Northern Khanty is a Uralic language , frequently considered a dialect of a unified Khanty language , spoken by about 9,000 people. It is the most widely spoken out of all the Khanty languages, the majority composed of 5,000 speakers in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , in Russia. The reason for this discrepancy is that dialects of Northern Khanty have been better preserved in its northern reaches, and the Middle Ob and Kazym dialects are losing favor to Russian. All four dialects have been literary, beginning with the Middle Ob dialects, but shifting to Kazym, and back to Middle Ob, now the most used dialect in writing. The Shuryshkary dialects are also written, primarily due to an administrative division between the two, as the latter is spoken in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
14-451: Dialects of Northern Khanty: The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants. The vowel inventory is much simpler. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: six full /i e a ɒ o u/ and four reduced /ĭ ă ŏ ŭ/ . In unstressed syllables, four values are found: /ɑ ə ĕ ĭ/ . A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full /e
28-569: A representative of the northern language. Fixed word order is typical in Mansi. Adverbials and participles play an important role in sentence construction. In the 2020–2021 census, 2229 people claimed to speak Mansi natively. All current speakers use Northern Mansi, as the other variants have become extinct. Mansi is subdivided into four main dialect groups which are to a large degree mutually unintelligible , and therefore best considered four languages. A primary split can be set up between
42-822: A very rare long [iː] : Southern Mansi language Southern or Tavda Mansi is an extinct Uralic language spoken in Russia in the Sverdlovsk . It was recorded from an area isolated from the other Mansi varieties along the river Tavda . Around 1900 a couple hundred speakers existed; in the 1960s it was spoken only by a few elderly speakers, and it has since then become extinct. It had strong Tatar lexical influence and displayed several archaisms such as vowel harmony , retention of /y/ (elsewhere merged with */æ/ ), /tsʲ/ (elsewhere deaffricated to /sʲ/ ), /æː/ (elsewhere fronted to /aː/ or diphthongized) and /ɑː/ (elsewhere raised to /oː/ ). Russian researchers use
56-411: A ɒ u/ and reduced /ĭ ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/ . Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of Mansi . The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels /i e æ ɑ o u/ and reduced vowels /æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/ . However, it has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of
70-628: Is vowel harmony , and for */æː/ it has [ œː ] , frequently diphthongized. Southern (Tavda) Mansi was recorded from area isolated from the other Mansi varieties. Around 1900 a couple hundred speakers existed; in the 1960s it was spoken only by a few elderly speakers, and it has since then become extinct. It had strong Tatar influence and displayed several archaisms such as vowel harmony , retention of /y/ (elsewhere merged with */æ/ ), /tsʲ/ (elsewhere deaffricated to /sʲ/ ), /æː/ (elsewhere fronted to /aː/ or diphthongized) and /ɑː/ (elsewhere raised to /oː/ ). The inventory presented here
84-592: Is a maximal collection of segments found across the Mansi varieties. Some remarks: The vowel systems across Mansi show great variety. As typical across the Uralic languages, many more vowel distinctions were possible in the initial, stressed syllable than in unstressed ones. Up to 18–19 stressed vowel contrasts may be found in the Western and Eastern dialects, while Northern Mansi has a much reduced, largely symmetric system of 8 vowels, though lacking short ** /e/ and having
98-629: Is no accusative case; that is, both the nominative and accusative roles are unmarked on the noun. */æ/ and */æː/ have been backed to [a] and [aː] . Western Mansi was described as "probably extinct " already in 1988. Although the last speaker is not known, it is considered certain that none were left at the end of the 20th century. It had strong Russian and Komi influences; dialect differences were also considerable. Long vowels were diphthongized. Eastern Mansi became extinct in 2018, when its last speaker Maksim Šivtorov (Максим Семенович Шивторов) died. It has Khanty and Siberian Tatar influence. There
112-680: The Mansi people in Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries , in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug , and Sverdlovsk Oblast . Traditionally considered a single language, they constitute a branch of the Uralic languages , often considered most closely related to neighbouring Khanty and then to Hungarian . The base dialect of the Mansi literary language is the Sosva dialect,
126-453: The Urals , where also several early Russian sources document Mansi settlements. Placename evidence has been used to suggest Mansi presence reaching still much further west in earlier times, though this has been criticized as poorly substantiated. Northern Mansi has strong Russian , Komi , Nenets , and Northern Khanty influence, and it forms the base of the literary Mansi language. There
140-861: The Southern variety and the remainder. Several features are also shared between the Western and Eastern varieties, while certain later sound changes have diffused between Eastern and Northern (and are also found in some neighboring dialects of Northern Khanty to the east). Individual dialects are known according to the rivers their speakers live(d) on: Southern Mansi ( Tavda )† Pelym North Vagil Mansi Language South Vagil Mansi Language Lower Lozva Mansi Language Middle Lozva Mansi Language Lower Konda Mansi Language Middle Konda Mansi Language Upper Konda Mansi Language Jukonda Mansi Language Upper Lozva Mansi Language Severnaya Sosva Mansi Language Sygva Mansi Language Ob Mansi Language The sub-dialects given above are those which were still spoken in
154-440: The fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted *š *ṇ to /s n/. A new alphabet scheme was published in 2013. The various written standards, such as Kazym (Northern Khanty) and Surgut ( Eastern Khanty ), have their own versions of this alphabet, with some different letters. The influential Просвещение [ ru ] (Enlightenment/Education) publishing house, which publishes many of the textbooks and early literacy material for
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#1732772837269168-516: The late 19th and early 20th century and have been documented in linguistic sources on Mansi. Pre-scientific records from the 18th and early 19th centuries exist also of other varieties of Western and Southern Mansi, spoken further west: the Tagil , Tura and Chusovaya dialects of Southern and the Vishera dialect of Western. The two dialects last mentioned were hence spoken on the western slopes of
182-1014: The phonemic principle of the alphabet. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kazym Khanty: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Northern Mansi: Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in English: Mansi language The Mansi languages are spoken by
196-600: The smaller languages of Russia, designed curved-tail variants of the letters ԯ and ң with a tick, namely ԓ and ӈ , and these have been redundantly encoded in Unicode as separate characters. These hooked forms have been chosen as the preferred allographs of these letters for the Kazym alphabet. However, the respected Khanty-language journal Хӑнты ясӑӊ [ ru ] uses the diagonal-tail forms ӆ and ӊ for Kazym. [i] и and [ɨ] ы are allophones , breaking
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