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41-634: The North East Transportation Company was founded in October 1925 as a merger of multiple existing jitney operators in Waterbury After CR&;L 's surrender of its bus operations in 1973, North East Transportation existed as the only bus operator in its service area. NET's routes were overseen by the Connecticut Department of Transportation, although it was not until the 1990s that they began to use CT Transit buses, or

82-399: A careful total is needed. Revenue passenger miles can be considered the basic amount of "production" that an airline creates. The revenue passenger miles can be compared to the available seat miles over an airline's system to determine the overall passenger load factor . These measurements can further be used to measure unit revenues and unit costs. In transportation, a "no pax" trip is

123-414: A central location, instead. Even more-formal terminals may just parking lots. The term "rank" denotes an area, specifically built for taxi operators by a municipality or city, where commuters may start and end their journey. Where they exist, shared taxis provide service on set routes within and sometimes between towns. After a shared taxi has picked up passengers at its terminus, it proceeds along

164-413: A consistent paint scheme for them, in practice the color of them varies wildly, as the "consistent" schemes have changed from time to time and many drivers have not bothered to repaint their cars. Rates vary depending on distance traveled, although these rates are generally well known to those riding the micro-bus. The fares also depend on the city. Riders can typically hail micro-buses from any point along

205-445: A debe" (a 4-gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water). The name is in reference to the fact that conductors often hit the roof and side of the van to attract customers and to notify the driver when to leave the station. Passenger A passenger is a person who travels in a vehicle , but does not bear any responsibility for the tasks required for that vehicle to arrive at its destination or otherwise operate

246-664: A hotel. In Ouagadougou , capital of Burkina Faso , the share taxi or taxi brousse role is not filled by the traditional African minibus. Those in Kinshasa , DRC , (or perhaps just the Kongo people ) may call share taxis fula fula meaning "quick quick". There was no independent transport authority in the city of Kinshasa as of 2008. Share taxis do exist in Cameroon , but as of 2008 minibuses cannot be used for this purpose, by law. That same year, Douala , Cameroon, also

287-494: A number does exist. Also as of 2008, the city lacks an independent transport authority, but some regulation , such as that controlling market entry, does exist. Route syndicates may be present but are described as "various". In Ghana and neighboring countries, share taxis are called tro tro . They are privately owned minibus that travel fixed routes and leave when filled to capacity. While there are tro tro stations, these shared taxis can also be boarded anywhere along

328-419: A passenger while on duty and the same with those working in the kitchen or restaurant on board a ship as well as cleaning staff, but an employee riding in a company car being driven by another person would be considered a passenger, even if the car was being driven on company business. In most jurisdictions, laws have been enacted that dictate the legal obligations of the owner of a vehicle or vessel, or of

369-487: A semi-fixed route where the driver may determine the actual route within an area according to traffic conditions. Drivers will stop anywhere to allow riders to disembark, and may sometimes do the same when prospective passengers want to ride. Most share taxis are operated under one of two regimes. Some share taxis are operated by a company. For example, in Dakar there are company-owned fleets of hundreds of car rapides . In

410-899: A significant rise in usage of share taxis. Liberalization is often encouraged by libertarian urban economists, such as Richard Allen Epstein of the University of Chicago , James Dunn of Rutgers , and Peter Gordon of the University of Southern California , as a more "market-friendly" alternative to public transportation. However, concerns over fares, insurance liabilities, and passenger safety have kept legislative support for decidedly tepid. Some share taxi services are forms of demand responsive transport and include shared shuttle bus service to airports. Some can be booked online using mobile apps . A given share taxi route may start and finish in fixed central locations, and landmarks may serve as route names or route termini. In other places there may be no formal termini, with taxis simply congregating at

451-1019: A transport-dedicated regulator , Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Agency (LAMATA). Outside of Lagos, most major cities in Africa have similar systems of transport. Syndicates in Lagos include the National Union of Road and Transport Workers (NURTW). Minibus public transports in Rwanda may be called coaster buses, share taxis, or twegerane . The latter could easily be a word meaning "stuffed" or "full". As of 2020, in Kigali , Rwanda, syndicates include RFTC, Kigali Bus Services, and Royal Express. Over 60% of South African commuters use shared minibus taxis, which are 16 seater commuter buses, sometimes referred to as kombis . Many of these vehicles are unsafe and not roadworthy, and often dangerously overloaded. Since

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492-528: A trip without passengers. For example, no-pax flights are Air cargo , ferry and positioning flights. Similarly, with a public transit bus it can be used at the beginning and end of a driver’s work shift to/from the bus terminal, or in the non-commute leg of a commuter bus service. In such cases, the main display signs on the front and curbside of the bus typically display a message such as “no pax” or “out of service” (sometimes abbreviated as “O/S”). In British railway parlance, passenger, as well as being

533-456: A vehicle or vessel may legally carry is defined as its seating capacity . A revenue passenger is someone who has paid a transport operator for her or his trip. That excludes non-paying passengers such as airline employees flying on free or nearly-free passes , babies and children who do not have a seat of their own, etc. However, passengers who paid for their trip with a frequent-flyer program mileage award are usually included. This term

574-469: Is not part of a government scheme, but is simply a market response to a growing demand for such services. Route syndicates and operator's associations often exercise unrestricted control, and existing rules may see little enforcement. In many traffic-choked, sprawling, and low-density African cities, minibuses are used. In Algeria , taxis collectifs ply fixed routes with their destination displayed. Rides are shared with others who are picked up along

615-588: Is used in the transportation industry, in particular in traffic measures such as revenue passenger kilometer (RPK) and revenue passenger mile (RPM). Revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs) and revenue passenger miles (RPMs) are measures of traffic for an airline flight, bus , or train calculated by multiplying the number of revenue-paying passengers aboard the vehicle by the distance traveled . On long-distance buses and trains (and some planes), passengers may board and disembark at intermediate stops, in which case RPMs/RPKs have to be calculated for each segment if

656-619: The Soviet Union , share taxis, known as marshrutka , were operated by state-owned taxi parks. There are also individual operators in many countries. In Africa, while there are company share taxis, individual owners are more common. Rarely owning more than two vehicles at a time, they will rent out a minibus to operators, who pay fuel and other running costs, and keep revenue. In some places, like some African cities and also Hong Kong, share taxi minibuses are overseen by syndicates, unions, or route associations. These groups often function in

697-407: The driver or pilot of the same, towards the passengers. With respect to passengers riding in cars and vans, the driver may owe a duty of care to passengers, particularly where the passenger's presence in the vehicle can be seen to "confer some benefit on the driver other than the benefit of his or her company or the mere sharing of expenses". In other situations, however, guest statutes may limit

738-576: The 1940s, when Ghana still used the British West African pound and later the Ghanaian pound . Alternatively, its origin is not "three times three pence" but rather "threepence [thruhpnce, tro] each": doubling a coin's name in the vernacular means "that coin for each person (or item)". Three pence was the price per passenger in the early 1960s, when pounds/shillings/pence were still in use, including threepence coins, before decimalization of

779-527: The 1980s, share taxis have been severely affected by turf wars. Prior to 1987, the taxi industry in South Africa was highly regulated and controlled. Black taxi operators were declined permits in the Apartheid era and all minibus taxi operations were, by their very nature, illegal. Post-1987, the industry was rapidly deregulated, leading to an influx of new minibus taxi operators, keen to make money off

820-535: The CT Transit system in 2008, NET has operated these routes as part of the eponymous CT Transit Waterbury, Meriden and Wallingford Division . In 1980, NET took over operation of Meriden's bus routes from State of Connecticut using equipment leased from New Britain Transportation . The municipal Meriden Transit District oversees NET's operations in the city, although its routes always have been managed by

861-591: The CTDOT. After North East Transportation took over Meriden's bus routes in 1980 it began its first public bus service to Wallingford. Waterbury was the original home of North East Transportation, and it was the agency contracted by the Greater Waterbury Transit District (GWTD) in 1985, including for its paratransit ACCESS program. Share taxi#United States A share taxi , shared taxi , taxibus , or jitney or dollar van in

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902-827: The US, or marshrutka in former Soviet countries, is a mode of transport which falls between a taxicab and a bus . Share taxis are a form of paratransit . They are vehicles for hire and are typically smaller than buses. Share taxis usually take passengers on a fixed or semi-fixed route without timetables, sometimes only departing when all seats are filled. They may stop anywhere to pick up or drop off their passengers. They are most common in developing countries and inner cities. The vehicles used as share taxis range from four-seat cars to minibuses, midibuses , covered pickup trucks , station wagons , and trucks . Certain vehicle types may be better-suited than others. They are often owner-operated. An increase in bus fares usually leads to

943-413: The ability of passengers to sue the driver of the vehicle over an accident. Many places require cars to be outfitted with measures specifically for the protection of passengers, such as passenger-side air bags . With respect to passengers on commercial vehicles or vessels, both national laws and international treaties require that the carrier act with a certain standard of care. The number of passengers that

984-406: The absence of a regulatory environment and may collect dues or fees from drivers (such as per-use terminal payments, sometimes illegally), set routes, manage terminals, and fix fares. Terminal management may include ensuring each vehicle leaves with a full load of passengers. Because the syndicates represent owners, their regulatory efforts tend to favor operators rather than passengers, and

1025-478: The currency into cedi and pesewa in 1965. In Ghana, tro tro are licensed by the government, but the industry is self-regulated. There was no independent transport authority as of 2008 in the capital, Accra. In the absence of a regulatory environment, groups called syndicates oversee share taxis. These may collect dues, set routes, manage terminals, and fix fares. In Accra as of 2008, such syndicates include Ghana Private Road Transport Union and PROTOA. Despite

1066-580: The early-2000s when their services formally became part of the CT Transit system. Having previously operated out of a former brass manufactory in Waterbury for 36 years, NET moved to a new facility in Watertown in 2019. The new facility was constructed by STV Inc. and took the place of a former drive-in theater . Since the integration of the CTDOT 's Waterbury, Meriden, and Wallingford bus services into

1107-575: The government has instituted a recapitalization scheme to replace the old and un-roadworthy vehicles with new 18- and 35-seater minibusses. These new minibus taxis carry the South African flag on the side and are notably more spacious and safe. Minivans and minibuses are used as vehicles for hire and referred to as dala dala in Tanzania . While dala dala may run fixed routes picking up passengers at central locations, they will also stop along

1148-512: The government, but the industry is self- regulated . In Accra , syndicates include GPRTU and PROTOA. Aayalolo , a bus rapid transit system opened in November 2016; however, most people continued to use trotros as of 2019. The term "tro tro" is believed to derive from the Ga word tro , "threepence", because the conductors usually asked for "three three pence", which was the standard bus fare in

1189-546: The high demand for this service. Taxi operators banded together to form local and national associations. Because the industry was largely unregulated and the official regulating bodies corrupt, these associations soon engaged in anti-competitive price fixing and exhibited gangster tactics – including the hiring of hit-men and all-out gang warfare. During the height of the conflict, it was common for taxi drivers to carry shotguns and AK-47s to simply shoot rival taxi drivers and their passengers on sight. Along with new legislation,

1230-422: The majority of passengers board. In these places, the share taxis wait for a full load of passengers prior to departing, and off-peak wait times may be in excess of an hour. In Africa, regulation is mainly something that pertains to the vehicle itself not its operator or its mode of operation. African minibuses are difficult to tax , and may operate in a "regulatory vacuum" perhaps because their existence

1271-486: The most important modes of transport in big cities like Addis Ababa . They are preferred by the majority of the populace over public buses and more traditional taxicabs because they are generally cheap, operate on diverse routes, and are available in abundance. All minibus taxis in Ethiopia have a standard blue-and-white coloring scheme, much as New York taxis are yellow. Minibus taxis are usually Toyota HiAces , frequent

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1312-686: The regulatory challenges, the service was regulated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana . There was 98% compliance to guidelines on physical distancing, although guidelines on individual use of face masks were more difficult to enforce. In the Ivory Coast , gbaka is a name for minibus public transports. The transport regulator in Abidjan , Ivory Coast , is Agence de Gestion des Transports Urbains or AGETU. As of 2008, Abidjan public transport

1353-399: The route to drop someone off or allow a prospective passenger to board. Before minibuses became widely used, the typical dala dala was a pick-up truck with benches placed in the truck bed . In Dar es Salaam , as of 2008, publicly operated minibus service also exists. They are usually run by both a driver and a bus conductor called a mpigadebe , literally meaning "a person who hits

1394-820: The route, often with well-established hand signals indicating the prospective rider's destination, although certain areas tend to be well-known micro-bus stops. Like the Eastern European marshrutka , a typical micro-bus is a large van , most often a Toyota HiAce or its Jinbei equivalent, the Haise , and the latter is produced by the Bavarian Auto Manufacturing Group in 6th of October City in Egypt. Smaller vans and larger small buses are also used. Minibus taxis in Ethiopia are one of

1435-571: The route. Operated by a driver and a bus conductor , who collects money, shouts out the destination, and is called a "mate", many are decorated with slogans and sayings , often religious, and few operate on Sundays. A 2010 report by The World Bank found that Tro tro are used by 70% of Ghanaian commuters. This popularity may be because in cities such as Accra had only basic public transportation save for these small minibuses. An informal means of transportation, in Ghana they are licensed by

1476-481: The streets. They typically can carry 11 passengers, but will always have room for another until that is no longer the case. The minibus driver has a crew member called a weyala whose job is to collect the fare from passengers. In 2008, publicly operated public transport was available in Addis Ababa in addition to that provided by the minibuses. A fleet of 350 large buses may operate for this purpose, as such

1517-430: The vehicle, and is not a steward. The vehicles may be bicycles , buses , cars , passenger trains , airliners , ships , ferryboats , personal watercrafts , all terrain vehicles , snowmobiles , and other methods of transportation. Crew members (if any), as well as the driver or pilot of the vehicle, are usually not considered to be passengers. For example, a flight attendant on an airline would not be considered

1558-478: The very termini syndicates upkeep can cost delays and money for passengers as well as forcing them to disembark at inconvenient locations, in a phenomenon called "terminal constraint". Some Francophone African countries use the term taxi-brousse ('bush taxi', often spelled with a space rather than a hyphen in English ) for share taxis. In some African cities, routes are run between formal termini, where

1599-688: The way, and the taxi will leave only when it seats all the passengers it can. While stations, set locations to board and disembark, exist, prospective passengers flag down a taxi collectif when they want a ride. Operating inter- and intra-city, taxis collectifs that travel between towns may be called interwilaya taxis . Along with all forms of public transport in Algeria, the Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada recommend against using these share taxis. The Irish Department of Foreign Affairs asks that you use taxis recommended by

1640-893: Was serviced by large buses as well as minibuses. Syndicates include UPETCA and SNTMVCI. In Kenya , regulation does extend to operators and mode of operation (such as routes used) as well as the vehicle. In Mali , share taxis are called sotrama and dourouni . As of 2008, Bamako , Mali, has no independent transport authority, but share taxi activity could fall under regulator Direction de la régulation et du contrôle du transport urbain (municipal) or DRCTU control. In Morocco , intercity share taxis are called grand taxis . They are generally old full-size Mercedes-Benz sedans , and seat six or more passengers. In Nigeria , both minibusses (called danfo ) and midibuses ( molue ) may be operated as share taxis. Such forms of public transport may also be referred to as bolekaja , and many bear slogans or sayings . Lagos , Nigeria, has

1681-467: Was without an independent transport authority. Egyptian share cabs are generally known as micro-bus ( mekrobass ميكروباص or mašrūʿ مشروع , "project"; plural mekrobassāt ميكروباصات or mašarīʿ مشاريع ). The second name is used by Alexandrians . Micro-buses are licensed by each of the governorates of Egypt as taxicabs, and are generally operated privately by their drivers. Although each governorate attempts to maintain

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