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Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park

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29-583: The Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park is the largest protected area of the Philippines covering the northern range of the Sierra Madre mountains of eastern Luzon . The park is located in the eastern part of the province of Isabela in Cagayan Valley (Region II) containing a total of 359,486 hectares (888,310 acres). It was first declared a wilderness reserve encompassing an area within

58-491: A 45 kilometres (28 mi) radius of Palanan Point known as the Palanan Wilderness Area through Letter of Instructions No. 917-A signed by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 7, 1979. On March 10, 1997, the area was converted into a natural park with the signing of Proclamation No. 978 by President Fidel Ramos . The park is considered the richest in terms of genetic, species and habitat diversity in

87-402: A source for plywood . The family name comes from the type genus Dipterocarpus which is derived from Greek words δι di "two", πτερόν pteron "wing", and καρπός karpós "fruit"; the words combined refer to the two-winged fruit available from trees of that genus, other related genera with winged fruits of more than two are included in the family as well. The dipterocarp family

116-560: Is pantropical , from northern South America to Africa , the Seychelles , India , Indochina , Indonesia , Malaysia and Philippines . The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in Borneo . The largest genera are Shorea (196 species), Hopea (104 species), Dipterocarpus (70 species), and Vatica (65 species). Many are large forest-emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in

145-529: Is considered as one of the most important protected areas system in the Philippines owing to the myriad of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna that it supports. They include the Philippine eagle , giant golden-crowned flying fox , Philippine eagle-owl , Isabela oriole , green sea turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , hawksbill sea turtle , Philippine crocodile and dugong . It is also home to

174-437: Is generally divided into two subfamilies: Anisoptera Cotylelobium Dipterocarpus Stemonoporus Upuna Vateria Vateriopsis Vatica Anthoshorea Doona Dryobalanops Hopea Neobalanocarpus Neohopea Parashorea Pentacme Richetia Rubroshorea Shorea Marquesia Monotes Pseudomonotes A recent genetic study found that

203-769: The Guaianan highlands of South America, is now found to be more closely related the Cistaceae and is placed there in the APG IV (2016) . Some 52-million-year-old amber found in the Gujarat province, India , containing a large amount of fossilized arthropods , was identified as sap from the family Dipterocarpaceae. Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous. Species occurring in Thailand grow from sea level to about 1300 m elevation. Environments in which

232-703: The genera Dryobalanops , Hopea and Shorea ), with the tallest known living specimen ( Shorea faguetiana ) 93.0 m tall. Name Menara, or tower in Malaysian, this specimen is a yellow meranti tree. It grows in Danum Valley in Sabah. The species of this family are of major importance in the timber trade . Some species are now endangered as a result of overcutting, extensive illegal logging , and habitat conversion. They provide valuable woods , aromatic essential oils , balsam, and resins , and are

261-550: The green-faced parrotfinch and the Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor . The park is also a habitat to many endemic species of plants. It spans two ecoregions. The Luzon rain forests extend from sea level up to 1000 meters elevation, and are characterized by various species of tall, straight and slender trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae such as Shorea spp. and Hopea spp. . The Luzon montane rain forests include areas above 1000 meters elevation, and

290-712: The Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the Sarcolaenaceae , a tree family endemic to Madagascar. This suggests that ancestor of the dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of Gondwana , and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed

319-664: The Isabela municipalities of Palanan , Divilacan and Maconacon , as well as portions of San Mariano , Dinapigue , San Pablo , Cabagan , Tumauini and the city of Ilagan . It is bounded on the north by the Dikatayan River, on the south by the Disabungan River, on the west by Cagayan Valley, and on the east by the Philippine Sea . The park is characterized by high mountains with very steep slopes in

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348-684: The Philippine Sea and 3 flow into the Rio Grande de Cagayan as tributaries of the Ilagan River . Palanan River, with a drainage area of 63,571 hectares (157,090 acres) or 29% of the park's total area, is the most extensive, followed by Abuan River and Catalangan River. The Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park is within the Sierra Madre Biogeographic Zone which lies along the eastern side of Central Luzon. It

377-518: The Philippines, covering a total area of about 7,760,000 hectares (19,200,000 acres) – 15.4% of the Philippines' total area. The first important legislation that formed the basis of the current system of national parks and protected areas in the Philippines is Act No. 648, enacted in 1903 by the Philippine Commission . This act authorized the civil governor to "reserve for civil public purposes, and from sale or settlement, any part of

406-691: The Philippines. It is one of the country's ten priority protected areas managed by its own Protected Area Management Board headed by the Regional Executive Director of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources for Region II under the rules set forth in Article III of Republic Act 9125, also known as the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park (NSMNP) Act of 2001. In 2006, the protected area

435-445: The central portion of the range and relatively low hills with dominantly moderate steep slopes towards the coast. Mount Cresta on Sierra Madre's western flank is the highest peak in the park with an elevation of 1,672 metres (5,486 ft). The second highest is Mount Divilacan with an elevation of 1,311 metres (4,301 ft) located on its eastern flank. Northern Sierra Madre is drained by 14 major river systems, 11 of which empty into

464-593: The dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. Although associated with Southeast Asia in contemporary times, recent studies using fossil pollen and molecular data suggest an African origin in the mid-cretaceous. Prior to this research, the first dipterocarp pollen was found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the Indian Plate ) and it dates from the upper Oligocene . The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across

493-590: The first national park in the Philippines established on June 27, 1933, following this act. A series of acts and legislations were passed in the next decades that aimed to further strengthen these policies, including the Revised Forestry Code of 1975 ( Presidential Decree No. 705 ) and Forest Administrative Order No. 7. Following the 1987 Constitution , the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act

522-522: The following classifications described in Section 4 of the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (NIPAS Act).     World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site     World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants with 22 genera and about 695 known species of mainly lowland tropical forest trees . Their distribution

551-408: The impacts of climate change and land cover on the distribution of this important tree family in the Philippines. They used species distribution models (SDMs) for 19 species that were projected onto both current and future climate scenarios, with current land cover incorporated as well. They found that the current land cover alone reduced the species distributions by 67%, and 37% in protected areas. On

580-511: The other hand, climate change reduced species distributions by 16-27% in both protected and unprotected areas. There was also an upward shift in elevation of species distribution as a result of climate change, as habitats changed. They concluded that there was a need to improve protected area planning as refuges for critical species, with SDMs proving to be a useful tool for providing projections that can then be incorporated into this planning process. Another paper by Shishir et al. also investigated

609-719: The park's southwestern portion where cogon grass and talahib grow. The park is home to Indigenous Dumagat and Agta communities. List of protected areas of the Philippines In the Philippines, protected areas are administered by the Biodiversity Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992. As of 2020, there are 244 protected areas in

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638-486: The potential effects of climate change on a threatened Dipterocarp tree in Purbachal, Bangladesh. Using a model that incorporated nine different environmental variables such as climate, geography, and soil conditions, they looked at two climate scenarios. They found that precipitation and soil nitrogen were the largest determinants of distribution, and that suitable habitat for this species will decline by 21-28% relative to

667-529: The predominant trees are oaks and laurels . The park is home to various orchids such as Dendrobium aclinia , the leguminous plant millettia , and species of citrus ( Aurantioideae ). Woodlands cover the largest portion of the park followed by agricultural lands and grasslands. In the coastal municipalities of Palanan and Maconacon where agricultural lands are mostly found, the most common crops are palay , coconut, corn, peanuts, pineapple and other vegetable crops. Grasslands and shrublands are found mainly in

696-989: The public domain not appropriated by law for special public purposes." A total of eight national reserves had been established on July 26, 1904, pursuant to this law. These are the Lamao Forest Reserve in Bataan , Mariquina Reserve in Rizal , Angat River Reserve in Bulacan , Caliraya Falls Reserve in Laguna , La Carlota Reserve in Negros Occidental , San Ramon Reserve in Zamboanga , Magalang Reserve in Pampanga , and Hacienda San Antonio in Isabela . In

725-452: The region into the mid- Miocene . Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the Eocene of India. The oldest fossil of the family are from the latest Cretaceous ( Maastrichtian ) aged Intertrappean Beds of India, assignable to the extant genus Dipterocarpus . Subfamily Pakaraimoideae containing the sole genus Pakaraimaea , formerly placed here and native to

754-542: The same year, the Forest Act of 1904 ( Act No. 1148 ) was adopted that expanded the scope of protected areas in the Philippines. Among the first of such mountain forest reserves to be declared was Mount Maquiling declared on November 21, 1910. On February 1, 1932, the National Parks Act ( Act No. 3195 ) was enacted that formally established the national parks system in the country. Mount Arayat became

783-636: The species of the family occur in Thailand include lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m, riparian fringe, limestone hills, and coastal hills. The dipterocarps has dominated the Borneo lowland rain forests for millions of years. As the dominant tree in Southeast Asia, the Dipterocarp family has seen extensive study relating to its conservation status. They are a keystone species of the native forests of this region, and are essential to their function and structure. One study by Pang et al. examined

812-465: Was added to the Philippines' tentative list of potential UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park lies in the midsection of the Sierra Madre mountain range which stretches from the province of Aurora to Cagayan . It consists of 287,861 hectares (711,320 acres) of land area and 71,652 hectares (177,060 acres) of coastline water area corresponding geographically with

841-400: Was enacted which further enhanced the administration and classification of protected areas and broadened the mandate of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in enforcing its provisions. Protected areas in the Philippines encompasses 4,620,000 hectares (11,400,000 acres) of terrestrial areas and 3,140,000 hectares (7,800,000 acres) of marine areas. They are managed according to

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