hall. In addition, Sylvanus Smith became

1092-583: A son, Atherton Wales Rogers. Rachel married Captain George Little in 1779. Captain Little purchased land from his father-in-law, Amos Rogers, which included the Clift Farm of 80 acres (320,000 m), for 110 pounds. Little may have built the mansion house that was located north of the present Mass Audubon nature center. Their only child, Edward Preble Little, was born in 1775. The Rogers family had

1176-527: A stonewall-encircled grassland, sloping down into the North River valley. Two smaller trails, the Red Maple Loop and an unnamed extension of the River Loop, lead off the main trail. The extension leads to a platform overlooking the North River. Red Maple Loop – This short trail branches off and reconnects to the River Loop, traveling through a red maple swamp . The trails of the North River Wildlife Sanctuary are open from sunrise to sunset throughout

1260-482: Is East Boston today originally comprised five islands sited east of the confluence of the Malden, Mystic, and Charles rivers, and across the harbor from the westerly city of Boston. These islands included: Noddle's ; Hog's; Governor's ; Bird; and Apple . The town of East Boston was first developed on the largest of these, Noddle's, a noted source of timber and grazing land, used for farming by English colonists throughout

1344-471: Is a neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts, United States, which was annexed by the city of Boston in 1637. Neighboring communities include Winthrop , Revere , and Chelsea . It is separated from the Boston neighborhood of Charlestown and downtown Boston by Boston Harbor . The footprint of the East Boston neighborhood as it is known today was created in the 1940s by connecting five of the inner harbor islands using land fill . Logan International Airport

1428-549: Is a district K0-6 school. District elementary schools include Samuel Adams, Manassah E. Bradley, Curtis Guild, Patrick J. Kennedy, Hugh R. O'Donnell, and James Otis. The Mario Umana Academy and Donald McKay K-8 School are the two district K–8 schools in East Boston. East Boston has two high schools in their district; East Boston High School and Excel Academy Charter High School, which was founded in 2015. Excel Academy Charter School also has two charter middle schools located on Moore St. and Bremen St. in East Boston. In spring 1892,

1512-492: Is called Urban Wilds. Unveiled in 2016, it focuses on protecting "urban wilds" in Boston's neighborhoods. The city has identified four sites in Boston which it is targeting to improve coastal habitats, rejuvenate fish populations, restore soil, and use for flood control and water quality improvement purposes. The city's creation of the East Boston Greenway , which stretches from the wharfs at Maverick Square to

1596-418: Is classed as intermediate in tolerance to shade. It is less tolerant than many of its associates such as white and chestnut oaks, hickories, beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), maples, elm, and blackgum. However, it is more tolerant than yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), black cherry, and shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ). It is about the same as northern red oak and scarlet oak. Seedlings usually die within

1680-419: Is ethnically diverse, reflecting the immigrants from around the world who moved there. Since the early 1900s, immigrants have been a part of the East Boston community. First Irish and Canadians, then Russian Jews and Italians, Southeast Asians, and finally Latinos. In 2011, East Boston was estimated to have 41,128 residents living in 14,832 housing units. Hispanic/Latino people speaking Spanish or Portuguese are

1764-427: Is large and covers almost half of the nut. Black oak is found in all the coastal states from Maine to Texas , inland as far as Michigan , Ontario , Minnesota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , and eastern Texas . It grows on all aspects and slope positions. It grows best in coves and on middle and lower slopes with northerly and easterly aspects. It is found at elevations up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in

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1848-546: Is less than the citywide average of 7.43 acres per thousand people. As of June 2022, East Boston had the lowest tree canopy cover in the city with only 7% coverage compared to the City's 27% total coverage. The low tree coverage has been cited as an additional environmental burden by many activists that deprives the community of benefits like lower air and noise pollution. A youth group from Neighborhood of Affordable Housing began working in 2017 to advocate for greater tree cover in

1932-581: Is located in East Boston, connecting Boston to domestic and international locations. East Boston has long provided homes for immigrants with Irish , Russian Jews and later, Italians . John F. Kennedy 's great-grandfather was one of many Irish people to immigrate to East Boston, and the Kennedy family lived there for some time. From 1920 to 1954, East Boston was the site of the East Boston Immigration Station , which served as

2016-481: Is often a predominant species in the canopy of an oak–heath forest . In forest stands, black oak begins to produce seeds at about age 20 and reaches optimum production at 40 to 75 years. It is a consistent seed producer with good crops of acorns every 2 to 3 years. In Missouri, the average number of mature acorns per tree was generally higher than for other oaks over a 5-year period, but the number of acorns differed greatly from year to year and from tree to tree within

2100-511: Is sometimes called the eastern black oak . Quercus velutina was previously known as yellow oak due to the yellow pigment in its inner bark. It is a close relative of the California black oak ( Quercus kelloggii ) found in western North America. In the northern part of its range, Quercus velutina is a relatively small tree, reaching a height of 20–25 metres (66–82 feet) and a diameter of 90 centimetres (35 inches), but it grows larger in

2184-430: Is spread from tree to tree through root grafts and over larger distances by sap-feeding beetles ( Nitidulidae ) and the small oak bark beetle. Shoestring root rot ( Armillaria mellea ) attacks black oak and may kill trees weakened by fire, lightning, drought, insects, or other diseases. A root rot, Phytophthora cinnamomi , may kill seedlings in the nursery. Cankers caused by Strumella and Nectria species damage

2268-644: Is the national headquarters of the Don Orione order, sits on top of the Heights and is a replica of the original religious structure in Rome. In the 1880s, the Immigrants House operated in East Boston to help immigrants during their arrivals with economic support and social services. The building in which the Immigrants House operated was later named Landfall and served as the first senior citizen housing in

2352-513: Is well known to readily hybridize with other members of the red oak ( Quercus sect. Lobatae ) group, being one parent in at least a dozen different named hybrids. The inner bark of the black oak contains a yellow-orange coloring from the pigment quercitron , which was sold commercially in Europe until the 1940s, and lending the species its former common name of yellow oak. East Boston, Massachusetts East Boston , nicknamed Eastie ,

2436-799: The Boston Police Department . The Boston Fire Department has three fire stations in East Boston: Ladder 2 & Engine 9 in Maverick Square; Engine 5 in Day Square; and Ladder 21 & Engine 56 in Orient Heights. Boston EMS 's Station 7 is based at Logan Airport, but provides emergency medical services to all of East Boston. The United States Postal Service operates a branch in East Boston at 50 Meridian Street. The Logan Office Center, which contains

2520-595: The Eastern Railroad to come to East Boston. The Maverick and East Boston ferries began service from Lewis Wharf on the mainland to East Boston. The ferry service from Noddle's Island was replaced in 1904 by the streetcar tunnel that became the MBTA Blue Line , the first underwater tunnel in North America. Since the mid-19th century, the community served as a foothold for immigrants to

2604-449: The axils of the current year's leaves and may be solitary or occur in two- to many-flowered spikes. The fruit, an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters of two to five, is about one-third enclosed in a scaly cup and matures in 2 years. Black oak acorns are brown when mature and ripen from late August to late October, depending on geographic location. The fruits or acorns of the black oak are medium-sized and broadly rounded. The cap

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2688-635: The Assumption, Our Lady of Mount Carmel , Most Holy Redeemer and Sacred Heart parishes. In Spring 2008, the Archdiocese ordered the closure of St. Mary, Star of the Sea School, a K–8 school in East Boston. The parish attached to the school had closed three years prior to the closure of the school. Until it closed in 2007, Savio Preparatory High School was a private, coeducational high school in East Boston. The first public branch library in

2772-791: The Bayswater Urban Wild, has also been a major addition to the neighborhood's green space. In 2019, the East Boston Greenway was renamed the Mary Ellen Welch Greenway, honoring Mary Ellen Welch, a well-known community activist. She was one of the first individuals who supported the greenway creation and challenged Massport for their responsibility for noise pollution from the airport. Today, East Boston has 230 acres of protected open space, and 371 acres of total open space. This averages out to 5.98 acres of protected space per thousand individuals. This

2856-482: The East Boston Company, and continued to consolidate additional landholdings. By 1834, the East Boston Company had complete control over the island. The company's purpose was to own and develop the land and call it East Boston. In anticipation of population growth, the proprietors adopted a grid street plan, the first planned neighborhood in the city of Boston. Jeffries Point, located at the southern end of

2940-478: The East Boston station processed immigrants at steamship docks, only transferring to the immigration station problem cases who had issues with their paperwork or required a secondary interview. Opposite the station, steps leading to East Boston were called the 'Golden Stairs' "because they represented the final climb to golden opportunity in America for countless Europeans." The station operated from 1920 to 1954 as

3024-590: The United States was established in East Boston in 1870. Boston Public Library currently has one location in East Boston, at 365 Bremen Street in the Bremen Street Park. This branch opened in November 2013. The old branches at 276 Meridian Street and 18 Barnes Avenue were closed in 2013, shortly before the current branch opened. East Boston has various non-profits that work to address issues

3108-605: The United States: Irish and Canadians came first, followed by Russian Jews and Italians, then Southeast Asians, and, more recently, an influx from Central and South American countries. The Orient Heights section of East Boston was the first area in Massachusetts to which Italians immigrated in the 1860s and 1870s, and today the heart of the Italian community remains in East Boston. The Madonna Shrine, which

3192-564: The Woodland Loop. There is a witch-hazel grove at the intersection of the Woodland Loop and the Hannah Eames Brook Trail. The open field of the River Loop trail system sloping down to the North River valley is managed as a hayfield, as it was during prior centuries. This ecological management plan is keeping this cultural grassland , a vanishing habitat in the east, open in Massachusetts . The red maple swamp off

3276-561: The administration and management headquarters for the Mass Audubon South Shore Sanctuaries’ educational and advocacy activities on the South Shore of Boston, housing offices, a library, a program room and gift shop. Due to its wide variety of habitats, the North River Wildlife Sanctuary attracts a great variety of species of mammals , birds , reptiles and amphibians . White-tailed deer live on

3360-616: The airfield itself lies in Winthrop ). There has been continual controversy surrounding Logan, as constant conflict with the Massachusetts Port Authority has been a source of bitterness among some local residents since its inception. One expansion of the Airport resulted in the loss of Wood Island Park, a green space designed by the noted landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted . The expansion of Logan Airport in

3444-523: The area was settled by Europeans during the 17th century. The land that makes up the North River Wildlife Sanctuary changed hands many times during the first three centuries of settlement. Settler Amos Rogers received a land grant in 1702 that included the Riverside Farm site. He married Rachel Wales, the daughter of the Rev. Atherton Wales, in 1737. They had a daughter, Rachel Rogers, in 1738, and later

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3528-504: The boles of black oak and cause serious lumber degrade include the carpenter worm ( Prionoxystus robiniae ), red oak borer ( Enaphalodes rufulus ), the twolined chestnut borer ( Agrilus bilineatus ), the oak timber worm ( Arrenodes minutus ), and the Columbian timber beetle ( Corthylus columbianus ). The gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ) feeds on foliage and is potentially the most destructive insect. Although black oaks withstood

3612-438: The celebrations, the organizations offer free and affordable events for families in East Boston. Eastie Pride Day is a long-standing celebration founded by former City Councilor Sal LaMattina that takes place at Piers Park. The celebration is open and free to the public and offers food, music, kids games, and community resources. Transportation has long played a role in the shaping of East Boston. Clipper ships were built at

3696-499: The community and enhance efforts on addressing the lack of cover. In September 2022, Mayor Michelle Wu announced increased efforts from her administration to address low tree coverage in the whole city such as adding more jobs and planting more trees. Until 2011, there were a total of 16,090 housing units in East Boston. Of these, 14,832 were occupied and 1,258 were vacant. Out of the 14,832 occupied units, 4,248 were owner-occupied and 10,584 were renter-occupied. The median gross rent

3780-739: The community face like immigration, tenant's rights, youth engagement, environmental justice, housing, and more. Such organizations are Neighborhood of Affordable Housing (NOAH), East Boston Main Streets, East Boston Social Center, YMCA , Harbor Arts, Piers Park Sailing Center , and more. The City of Boston runs two community centers in East Boston: Orient Heights Community Center (now called The Martin Pino Community Center) and Paris Street Community Center. These Centers are an initiative of

3864-495: The community. During World War I , areas of East Boston served as an internment camp for Germans taken off of ships. Period images show small unfenced buildings and tiny gardens built by the internees, leading right up to the water's edge. In 1919, moves were undertaken to formalize these facilities. Originally officials planned to use one of the Harbor Islands to replace their rented quarters on Long Wharf, but this plan

3948-421: The creation of white granulated sugar . By 1835, ten wharves had been built. The abundance of wharf area opened the new East Boston to further rapid expansion, and it was the shipbuilding companies that soon became East Boston's most famous industry, and the mainstay of its economy. In 1836, as development began to totally change the former islands, East Boston was annexed to Boston. In 1845, Donald McKay , as

4032-620: The crowd in front of Santarpio's Pizza . On numerous occasions throughout his career in the United States Senate, Senator Ted Kennedy mentioned that his family's roots are embedded in East Boston. Source: Church at the Well - meeting inside The Well Coffee House on Border st. East Boston has eight places on the National Register of Historic Places : East Boston is the headquarters for District A-7 of

4116-682: The death of Stoddard, the estate, which by then included 180 acres (0.73 km), a cottage near the river's edge, and a barn, was left to his son Charles Dudley Stoddard. That year, Charles married the widow Arabella Cann Killam of Nova Scotia . Charles remained a gentleman farmer in North Marshfield. Arabella's two daughters, Elizabeth and Constance, moved into the main house with their mother and stepfather, while her son, Izaak, remained in Nova Scotia . In 1914 or 1915, Elizabeth (Betty) Killam married Ralph Rodgers of Marshfield. (Rodgers

4200-612: The earliest suspended railroads to be built. The railroad cars were propelled by a steam engine hanging from a suspended track. Henry Sargent, the inventor, stated "that his invention would make the Island a center of attraction to many people." The Company allowed it to be built on its land and it was in use for nine days in 1834, then closed citing lack of ridership. In the mid-1830s, the Company made several investments to further East Boston's development. They continued attempts to get

4284-409: The eighteenth century. As early as 1801, William H. Sumner , who had inherited a large tract on Noddle's Island, proposed that the federal government of the United States create a turnpike to connect Massachusett's North Shore (along with Sumner's property on Noddle's) to Boston, arguing that such a road would create a valuable, direct route across Boston's harbor, making it easier for Boston, at

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4368-426: The geography of East Boston, every child in the neighborhood is guaranteed a seat at a school in East Boston. The district instructs parents wanting to send their children to East Boston schools to place East Boston campuses on their school assignment priority lists higher than non-neighborhood campus. The East Boston Early Childhood Center is a district K0–1 school in East Boston. The Dante Alighieri Montessori School

4452-673: The group made up 52.9% of the population. In September 2022, Mayor Michelle Wu questioned the 2020 Census data for the whole city, sharing concerns over uncounted individuals, citing the pandemic as a factor for low census turnout, and expressing her belief that Boston's total numbers needed to be adjusted higher. According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Code 02128 are: Boston Public Schools operates numerous schools in East Boston. BPS assigns students based on student preference and priorities of students in various zones. Due to

4536-484: The headquarters of the Massachusetts Port Authority , is adjacent to Logan Airport . As of the 2022 election cycle, East Boston's local elected officials include State Representative Adrian Madaro representing the First Suffolk, State Senator Lydia Edwards representing the First Suffolk and Middlesex, and City Councilor Gabriela "Gigi" Coletta, who represents District 1 of Boston. East Boston's population

4620-421: The holes of black oak but seldom kill trees. Foliage diseases that attack black oak are the same as those that typically attack species in the red oak group and include anthracnose ( Gnomonia quercina ), leaf blister ( Taphrina spp.), powdery mildews ( Phyllactinia corylea and Microsphaera alni ), oak-pine rusts ( Cronartium spp.), and leaf spots ( Actinopelte dryina ). Tunneling insects that attack

4704-433: The house and grounds, with some funds for an endowment, to Mass Audubon . When Mass Audubon assumed ownership of the estate in 1980, the barn, which was across Summer Street from the main house, was moved to a spot in the woods behind the house and refurbished to accommodate Mass Audubon's goals and activities. Driveway construction, site work and building restoration took two years to complete. The main house now serves as

4788-473: The killed trees sprout and form a new stand. However, the economic loss may be large unless at least some of it can be salvaged. Oak wilt ( Bretziella fagacearum ) is a potentially serious vascular disease of black oak that is widespread throughout the eastern United States. Trees die within a few weeks after the symptoms first appear. Usually scattered individuals or small groups of trees are killed, but areas several hectares in size may be affected. The disease

4872-407: The largest language groupings (can be of any race and from more than 20 countries), making up 54.4% of the population, followed by non-Hispanic white (35.5%). Other races include Asian (4.4%), black or African American (2.9%), biracial or multiracial individuals (1.9%), and other races (0.9%). The median household income for an individual in East Boston was $ 45,849, while the median income for a family

4956-492: The late 1960s and early 1970s displaced families along Neptune Road , which is now used for warehouses and rental car property. The airport has since implemented four "airport edge buffers," which include parks and greenery to appease residents. The neighborhood is easily accessible to downtown Boston via the MBTA Blue Line , which stops at Maverick , Airport , Wood Island , Orient Heights , and Suffolk Downs in

5040-482: The leaf that grow in clumps. Some key characteristics for identification include that leaves grown in the sun have very deep U-shaped sinuses and that the buds are velvety and covered in white hairs. Black oak is monoecious . The staminate flowers develop from leaf axils of the previous year and the catkins emerge before or at the same time as the current leaves in April or May. The pistillate flowers are borne in

5124-1846: The limits of its range, topographic factors may restrict its distribution. At the western limits black oak is often found only on north and east aspects where moisture conditions are most favorable. In southern Minnesota and Wisconsin it is usually found only on ridge tops and the lower two-thirds of south- and west-facing slopes. Common tree associates of black oak are white oak ( Quercus alba ), northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ), pignut hickory ( Carya glabra ), mockernut hickory ( C. tomentosa ), bitternut hickory ( C. cordiformis ), and shagbark hickory ( C. ovata ); American elm ( Ulmus americana ) and slippery elm ( U. rubra ); white ash ( Fraxinus americana ); black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and butternut ( J. cinerea ); scarlet oak ( Quercus coccinea ), southern red oak ( Q. falcata ), and chinkapin oak ( Q. muehlenbergii ); red maple ( Acer rubrum ) and sugar maple ( A. saccharum ); black cherry ( Prunus serotina ); and blackgum ( Nyssa sylvatica ). Common small tree associates of black oak include flowering dogwood ( Cornus florida ), sourwood ( Oxydendrum arboreum ), sassafras ( Sassafras albidum ), eastern hophornbeam ( Ostrya virginiana ), redbud ( Cercis canadensis ), pawpaw ( Asimina triloba ), downy serviceberry ( Amelanchier arborea ), and American bladdernut ( Staphylea trifolia ). Common shrubs include Vaccinium spp., mountain-laurel ( Kalmia latifolia ), witch-hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana ), beaked hazel ( Corylus cornuta ), spicebush ( Lindera benzoin ), sumac ( Rhus spp.), and Viburnum spp. The most common vines are greenbrier ( Smilax spp.), grape ( Vitis spp.), poison-ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans ), and Virginia creeper ( Parthenocissus quinquefolia ). Black oak

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5208-409: The main field shows signs of use during the North River's shipbuilding heyday (1690–1870), specifically multiple mature shoots sprouting from a single ancient tree trunk. Early shipbuilders found the combination of easy access to the sea, thick virgin forests and access to iron ore in bogs upriver as advantageous for their needs. A confined growth of small trees at the top of the open field stands where

5292-428: The marshy edges of the river. Red-tailed hawks hunt in the open field, while sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks prey on the smaller birds that inhabit the area. A wide variety of birds breed on the property, including American woodcocks , red-bellied woodpeckers , tree swallows , eastern phoebes , Baltimore orioles , scarlet tanagers , eastern towhees , and more. Historically, a purple martin colony has nested in

5376-496: The open field. Several species of salamanders , frogs and toads can be seen on the North River Wildlife Sanctuary. Spring peepers can be heard in chorus in season. Various species of snakes can be seen in the grasslands and on the Woodland Loop. Quercus velutina Quercus velutina (Latin 'velutina', "velvety") , the black oak , is a species of oak in the red oak group ( Quercus sect. Lobatae ), native and widespread in eastern and central North America. It

5460-554: The peninsula that faced Boston, was the earliest area of East Boston to be settled. A bridge to Chelsea was built, roads were laid out, and houses were built. Much of this activity was spurred by the formation of the East Boston Lumber Company. During this period, the Boston Sugar Refinery was also founded, which was the first manufacturing establishment in East Boston. They are credited for

5544-425: The region's immigration hub. The population of East Boston, which was recorded as a mere thousand in 1837, exploded to a high of just over 64,000, according to the 1925 census. The sudden rise is attributed to the immigrants who came from Southern Italy . Today, the neighborhood is home to over 40,000 inhabitants, with a median income per household of around $ 46,000. When my great grandfather left here to become

5628-456: The regional immigration hub for Boston and the surrounding area. A once Italian dominated community, East Boston has demographically changed to reflect a diverse population of immigrants. After the 1990s, the neighborhood witnessed growing numbers of Latin American immigrants, who have come to make up over fifty percent of the population according to the 2020 Census data. The landmass that

5712-566: The reproduction and growth requirements of black oak better than the all-aged or uneven-aged selection system. Under the selection system, black oak is unable to reproduce because of inadequate light. Stands containing black oak that are managed under the selection system will gradually be dominated by more shade-tolerant species. Dormant buds are numerous on the boles of black oak trees. These buds may be stimulated to sprout and produce branches by mechanical pruning or by exposure to greatly increased light, as by thinning heavily or creating openings in

5796-489: The same stand. The number of seeds that become available for regenerating black oak may be low even in good seed years. Insects, squirrels, deer, turkey, small rodents, and birds consume many acorns . They can eat or damage a high percentage of the acorn crop in most years and essentially all of it in poor seed years. Black oak acorns from a single tree are dispersed over a limited area by squirrels, mice, and gravity. The blue jay may disperse over longer distances. Black oak

5880-615: The sanctuary throughout the year. Eastern coyotes , fishers , woodchucks , gray squirrels , red squirrels , chipmunks , field mice , and meadow voles have been seen on the sanctuary trails. Harbor seals are regularly seen in the North River. Thanks to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean , the North River Wildlife Sanctuary offers a wide variety of bird sightings. Along the river's edge, several species of gulls can be seen in season, including great black-backed, herring, ring-billed and Bonaparte's gulls. Egrets and herons feed in

5964-536: The shipyard owned by Donald McKay in the mid-19th century. A subway tunnel connecting the neighborhood to the rest of the city opened in 1904 and was the first undersea tunnel of its kind in the United States. Rows of houses were torn down to build the Sumner Tunnel in 1934 and the Callahan Tunnel in 1961, directly connecting automobile traffic from downtown Boston. In the early 1920s, an airfield

6048-405: The south and center of its range, where heights of up to 42 m (138 ft) are known. The leaves of the black oak are alternately arranged on the twig and are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long with 5–7 bristle-tipped lobes separated by deep U-shaped notches. The upper surface of the leaf is a shiny deep green, and the lower is yellowish-brown. There are also stellate hairs on the underside of

6132-535: The southern Appalachians . In southern New England, black oak grows on cool, moist soils. Elsewhere it occurs on warm, moist soils. The most widespread soils on which black oak grows are the udalfs and udolls . These soils are derived from glacial materials, sandstones, shales, and limestone and range from heavy clays to loamy sands with some having a high content of rock or chert fragments. Black oak grows best on well drained, silty clay to loam soils. The most important factors determining site quality for black oak are

6216-399: The stand. Dominant trees are less likely to produce epicormic branches than those in the lower crown class. Wildfires seriously damage black oak trees by killing the cambium at the base of the trees. This creates an entry point for decay fungi. The result is loss of volume because of heart rot. Trees up to pole size are easily killed by fire and severe fires may even kill saw timber. Many of

6300-452: The thickness and texture of the A horizon , texture of the B horizon , aspect , and slope position. Other factors may be important in localized areas. For example, in northwestern West Virginia increasing precipitation to 1,120 millimetres (44 in) resulted in increased site quality; more than 1,120 mm (44 in) had no further effect. In southern Indiana, decreasing site quality was associated with increasing slope steepness. Near

6384-600: The time an isolated peninsula surrounded by water, to expand: "There is no doubt but that the necessities of the town of Boston will some time require a connection with Noddle's Island." When this plan was rejected in favor of a route through Chelsea (a route, not coincidentally, that left the Boston navy yard in nearby Charlestown with ocean access), Sumner moved onto other plans to improve Noddle's value. By 1833, Sumner, with partners Steven White and Francis J. Oliver, had bought up half of Noddle's acreage. Together, they founded

6468-443: The trails on the North River Wildlife Sanctuary, the Woodland Loop winds through an oak-pine forest of the type routinely found in the northeastern section of the United States. A spur trail, the Hannah Eames Brook Trail, leads off the Woodland Loop. Hannah Eames Brook Trail – This short trail leads directly from the Woodland Loop to the banks of Hannah Eames Brook, ending on a wooden boardwalk. River Loop – The River Loop circles

6552-418: The year. A small fee is charged for access. Mass Audubon members can access the trails for free. The Mass Audubon South Shore Sanctuaries staff runs regular nature programming at the site year round. The North River and its valley provided an important travel route, agricultural area and shipbuilding center well into the late 19th century. The river basin was used by Native Americans and then by colonists as

6636-690: Was $ 1,092. Homelessness is an issue in the shelters and on the streets of East Boston. To help families transition out of East Boston's homeless shelter, the City of Boston, Crossroads Family Shelter, and the East Boston Community Development Corporation joined together in 2015 create subsidized housing on Havre Street. There are seven new affordable units planned. East Boston has two annual recurring celebrations take place every summer. Eastie Week takes place for two weeks every July in collaboration between Boston Harbor Now and local partner organizations. During

6720-511: Was $ 47,198. According to 2020 Census Data, analyzed by the Boston Planning & Development Agency , East Boston shared the highest population of Hispanic or Latinos in Boston with 50.4% of the neighborhood. East Boston's total population is 43,066 with half of the population identifying as Hispanic or Latino and the second largest demographic group being White at 36.6%. The demographics for Hispanic or Latino decreased from 2010 when

6804-545: Was abandoned for a site on Marginal Street, directly on the East Boston wharves. Construction began in late 1919 on the East Boston Immigration Station , which served as Boston's first purpose-built immigration station. The East Boston Immigration Station operated from 1920 to 1954 as the region's immigration hub. In 2011, the Immigration Station was torn down. Unlike Ellis Island in New York, inspectors at

6888-518: Was built, and eventually it was expanded to become Logan International Airport. The eastern terminus of Interstate 90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike ) has been at Route 1A next to Logan Airport since 2003, and the newer Ted Williams Tunnel (1995) links I-90 from East Boston to the rest of the city. Logan Airport, New England's primary international airport and 48th busiest in the world , resides mainly in East Boston (though part of

6972-484: Was from a local family that spelled the name without the “d”; it appears that he chose to change the spelling). In 1915, the cottage was moved from the river's edge near the North River Bridge to its present location perpendicular to the main house. Betty and Ralph then moved into the cottage. They had one son, Walton. The cottage served as a residence for about twenty-five years. In 1926, Ralph Rodgers died in

7056-457: Was used primarily for occasional visits from public officials and laborers. Though they did not have the ridership to support additional boats, the company purchased the Tom Thumb steamboat . The steam railroad system was still in its infancy at this point, and the East Boston Company was approached by an inventor of a new type of rail system, the suspension railway . This system was one of

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