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45-479: Northern Indiana's physical geography was significantly shaped during Wisconsin glaciation , resulting in a till plain ranging from flat to gently rolling terrain, especially in the Wabash Valley . The region experiences a humid continental climate , supporting temperate deciduous forest , tallgrass prairie , and wetland ecosystems. In addition to Lake Michigan , more than 300 kettle lakes are located in

90-409: A lower portion of the moraine. Multiple outlets could form through low spots too until one would become dominant after erosion lowered both the outlet and lake surface. Ice melt and rainfall carried large quantities of clay , sand , and gravel from the ice mass. Clays could be moved long distances by moving water, while sand and gravel could not. Thus, sand and gravel landforms developed along

135-451: A new nationwide numbering and toll call routing system. Indiana was divided to receive two area codes. Area code 317 served the northern two-thirds of Indiana, while area code 812 served the southern third. In the first change of the original plan in 1948, 317 was cut back to central Indiana, while the northern third of Indiana, including Gary, Hammond, East Chicago, South Bend , Elkhart and Fort Wayne , received area code 219. Despite

180-473: A whole. The striations made by the ice field in moving over the bedrock show that it moved principally to the west through the passes of the coast range. Whenever the ice sheet melted from the north at a moraine , water would begin to pond in the divide between a moraine and the ice front. The ice would act as a dam as water could not drain through the ice sheet, which in the Wisconsin period covered most of

225-675: Is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan for Northwest Indiana , including the state's portion of the Chicago metropolitan area . The numbering plan area includes the cities of Schererville , Chesterton , Lake Station , Lowell , Crown Point , Cedar Lake , Hobart , Whiting , Gary , Hammond , East Chicago , Merrillville , Munster , Griffith , Highland , Portage , Valparaiso , Michigan City , Ogden Dunes , St. John , La Porte , DeMotte, Roselawn, Kouts, Lake Village, and Rensselaer . 219

270-679: Is centered on the South Bend–Elkhart–Mishawaka Combined Statistical Area and generally corresponds with Area code 574 . Counties typically considered part of the Michiana sub-region include: Northeast Indiana comprises the northeastern portion of Northern Indiana, centered on the Fort Wayne–Huntington–Auburn Combined Statistical Area and generally corresponding with Area code 260 . Counties typically considered part of

315-456: Is largely coextensive with the Indiana side of the Chicago metropolitan area , which includes Lake , Porter , La Porte , Newton , and Jasper Counties . Service is provided by AT&T , Frontier Communications , and Northwestern Indiana Telephone Company. In 1947, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) published the first configuration of proposed numbering plan areas (NPAs) for

360-916: Is mostly found in the Calumet region of Northern Indiana. The Northern cities vowel shift is recognizable in Northwest Indiana and the Michiana area. However, the rest of Northern Indiana tends to exhibit North Midland dialect, with little recognizable influences. Because of the city's transitional location between the Inland North, North Midland, and Central Midland dialects, Fort Wayne has been difficult for linguists to define, with some labeling speech here "virtually accent neutral," attributed to historical settlement patterns. Northern Indiana bases much of its economy around manufacturing, distribution and transportation, and medical devices. Outside

405-742: Is primarily supplied by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), a subsidiary of Merrillville -based NiSource . Electric utilities serving the region include NIPSCO, Indiana Michigan Power (a subsidiary of American Electric Power ), and Duke Energy Indiana (a subsidiary of Duke Energy ). Four of Indiana's five hydroelectric power plants are located in Northern Indiana. Two are owned by Indiana Michigan Power (the Elkhart and Twin Branch dams on

450-452: Is the nation's second-largest steel-producing area. U.S. Steel 's Gary Works (in Gary ) was once the largest steel mill in the world and employed 30,000. Gary Works remains North America's largest integrated steel mill. Northwest Indiana is also a vital trade and shipping center for the state. The Port of Indiana–Burns Harbor handles more ocean-going cargo than any other Great Lakes port in

495-576: The Bering Strait is believed to have allowed human occupation of this area which provided potential access for some of the first humans to move between North America and Siberia in Asia (see Settlement of the Americas ). Other human migration routes also opened during interglacial periods in both Europe and Asia. North American flora and fauna species were distributed quite differently during

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540-724: The Lafayette–West Lafayette metropolitan area , typically considered part of Central Indiana. Cass and Miami counties have economic ties to the Kokomo metropolitan area , also typically considered part of Central Indiana. Portions of these counties fall within Area code 765 . Most of Northern Indiana (20 counties) observes Eastern Time . Six counties in the Northwest Indiana sub-region ( Jasper , Lake , LaPorte , Newton , Porter , and Starke counties) observe Central Time . The major cities of Northern Indiana are Fort Wayne (in

585-924: The Late Wisconsin in North America. This glaciation radically altered the geography north of the Ohio River , creating the Great Lakes . At the height of the Wisconsin Episode glaciation, the ice sheet covered most of Canada , the Upper Midwest , and New England , as well as parts of Idaho , Montana , and Washington . On Kelleys Island in Lake Erie , northern New Jersey and in New York City 's Central Park ,

630-696: The St. Joseph River ) and two are owned by NIPSCO (the Norway and Oakdale dams on the Tippecanoe River ). The company also operates two coal-fired power stations in the region: Michigan City Generating Station and R. M. Schahfer in Wheatfield . Northern Indiana's share of renewable energy generation, particularly solar and wind sources, has increased since the late 2000s. Wind farms are common in rural Benton and White counties, including Fowler Ridge ,

675-530: The Wabash River ( Eel , Little , and Tippecanoe rivers). Besides Lake Michigan , other notable lakes and reservoirs include Lake Freeman , Lake George , Lake James , Lake Manitou , Lake Maxinkuckee , Lake Shafer , Lake Tippecanoe , Lake Wawasee , Webster Lake , and Wolf Lake . Michiana, a portmanteau of " Michigan " and " Indiana ", is a loosely defined sub-region that spans southwestern Michigan and Northern Indiana's north-central counties. It

720-571: The Waterman Hills researchers found that Juniperus osteosperma and Pinus monophylla were early to mid-Holocene dominant trees, while Monardella arizonica has been a continuously present understory plant. Celtis reticulata is an example of a plant present in the early Holocene following Wisconsin glacial retreat, a species no longer present at the Waterman Mountains site. Area code 219 Area code 219

765-692: The grooves left in rock by these glaciers can be easily observed. In southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta a suture zone between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets formed the Cypress Hills , North America's northernmost point that remained south of the continental ice sheets. During much of the glaciation, sea level was low enough to permit land animals, including humans , to occupy Beringia (the Bering Land Bridge ) and move between North America and Siberia . As

810-743: The Canadian Territory of Keewatin . The ice moved south some 1,500 miles (2,400 km) into Kansas and Missouri. To the west, it reached 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . The Cordilleran Ice Sheet has left remnants throughout the Northern Rocky Mountains . Unlike the other two ice sheets, this one is mountain based covering British Columbia and reaching into northern Washington State and Montana . The Cordilleran Ice Sheet has more of an Alpine style of many glaciers merged into

855-611: The Great Plains . Roughly 10.7% of both Huntington and Wells County live in poverty, as compared to only 15.5% in Pulaski County. At the same time, Northern Indiana, as is the case for much of the Midwest, is predominately made up of people of European heritage. According to the 2010 Census, almost 98% of Whitley County is white, as compared to Lake County (Gary), which is only 64.4% white and 25.9% African American. Lastly,

900-478: The Northeast Indiana sub-region include: Northwest Indiana, colloqially known as "The Region", comprises the northwestern portion of Northern Indiana, centered on the southeastern extent of the Chicago metropolitan area and generally corresponding with Area code 219 . Counties typically considered part of the Northwest Indiana sub-region include: Benton and White counties have economic ties to

945-453: The U.S. The north central area of Northern Indiana, centered on Warsaw , is home to several companies specializing in the development and production of orthopedic medical devices. Nearly one-third of the $ 38 billion global orthopedic industry is concentrated in north central Indiana. Elkhart and surrounding municipalities in the Michiana region are home to the largest concentration of recreational vehicle and mobile home manufacturers in

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990-570: The U.S., including Forest River , Gulfstream Coach , Heartland Recreational Vehicles , Jayco , and Monaco Coach , among several others. Some 83 percent of American RVs are produced in Elkhart County . The automotive industry is another significant driver of the region's economy. General Motors ' Fort Wayne Assembly near Roanoke produces the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra. South Bend-based AM General manufactures

1035-483: The Wisconsin era, due to altered temperatures, surface water distribution, and in some cases coverage of earth surface by glaciers. A number of scientific studies have been conducted to determine species distribution, particularly during the Late Wisconsin and early to mid-Holocene. An example of findings is from the investigation of flora species using pollen core samples in present-day northern Arizona. Here in

1080-420: The area's geographic, economic, cultural, and political landscape. Home to about 2.3 million people, the region is defined by both its industrial cities and agricultural towns. Manufacturing remains a vital part of the region's economy, particularly in the production of recreational vehicles, medical devices, and steel . Protected areas include Indiana Dunes National Park and Indiana's most visited state park of

1125-916: The average family size per household is relatively constant around 3.00 persons per household. In 2010, the average family size per household was 3.66 in LaGrange County, 3.23 in Elkhart County, 3.19 in Lake County, 3.16 in Noble County, 3.15 in Marshall County, and 3.12 in Allen County. Northern Indiana is known for having the third-highest Amish population in the U.S., especially in Allen, Adams, Elkhart, and LaGrange counties. The Inland North dialect of American English

1170-794: The civilian Hummer H1 and military Humvee at its Mishawaka assembly plant. Gambling is an important sector of the region's economy. Northern Indiana is home to three riverboat casinos ( Ameristar in East Chicago, Blue Chip in Michigan City, and Horseshoe in Hammond), one land-based casino ( Hard Rock in Gary), and one tribal casino ( Four Winds in South Bend), owned by the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians . Natural gas

1215-508: The glacial deposits were eroded and weathered. This first Wisconsin period erased all the Illinoian glacial topography that its glaciers extended over. The Late Wisconsin ice sheet extended more towards the west than the earlier movements. This may have been due to changes in the accumulation center of the ice sheet, topographic changes introduced by the Early phase or by pressure changes in

1260-427: The glacier when it melts back is called the ground moraine or till plain . Till is highly permeable and creates a large ground reserve for water. This formation is highly desirable for human economic development as a source of water. Prehistoric human migration was likely greatly influenced by this last glacial period, as during much of the Wisconsin era, the formation of a land bridge known as Beringia across

1305-589: The glaciers retreated, glacial lakes were breached in great glacial lake outburst floods such as the Kankakee Torrent , which reshaped the landscape south of modern Chicago as far as the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Two related movements have been termed Wisconsin: Early Wisconsin and Late Wisconsin. The Early Wisconsin was the bigger of the two and extended farther west and south. It retreated an unknown distance before halting. During this period of quiet,

1350-480: The ice mass in the north. The Labrador Ice Sheet centered east of Hudson Bay. Expanding towards the southwest, it reached into the eastern edge of Manitoba and across the Great Lakes to the Ohio River , upwards of 1,600 miles (2,600 km) from its source. Its eastern lobes covered New England and reached south to Cape Cod and Long Island, New York . The Keewatin Ice Sheet began west of Hudson Bay in

1395-586: The largest wind farm in the American Midwest . Upon its completion, the Mammoth Solar project will be the largest in the U.S., covering 13,000 acres across rural Starke and Pulaski counties. BP 's Whiting Refinery in Whiting is the largest inland oil refinery in the U.S., processing 435,000 barrels (69,200 m) of crude oil daily. Two regional transmission organizations serving

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1440-481: The metropolitan areas, the region's agricultural sector is abundant provided its location within the fertile Corn Belt . Northern Indiana is also situated in the heart of the Rust Belt , an area of the U.S. that has suffered deindustrialization and some economic stagnation since the late 20th century. The Calumet region of Northwest Indiana is home to much heavy industry , notably steel mills . The Calumet region

1485-428: The nation's electrical grid provide coverage to portions of Northern Indiana: Midcontinent Independent System Operator and PJM Interconnection . Notable companies headquartered in Northern Indiana include: About 25 accredited institutions of higher education are located throughout Northern Indiana, including more than a dozen private, liberal arts colleges and Christian seminaries, and multiple regional campuses of

1530-413: The northeast), South Bend (in the north-central region), and Hammond and Gary (in the extreme northwest along Lake Michigan ). Northern Indiana has experienced steady population growth over the past century (except at the 1990 U.S. census ). Between 1980 and 1990, Lake County (which includes the city of Gary ) saw a population decline of 47,371 residents, and it was this drop in population that hid

1575-412: The old 219 territory, centered on South Bend, became area code 574 . The eastern portion, centered on Fort Wayne, became area code 260 . The area codes split on January 15, 2002. Permissive dialing of 219 continued across northern Indiana until June 14, 2002. Prior to October 2021, area code 219 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as

1620-446: The population rise which continued to occur in the majority of the region's other counties. The 2015 Census Estimate has shown that the rural counties (i.e., Wabash and Wells) are seeing a gradual population decline when compared to the gradual increase (or steady) population trend in the more urban counties (i.e., St. Joseph). The trend of rural counties losing population has been observed in various counties in other regions, most notably

1665-498: The presence of the Chicago suburbs, Michiana and Fort Wayne, this configuration remained unchanged for 53 years. By the end of the 20th century, however, 219 was on the verge of exhaustion. When it was apparent that the need for a split could no longer be staved off, it was decided to split northern Indiana into three area codes. Northwest Indiana won a random drawing to decide which of the areas would keep 219. The central portion of

1710-423: The proglacial river valleys. Numerous small, isolated water bodies formed between the moraine and the ice front. As the ice sheet would continue to melt and recede northward, these ponds combined into proglacial lakes . In areas without an available outlet, the water levels would either continue to rise until reaching one or more low spots along the rim of a moraine, or the ice sheet would retreat, opening access to

1755-661: The public Indiana , Purdue , and Ivy Tech Community College systems. The "‡" symbol indicates universities with main campuses outside Northern Indiana. Two of Indiana's six state-designated scenic byways —the Historic Michigan Road Byway and the Lincoln Highway Scenic Byway —traverse portions of Northern Indiana. Interstate Highways US Highways State Roads Most of Northern Indiana's 26 public aviation facilities are categorized as general aviation airports; however,

1800-473: The region is also home to two primary airports and one relief airport . In addition, two United States Air Force installations are based in the region. Primary Relief General aviation Military 41°10′N 86°0′W  /  41.167°N 86.000°W  / 41.167; -86.000 Wisconsin glaciation The Wisconsin glaciation , also called the Wisconsin glacial episode ,

1845-698: The region, including the state's largest natural lake ( Wawasee ) and deepest natural lake ( Tippecanoe ). Following the Valparaiso Moraine , the Laurentian Divide meanders through the region, separating the watersheds of the Great Lakes Basin to the north from those of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the south. Northern Indiana is situated within the larger Rust Belt and Corn Belt regions, influencing

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1890-676: The same name . Northern Indiana is home to about 25 public and private higher education institutions, including more than a dozen religiously affiliated colleges and universities. The region is split between the Eastern and Central time zones . Major waterways include the Grand Calumet River , the Kankakee River , the Maumee River ( St. Marys and St. Joseph rivers), the St. Joseph River ( Elkhart River ), and

1935-409: The sides and front of the ice sheet; elongated accumulations of this material are known as kames . Mounds along the frontal edge of the ice are called moraines . Wherever a subglacial tunnel began infilling, long winding formations known as eskers would form. The sweeping plain of sand and gravel beyond the ice margin and a terminal moraine is called an outwash plain . The materials left under

1980-662: Was synchronous with global glaciation during the last glacial period, including the North American alpine glacier advance, known as the Pinedale glaciation . The Wisconsin glaciation extended from about 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, between the Sangamonian Stage and the current interglacial, the Holocene . The maximum ice extent occurred about 25,000–21,000 years ago during the last glacial maximum , also known as

2025-725: Was the most recent glacial period of the North American ice sheet complex, peaking more than 20,000 years ago. This advance included the Cordilleran Ice Sheet , which nucleated in the northern North American Cordillera ; the Innuitian ice sheet , which extended across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; the Greenland ice sheet ; and the massive Laurentide Ice Sheet , which covered the high latitudes of central and eastern North America. This advance

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