Northern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group ( 北八ヶ岳 , Kita-Yatsugatake ) is a volcanic group of stratovolcanoes and lava domes located in Nagano Prefecture on Honshū in Japan .
31-589: The Northern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group is part of the Yatsugatake Mountains . The northern group is defined as the mountains from Mount Futago to Natsuzawa Pass . The highest peak of the mountains is Mount Tengu and the elevation is 2,646 metres. The southern Yatsugatake mountains are steep and have alpine characteristics. The mountains of the Northern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group are gentler and lower. Yatsugatake
62-412: A more progressive form in the direction of carnivory . Apart from its large size, the red fox is distinguished from other fox species by its ability to adapt quickly to new environments. Despite its name, the species often produces individuals with other colourings, including leucistic and melanistic individuals. Forty-five subspecies are currently recognised, which are divided into two categories:
93-449: A pest and furbearer for many centuries, as well as being represented in human folklore and mythology. Because of its widespread distribution and large population, the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the fur trade . Too small to pose a threat to humans, it has extensively benefited from the presence of human habitation, and has successfully colonised many suburban and urban areas . Domestication of
124-633: A rare form of spruce, Picea koyamae . Rock Ptarmigan ( Lagopus muta ) are also native to these mountains, but are under threat due to loss of the Siberian dwarf pine habitat and also due to expansion of the range of the red fox . Humans have enabled the expansion of the red fox by leaving trash behind in the mountains. Also growing in the subalpine zone are Abies veitchii and Abies mariesii . 35°58′15″N 138°22′12″E / 35.9708°N 138.3700°E / 35.9708; 138.3700 Red fox The red fox ( Vulpes vulpes )
155-468: A volcanic mountain range on the border between Nagano Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture on the island of Honshū in Japan . The mountain range consists of two volcanic groups, Northern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group and Southern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group . The two volcanic groups of Yatsugatake, North and South, have different characteristics. The North Yatsugatake mountains are gradual and lower while
186-643: Is Eurasian in origin, and may have evolved from either Vulpes alopecoides or the related Chinese V. chikushanensis , both of which lived during the Middle Villafranchian of the Pleistocene Epoch . The earliest fossil specimens of V. vulpes were uncovered in Baranya County , Hungary , dating from 3.4 to 1.8 million years ago. The ancestral red fox was likely more diminutive compared to today's extant foxes, as
217-413: Is also eaten sometimes. Although the red fox tends to kill smaller predators, including other fox species, it is vulnerable to attack from larger predators, such as wolves , coyotes , golden jackals , large predatory birds such as golden eagles and Eurasian eagle owls , and medium- and large-sized felids . The species has a long history of association with humans, having been extensively hunted as
248-528: Is considered harmful to native small and medium-sized rodents and marsupials . Due to its impact on native species, it is included on the list of the " world's 100 worst invasive species ". The red fox originated in Eurasia during the Middle Pleistocene at least 400,000 years ago and later colonised North America sometime prior to 130,000 years ago. Among the true foxes, the red fox represents
279-508: Is considered to be a more specialised form of Vulpes than the Afghan , corsac and Bengal fox species, in regards to their overall size and adaptation to carnivory ; the skull displays far fewer neotenous traits than in other foxes, and its facial area is more developed. It is, however, not as adapted for a purely carnivorous diet as the Tibetan fox . The sister lineage to the red fox
310-408: Is known; British red foxes have crossbred extensively with red foxes imported from Germany, France, Belgium, Sardinia and possibly Siberia and Scandinavia. However, genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe. Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly agile species, with one red fox covering 320 km (200 mi) in under
341-736: Is listed among the 100 famous mountains in Japan , but this refers to the Southern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group . Mount Tateshina is also mentioned as one of the 100 famous mountains, and it is part of the Northern Yatsugatake mountains, but is listed separately. These mountains are part of the Yatsugatake-Chūshin Kōgen Quasi-National Park . The volcanoes are stratovolcanos that are 1 million to 200,000 years old. The rock
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#1732790389474372-743: Is mainly basalt , dacite , and andesite . Mount Yoko has shown the most recent activity and is now considered an active volcano. It last erupted about 800 years ago. In 888 a debris avalanche on the East side of the volcanic massif caused Lake Matsubara to form. The Tateshina-kogen plateau was formed by a large lava flow. The following peaks and passes, from North to South, make up the Northern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group: Yatsugatake Mountains The Yatsugatake Mountains ( 八ヶ岳連峰 , Yatsugatake-renpō ) are
403-507: Is simply called "the fox" in colloquial British English. The word "fox" comes from Old English , which derived from Proto-Germanic * fuhsaz . Compare with West Frisian foks , Dutch vos , and German Fuchs . This, in turn, derives from Proto-Indo-European * puḱ- 'thick-haired; tail'. Compare to the Hindi pū̃ch 'tail', Tocharian B päkā 'tail; chowrie', and Lithuanian pūkas 'fur / fluff'. The bushy tail also forms
434-497: Is the Rüppell's fox , but the two species are surprisingly closely related through mitochondrial DNA markers, with Rüppell's fox nested inside the lineages of red foxes. Such a nesting of one species within another is called paraphyly . Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain this, including (1) recent divergence of Rüppell's fox from a red fox lineage, (2) incomplete lineage sorting , or introgression of mtDNA between
465-465: Is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora , being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America , Europe and Asia , plus parts of North Africa . It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List . Its range has increased alongside human expansion, having been introduced to Australia , where it
496-755: The Sacramento Valley red fox ( V. v. patwin ) only in a narrow hybrid zone. In addition, no evidence is seen of interbreeding of eastern American red foxes in California with the montane Sierra Nevada red fox ( V. v. necator ) or other populations in the Intermountain West (between the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west). The 3rd edition of Mammal Species of
527-537: The San Joaquin Valley , Monterey and north-coastal San Francisco Bay Area (including urban San Francisco and adjacent cities). In spite of the red fox's adaptability to city life, they are still found in somewhat greater numbers in the northern portions of California (north of the Bay Area) than in the south, as the wilderness is more alpine and isolated. The eastern red foxes appear to have mixed with
558-644: The North American continent in two waves: before and during the Illinoian glaciation , and during the Wisconsinan glaciation . Gene mapping demonstrates that red foxes in North America have been isolated from their Old World counterparts for over 400,000 years, thus raising the possibility that speciation has occurred, and that the previous binomial name of Vulpes fulva may be valid. In
589-647: The South Yatsugatake mountains are steep and are more alpine in nature. The southern group ranges from the Natsuzawa Pass to the end of the mountain range. The northern range includes Mount Yoko to the other end of the range. Mount Tateshina is also included. These mountains form a major part of the Yatsugatake-Chūshin Kōgen Quasi-National Park . These mountains consist of older eroded complex volcanoes , which were made by repeated volcanic eruptions over many thousands years. The last eruption
620-685: The World listed 45 subspecies as valid. In 2010, a distinct 46th subspecies, the Sacramento Valley red fox ( V. v. patwin ), which inhabits the grasslands of the Sacramento Valley, was identified through mitochondrial haplotype studies. Castello (2018) recognized 30 subspecies of the Old World red fox and nine subspecies of the North American red fox as valid. Substantial gene pool mixing between different subspecies
651-506: The basis for the fox's Welsh name, llwynog , literally 'bushy', from llwyn 'bush'. Likewise, Portuguese : raposa from rabo 'tail', Lithuanian uodẽgis from uodegà 'tail', and Ojibwe waagosh from waa , which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail. The scientific term vulpes derives from the Latin word for fox, and gives the adjectives vulpine and vulpecular . The red fox
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#1732790389474682-418: The collection of peaks that exists today. Paul Hunt muses that this might not be far from the truth considering that Yatsugatake is older than Fuji and as Fuji rose in prominence Yatsugatake wore away. Deciduous forests reach up 800-1700m above sea level. Above this zone is the subalpine zone reaching up to 2500m. Siberian dwarf pine inhabits this subalpine zone. On one part of Mount Nishi under 1700m grows
713-477: The earliest red fox fossils have shown a smaller build than living specimens. The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid-Pleistocene, found in association with middens and refuse left by early human settlements. This has led to the theory that the red fox was hunted by primitive humans (as both a source of food and pelts); the possibility also exists of red foxes scavenging from middens or butchered animal carcasses. Red foxes colonised
744-598: The far north, red fox fossils have been found in Sangamonian Stage deposits near the Fairbanks District, Alaska , and Medicine Hat , Alberta . Fossils dating from the Wisconsinan are present in 25 sites across Arkansas , California , Colorado , Idaho , Missouri , New Mexico , Ohio , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , and Wyoming . Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsinan,
775-551: The large northern foxes and the small, basal southern grey desert foxes of Asia and North Africa. Red foxes are usually found in pairs or small groups consisting of families, such as a mated pair and their young, or a male with several females having kinship ties. The young of the mated pair remain with their parents to assist in caring for new kits. The species primarily feeds on small rodents, though it may also target rabbits , squirrels , game birds , reptiles , invertebrates and young ungulates . Fruit and vegetable matter
806-676: The larger subspecies V. v. alascensis , V. v. abietorum , V. v. regalis , and V. v. rubricosa . The southern (or montane) refugium occurs in the subalpine parklands and alpine meadows of the west, from the Rocky Mountains to the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada ranges, consisting of the smaller subspecies V. v. cascadensis , V. v. macroura , V. v. necator , and V. v. patwin . The latter clade has been separated from all other red fox populations since at least
837-524: The last glacial maximum, and may possess unique ecological or physiological adaptations. Although European foxes ( V. v. crucigera ) were introduced to portions of the United States in the 1900s, recent genetic investigation indicates an absence of European fox mitochondrial haplotypes in any North American populations. Additionally, introduced eastern North American red foxes have colonised most of inland California, from Southern California to
868-464: The onset of warm conditions shrank their range toward the north, and they have only recently reclaimed their former North American ranges because of human-induced environmental changes. Genetic testing indicates that two distinct red fox refugia exist in North America, which have been separated since the Wisconsinan. The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada, and consists of
899-503: The red fox is also underway in Russia , and has resulted in the domesticated silver fox . Males are called tods or dogs, females are called vixens, and young are known as cubs or kits. Although the Arctic fox has a small native population in northern Scandinavia, and while the corsac fox 's range extends into European Russia , the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe, and so
930-534: The two species. Based on fossil record evidence, the last scenario seems most likely, which is further supported by the clear ecological and morphological differences between the two species. Arctic fox [REDACTED] Kit fox [REDACTED] Corsac fox [REDACTED] Rüppell's fox [REDACTED] Red fox [REDACTED] Cape fox [REDACTED] Blanford's fox [REDACTED] Fennec fox [REDACTED] Raccoon dog [REDACTED] Bat-eared fox [REDACTED] The species
961-495: Was estimated from 600 to 800 years ago at Mount Yoko of North Yatsugatake Mountains. This is the only remaining active volcano. The other volcanoes are extinct. The volcanoes consist mostly of pyroxene andesite. Yatsugatake also lies nearby to the Fossa Magna ( ja ). According to legend, Yatsugatake was once higher than Mount Fuji , but Konohanasakuya-hime , the goddess of Mount Fuji, tore it down out of jealousy, leaving