75-767: The Northern Military Administration Office ( Korean : 북로군정서 ) was an armed independence movement group founded in Donggandao in 1919. It originated from the Daejonggyo lineage. It was organized around Seo Il and Kim Jwa-jin in Jilin Province, Manchuria , in 1919. Based on the Junggwangdan organized by Koreans who immigrated to Bukgando, the Jeongjeongdan organized in Bukgando in 1919
150-612: A system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from
225-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
300-412: A contact center for independence activists in northern Manchuria. While paying attention to local administration, elementary schools, night schools, and training centers were established, while promoting convenience in local industries. The first Officer Training Center graduation ceremony was held on September 9, 1920, and 298 officers were graduated. Among them, 80 were appointed as second lieutenants, and
375-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
450-463: A few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to
525-742: A large number of regular troops into Manchuria. In October 1920, under the pretext of sending troops to Manchuria, a Chinese territory, Japan bribed Chinese bandits to attack the Japanese consulate in Hongchun, causing the Hongchun Incident. Then, under the pretext of protecting the Japanese in Manchuria, about 20,000 troops, including the 19th and 20th Divisions of the Joseon Garrison Army, the 11th, 13th, and 14th Divisions of
600-503: A number of officers including Kim Chwa-chin and younger instructors Lee Beom-seok, Lee Jang-nyeong, Kim Gyu-sik, Kim Hong-guk, Choi Sang-un, and Oh Sang-se, citizens and young people coming from home were selected and full-scale military training was conducted. Kim Jwa-jin, the commander-in-chief of the Northern Military Administration Office, recruited young men and formed an independence army, with
675-574: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
750-621: A principal or teacher, to cultivate talented people. Kim Gyo-heon, who became the second Taosagyo of Daejonggyo in 1916, went into exile in North Gando the following year and prepared for an armed struggle in earnest and launched a diplomatic independence movement. Wangqing County was used as the base for the resistance against Japan, Gopyeong was stationed in Vladivostok, Lee Min-bok was stationed in Nikolsk-Usurisky, Baek Sun
825-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
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#1732783368084900-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
975-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
1050-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
1125-581: Is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has
1200-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
1275-799: The Confucian Church . This is because the Shinminhoe group were republicans, while the Confucian church group supported the monarchy and were pro- Joseon dynasty loyalists. Eventually, after conflict, the Confucians broke away from the Korean Justice Corps. In October 1919, the Korean Justice Corps and the Military Government Association merged and reorganized the entire organization under
1350-537: The Czechoslovak Legion withdrawing from Siberia , or obtaining large quantities of weapons through Russians and Koreans naturalized in Russia. Seo Il, the head of the Northern Military Administration Office, personally went on a business trip to Russian territory and promoted the purchase of weapons. A transport party was organized to transport the weapons purchased in this way, and they were transported to
1425-609: The Imperial Japanese Military , and people from the Chinese military or Russian military academies were invited as instructors. In June 1920, out of 600 men who completed basic training, only 300 went into full-scale military training wearing gray military uniforms. In addition to military training, Gunjeongseo not only cooperated with independent movement organizations in Noryeong and Gando, but also served as
1500-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
1575-573: The Soviet Communist Party in advance and escaped, returned to North Manchuria, and reorganized the unified independence army unit again in August 1922, but a large-scale independence corps like the one organized before was not reorganized. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It
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#17327833680841650-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
1725-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
1800-527: The Battle of Baekunpyeong, Battle of Cheonsupyeong, Battle of Maenggaegol, and Battle of Mangu were fought solely by the Independence Army of Northern Korea. It was a battle that was fought and won, and the Battle of Eorangchon (漁郞村) and the Battle of Cheonbosan (天寶山) were battles jointly fought by the Northern Military Administration Office and Korean Independence Army. In the Battle of Cheongsanri,
1875-605: The Chinese army's Yanji unit. As soon as the first graduation ceremony of the Officer Training Center was held, the move to the base was carried out. The Korean Independence Army led by Hong Beom-do moved toward Ido-gu and Samdo-gu in Hwaryong-hyeon. The Northern Military Administration Office also arrived near Cheongsan-ri, Samdo-gu, Hwaryong-hyeon (和龍縣) on October 12. The Japanese army also pursued
1950-585: The Gyoseongdae (Gyoseongdae, or Yeonsungdae) was organized around the remaining 200 people. This unit was the most elite unit and later played a leading role in leading the Battle of Cheongsanri to victory. In other words, the Northern Military Independence Army received thorough military training and, including the creation and operation of a separate machine gun company, was the largest and most thoroughly trained unit among
2025-431: The Japanese military and provide information. It was possible to report immediately. As dozens of armed independence movement groups emerged in the Manchuria region, the Japanese began to suppress the anti-Japanese independence forces in Manchuria on a large scale. In order to block the increasingly active activities of the independence army, the Japanese military established the 'Gando Region Bulyeongseon Soto Plan' to send
2100-788: The Korean Independence Army, and about 5,000 Izuma troops surrounded the Northern Military Administration Office in Cheongsan-ri, Samdo-gu and the Hong Beom-do joint unit in Ido-gu. The Northern Military Administration Office, led by Kim Jwa-jin, judged that it could not escape the pursuit of the Japanese army and launched a decisive battle, resulting in the Battle of Cheongsanri from October 21 to dawn of 26, 1920. The Battle of Cheongsanri includes about 10 battles, of which
2175-530: The Korean Justice Corps were non-experts in military matters, they invited Kim Jwa-jin, a military attaché from the New People's Association , and others to guide the armed group and entrusted them with military training and the formation of an independent army. However, the fact that the Shinminhoe-affiliated nationalists took charge of the military government caused opposition from members of
2250-683: The March 1st Movement in 1919, Junggwangdan collaborated with other forces to form a new organization to more actively carry out the independence movement, which became the Korean Justice Corps. The Central Light Corps (Junggwangdan (重光團)) was an armed group established by the Daejonggyo in North Gando in March 1911. It was established in Wangcheong County in March 1911 by members of the Daejong Church who fled to North Gando. Seo Il
2325-464: The Northern Military Administration Office established a Manchurian area with about and the size of the troops increased to 1,000 men, but increased to over 1,600 by August 1920. The organization of the Northern Military Administration Office was divided into a central organization and a local organization, and the central organization was further divided into headquarters. The Governor's Office, with Seo Il as its president, directed overall affairs within
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2400-469: The Northern Military Administration Office was built at a strategic location deep in the forest, and was a base equipped with barracks and a parade ground, and was a training site that completely blocked access to outsiders. The Northern Military Administration Office raised military funds, equipped weapons, trained independence forces through military education, and carried out armed activities. The Northern Military Administration Office's military fundraising
2475-649: The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea requested that the name 'Korean Military Government' be changed to 'Korean Military Office'. Because the military government , as its name suggests, is not a military government, it has been criticized for saying that there cannot be two governments in one compatriot society. In December 1919, the Korean Military Government accepted the Provisional Government's request and changed
2550-685: The Siberian Expeditionary Force, the Manchuria Expeditionary Force, and the Kwantung Army , were committed to Manchuria. At this time, the independence forces had already moved their base to a safe mountainous area. In September 1920, the Northern Military Administration Office also left the base of the Western faction and moved its troops to the north at the urging of Maeng Bu-deok, commander of
2625-966: The Soviet Union , to avoid Japanese surveillance. Here, the independence fighters united to form the Korean Independence Corps with Seo Il as its leader, and headed to Free City in the Soviet Union . However, due to the Free City Incident in June 1921, the Independence Corps was disarmed, suffered a heavy blow, and many were killed and deserted the unit. Senior executives of the North Military Office Administration, including Seo Il and Kim Jwa-jin, noticed strange signs of
2700-502: The anti-Japanese armed movement, which valued the armed line rather than the diplomatic line, began to grow. Accordingly, the Korean Justice Corps organized a military government for armed struggle. The Military Government Association, an armed group organized by the Korean Justice Corps in August 1919, can be said to be the predecessor of the Northern Military Government. However, because the existing leaders of
2775-469: The basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since
2850-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
2925-422: The brigade commander, regiment commander Jeong Hoon, Yeonseong commander Lee Beom-seok , Jilin branch office advisor Yun Bok-young, and military director Yang Hyeon. The independence army was organized into platoons, mediums, and battalions, with each platoon consisting of 50 people, two platoons into one company, and two companies into one battalion. The size of the troops initially numbered about 500. In July 1920,
3000-474: The condition that the name be changed to the Northern Military Administration Office. At the time of its founding, the main figures were Seo Il and Hyeon Cheon-muk, who invited Kim Jwa-jin as commander-in-chief and took charge of the organization and training of the independence army. The origins of Northern Military Administration Office can be found in Junggwangdan, organized by Daejonggyo believers including Seo Il in March 1911. Believers of Daejonggyo, which
3075-525: The elite units of the Northern Military Administration Office. After being defeated in the Battle of Fengwudong and Cheongsan-ri, the Japanese caused the Gando Massacre and indiscriminately massacred the civilians of Gando. At this time, the Northern Military Administration Office, along with other anti-Japanese independence forces in Manchuria, gathered in Misan, the border area between Manchuria and
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3150-733: The end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
3225-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
3300-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
3375-651: The headquarters of the Seodae faction's Northern Military Administration Office through various routes. They're armed with 1,800 rifles, about 800 rounds of ammunition per military gun, 150 pistols, 7 machine guns, and many grenades. In August 1920, it exceeded 1,600, and it became the strongest elite unit in Northeast Manchuria armed with 1,300 rifles, 150 pistols, and 7 machine guns. Operating funds were covered by local residents or collected from domestic sources. The funds were mainly used to purchase weapons, and
3450-417: The independence army surprised and annihilated the Japanese army, killing about 1,200 people, including the Japanese regiment commander, and the number of casualties on the independence army side was minimal. The Battle of Cheongsanri was the largest battle that the independence army faced against the Japanese army after its dispatch from Gando, and this victory can be said to be an achievement achieved mainly by
3525-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
3600-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
3675-534: The jurisdiction of the Northern Military Administration Office and supported military activities, and its headquarters was located in Deokwon-ri, Chunmyeong-hyang, Wangcheong-hyeon, North Gando. Meanwhile, the headquarters, with Kim Jwa-jin as commander-in-chief, was headquartered in Seodaepa (西大坡), Chunmyeong-hyang, Wangcheong-hyeon, a forest area suitable for preparing for military activities. The headquarters of
3750-639: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
3825-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
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#17327833680843900-555: The name of the Korean Northern Military Government (大韓軍政府). The president of the Korean military government was Seo Il, and the commander was Kim Jwa-jin. Subsequently, the establishment of the new Korean Military Government was reported to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai and applied for recognition as a military institution under the Provisional Government. At this time,
3975-417: The name to 'Korean Military Office', and reported this to the Provisional Government, officially establishing the Korean Military Office. At that time, the Seorogunjeongseo established in the West Jiandao region was originally named 'Gunjeongbu', but at the request of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, it was renamed to 'Seorogunjeongseo', so the Daehan Seorogunjeongseo in the North Gando area
4050-516: The personal equipment per person in the independence army was 1 rifle, 500 bullets, 1 grenade, 6 sets of emergency food, and 1 pair of sandals. It became the largest independence movement organization. The Northern Military Administration Office set up the base in the forest area of about 30 acres in the area of Seodaepasimnipyeong in Wangqing County and built 8 barracks to establish a military academy. They requested help from Shinheung Military Academy, and were supplied with various teaching materials and
4125-481: The primary goal of training executives to command the independence army. Accordingly, he established the Officer Training Center (士官鍊成所) to educate and train executives at the headquarters headquarters in early February 1920. Kim Jwa-jin served as the principal of the training center, and requested help from the Shinheung Military Academy in the West Jiandao region, inviting several training officers, including instructor Lee Beom-seok, and receiving teaching materials. Among
4200-575: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
4275-461: The recruited men, about 300 excellent young men who were physically healthy and patriotic were selected and provided officer training. Officer training was provided as an accelerated training course for 6 months in accordance with the urgent needs of the time, and its contents included mental education, history, military science, martial arts (weapons and unit command and operation), gymnastics, and rules and regulations. In particular, history education
4350-559: The same purpose, and they agreed to cooperate with each other on military matters. Accordingly, instructors from the Sinheung Military Academy on the west side were dispatched to provide military education for the Northern Military Administration Office. In other words, the Northern Military Administration Office is an armed independence organization established through a collaboration between Daejonggyo-affiliated nationalists and Shinminhoe-affiliated independence activists. As an independence military organization that supports republicanism , it
4425-562: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
4500-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
4575-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
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#17327833680844650-429: The unity of Korean compatriots for the anti-Japanese independence struggle. From the beginning, independence activists had expected that the issue of Korea's independence would be discussed in accordance with the principle of national self-determination at the Paris Peace Conference held at the end of June 1919 after the March 1 Declaration of Independence. However, as no results were achieved contrary to expectations,
4725-404: The various independence army units of this period. In addition, the Northern Provincial Government established a police trust organization as a detailed system within the sphere of influence, established branch offices within the sphere of influence, and organized an organization for each unit to inspect the civil administration and implement self-government, as well as to understand the movements of
4800-444: Was Seo Il. The Korean Justice Corps contributed to promoting the necessity of the anti-Japanese independence struggle and promoting national consciousness by publishing pure Hangeul journals such as 『Ilminbo (一民報)』 and 『New Gukbo (新國報)』. In August 1919, the Korean Justice Corps organized the Military Government Association as an armed group for the struggle for independence under its umbrella and distributed creative statements calling for
4875-407: Was aimed at cultivating national spirit by focusing on the history of independence of countries around the world and the history of Japan's invasion of Joseon. Military education was conducted based on the military methods of the former Korean Empire , and thorough military training was conducted at two parade grounds within the headquarters. Live-fire shooting practice was conducted against a model of
4950-533: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
5025-413: Was created by merging the Korean Justice Corps and its affiliated Korean Military Government Association in 1919. In October 1919, under the leadership of Daejonggyo and Shinminhoe , Daehan Jeonguidan and Daehangunjeonghoe were merged and reorganized into Daehangunjeongbu under the direction of the Provisional Government of Shanghai in December of that year. The Provisional Government in Shanghai agreed on
5100-435: Was dispatched as a first- party delegation, but returned midway. It led the March 1st Movement in North Gando, and was progressively disbanded in May 1919. The Korean Justice Corps was an organization organized around May 1919 as a union of Daejong followers and believers of other religions, such as the Confucian Church . The Korean Justice Corps aimed to carry out a secret armed struggle to achieve independence, and its leader
5175-400: Was established by changing its name to Northern Military Administration Office. The Northern Military Administration Office established an officer training center to conduct military training and train independence fighters. In 1920, when Japan deployed its troops into Manchuria , it achieved a great victory over the Japanese army in the Battle of Cheongsanri . The Korean Military Government
5250-436: Was founded as a national religion worshiping Dangun, sought to relocate the headquarters to Manchuria after the Japanese colonial rule in 1910 and established a branch in Bukgando. Subsequently, patriotic Daejonggyo believers, including Seo Il, established the independence movement organization Junggwangdan and promoted the spirit of independence and patriotic ideology. Influenced by the growing atmosphere of independence caused by
5325-419: Was organized as a military agency under the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai and is closely related to the Provisional Government. The officers at the time of the reorganization of the Northern Military Administration Office were Seo Il as the president, Kim Jwa- jin as the commander-in-chief , Yi Jang-nyeong as the chief of staff , Kim Kyu-sik as the division commander, Choi Hae as
5400-579: Was prepared in preparation for the Seorogunjeongseo. It came to be nicknamed ‘Northern Military Administration Office’. The Northern Military Administration Office and the Western Military Administration Office also had a close cooperative relationship with each other. It was confirmed that the Northern Military Administration Office and the Western Military Administration Office were military organizations with
5475-418: Was primarily done through fundraising from residents in the jurisdictional areas under its influence. Recruitment of military funds was also carried out domestically, in the form of dispatching agents to the country to raise military funds. The military funds raised in this way were used to purchase weapons. The Northern Military Administration Office purchased weapons on Russian territory, purchasing weapons from
5550-720: Was stationed in Milsan in Northern Manchuria, and Jin Hak-shin was stationed in Northern Manchuria. He attempted to connect with the independence movement forces in Manchuria and the Maritime Province by dispatching them to Korea. Baeksun and Lee Beom- yoon toured the border regions of Russia and China to recruit volunteer soldiers. In October 1918, Gyehwa hired a bomb maker and went to Jilin. Seong Kim and Shin Jeong
5625-429: Was the leader, and the executives of Daejonggyo were Baek Sun, Hyeon Cheon-muk , Park Chan-ik, Gye-hwa, Kim Byeong-deok [Kim Seong], Chae-oh, Yang Hyeon and Lee Hong-rae. Although they aimed for armed struggle, they did not have the resources to acquire weapons, so they focused on strengthening the capabilities of the Korean community. From 1911 to 1916, he established 25 schools and operated them and provided education as
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