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73-718: Northlands may refer to: Northlands (organization) , a non-profit organization in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada that operated venues in the Edmonton Northlands: Northlands Agricom Northlands Coliseum Northlands Park Northlands College , La Ronge, Saskatchewan, Canada Northlands Denesuline First Nation , Manitoba, Canada Northlands Girls' High School , Durban North, South Africa Northlands Boys' High School ,

146-633: A centaur , consisting of two halves. The back end, the beast, represented the more classic material image of power: power through coercion, through brute force, be it physical or economic. But the capitalist hegemony, he argued, depended even more strongly on the front end, the human face, which projected power through 'consent'. In Russia, this power was lacking, allowing for a revolution. However, in Western Europe, specifically in Italy , capitalism had succeeded in exercising consensual power, convincing

219-518: A right of first offer clause, requiring that the Oilers be offered to local investors for a fixed price of US$ 70 million if a current or future owner announces their intent to re-locate it outside of Edmonton. In 1998, Leslie Alexander made an offer to acquire the Oilers, with an intent to re-locate the team to Houston as a companion to his NBA franchise, the Houston Rockets . This triggered

292-660: A $ 48 million loan to cover a recent expansion of the Expo Centre. In 2018, after a failed proposal to redevelop Northlands Park and Rexall Place, Northlands began to close and divest its facilities: it transferred ownership of the Expo Centre and the Coliseum to the city as part of an agreement to forgive its debt. Operations of the Expo Centre were assumed by the Edmonton Economic Development Corporation (now Explore Edmonton ), while

365-530: A Norwegian horse breed See also [ edit ] Northland (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Northlands . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northlands&oldid=1216096323 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

438-414: A company exhibits upward power , subordinates influence the decisions of their leader or leaders. Referent power is the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build loyalty . It is based on the charisma and interpersonal skills of the powerholder. A person may be admired because of a specific personal trait, and this admiration creates the opportunity for interpersonal influence. Here,

511-481: A downtown arena which would become Rogers Place . Northlands anticipated that the 2016 opening of Rogers Place would lead to a major loss in revenue, due to major events being held there instead of the Coliseum. It projected that it would be unable to repay $ 48 million in loans it had received from the city to cover an expansion of the Edmonton Expo Centre . In February 2016, the organization proposed

584-695: A former school in Durban North, South Africa Northlands Park, Basildon , a park in Essex, England Northlands Park, Ontario , an unincorporated railway point in northeastern Ontario, Canada Northlands Road , a residential road in Southampton where the County Ground, Southampton was formerly located. Northlands School , Argentina Northlands Shopping Centre , Christchurch, New Zealand Nordlandshest/Lyngshest or Northlands pony ,

657-761: A friendly offer. In the Marxist tradition, the Italian writer Antonio Gramsci elaborated on the role of ideology in creating a cultural hegemony , which becomes a means of bolstering the power of capitalism and of the nation-state . Drawing on Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince and trying to understand why there had been no Communist revolution in Western Europe while it was claimed there had been one in Russia , Gramsci conceptualised this hegemony as

730-449: A greater variety of power tactics than do introverts. People will also choose different tactics based on the group situation, and based on whom they wish to influence. People also tend to shift from soft to hard tactics when they face resistance. Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, sociologists speak of the "balance of power" between parties to a relationship : all parties to all relationships have some power:

803-462: A householder and their relatives, an employer and their employees, a parent and a child, a political representative and their voters, etc.), and discursive forms, as categories and language may lend legitimacy to some behaviors and groups over others. The term authority is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate or socially approved by the social structure . Scholars have distinguished between soft power and hard power . In

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876-479: A more sophisticated way, helping to sufficiently reflect on matters of responsibility. This perspective permits people to get over an "either-or-position" (either there is power or there is not), which is common, especially in epistemological discourses about power theories, and to introduce the possibility of an "as well as-position". The idea of unmarked categories originated in feminism . As opposed to looking at social difference by focusing on what or whom

949-455: A new indoor arena, and felt that Northlands' plans for the proposed "urban festival" ground was too vague. In July 2017, it was reported that Northlands had discussed divesting its facilities, and refocusing upon promoting agricultural innovation. On August 29, 2017, Edmonton reached an agreement to forgive Northlands' debt, in exchange for the Expo Centre and Coliseum being brought under city ownership effective January 1, 2018. The Expo Centre

1022-502: A now-classic study (1959), social psychologists John R. P. French and Bertram Raven developed a schema of sources of power by which to analyse how power plays work (or fail to work) in a specific relationship. According to French and Raven, power must be distinguished from influence in the following way: power is that state of affairs that holds in a given relationship, A-B, such that a given influence attempt by A over B makes A's desired change in B more likely. Conceived this way, power

1095-399: A person achieve great success. Expert power is an individual's power deriving from the skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those skills and expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified. When they have knowledge and skills that enable them to understand

1168-427: A plural adjective and sees into the milieu as an expression as nothing more than water, air, and light confirming the genus within the milieu, in this case the human species, relates to a function of the population and its social and political interaction in which both form an artificial and natural milieu. This milieu (both artificial and natural) appears as a target of intervention for power, according to Foucault, which

1241-418: A political regime maintains power because people accept and obey its dictates, laws, and policies. Sharp cites the insight of Étienne de La Boétie . Sharp's key theme is that power is not monolithic; that is, it does not derive from some intrinsic quality of those who are in power. For Sharp, political power, the power of any state – regardless of its particular structural organization – ultimately derives from

1314-400: A proposal to build their own arena after being referred to Northlands, with partner Bill Hunter stating that "they asked us to support them because they felt our building would greatly impact and damage them." Despite its emphasis on being a volunteer organization operating in the public interest, historian Tony Cashman observed that Northlands "became a sort of an exclusive club financed by

1387-540: A redevelopment of the Edmonton Northlands that it dubbed Vision 2020 , which included turning the Coliseum into a multi-rink facility, ending horse racing at Northlands Park at the end of the 2016 season and converting it to an outdoor "urban festival" ground, and expanding the Expo Centre's Hall D into a 5,000-seat indoor arena (which it aimed as a venue for minor hockey championships, lacrosse , concerts, and rodeos). Northlands CEO Tim Reid stated that

1460-407: A reduction in A's own power. French and Raven argue that there are five significant categories of such qualities, while not excluding other minor categories. Further bases have since been adduced, in particular by Gareth Morgan in his 1986 book, Images of Organization . Also called "positional power", legitimate power is the power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of

1533-551: A reduction in power promotes inhibition tendencies. A number of studies demonstrate that harsh power tactics (e.g. punishment (both personal and impersonal), rule-based sanctions, and non-personal rewards) are less effective than soft tactics (expert power, referent power, and personal rewards). It is probably because harsh tactics generate hostility, depression, fear, and anger, while soft tactics are often reciprocated with cooperation. Coercive and reward power can also lead group members to lose interest in their work, while instilling

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1606-443: A situation, suggest solutions, use solid judgment, and generally outperform others, then people tend to listen to them. When individuals demonstrate expertise, people tend to trust them and respect what they say. As subject-matter experts, their ideas will have more value, and others will look to them for leadership in that area. Reward power depends on the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards; it refers to

1679-408: A social responsibility. There have also been studies aimed at comparing behavior done in different situations were individuals were given power. In an ultimatum game , the person in given power offers an ultimatum and the recipient would have to accept that offer or else both the proposer and the recipient will receive no reward. In a dictator game , the person in given power offers a proposal and

1752-419: Is a high probability that they will do it. The problem with this basis of power is that the rewarder may not have as much control over rewards as may be required. Supervisors rarely have complete control over salary increases, and managers often cannot control all actions in isolation; even a company CEO needs permission from the board of directors for some actions. When an individual uses up available rewards or

1825-431: Is accepted that women perform masculine tasks, while after the war, the roles are easily reversed. Therefore, according to Barrett, the destruction of capitalist economic relations is necessary but not sufficient for the liberation of women. Eugen Tarnow considers what power hijackers have over air plane passengers and draws similarities with power in the military. He shows that power over an individual can be amplified by

1898-433: Is an "upward power." Policies for policing the internet against these processes as a pathway for creating due process for handling conflicts, abuses, and harm that is done through established processes are known as "downward power." Coercive power is the application of negative influences. It includes the ability to defer or withhold other rewards. The desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld can ensure

1971-464: Is based on the notion that most organisms react to environmental events in two common ways. The reaction of approach is associated with action, self-promotion, seeking rewards, increased energy and movement. Inhibition , on the contrary, is associated with self-protection, avoiding threats or danger, vigilance, loss of motivation and an overall reduction in activity. Overall, approach/inhibition theory holds that power promotes approach tendencies, while

2044-399: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Northlands (organization) Northlands began to decline in the 2010s after the construction of a new downtown arena— Rogers Place —which is operated by the Oilers, and took on most of the major indoor events that had previously been held at Rexall Place. The organization had also taken out

2117-405: Is fundamentally relative; it depends on the specific understandings A and B each apply to their relationship and requires B's recognition of a quality in A that would motivate B to change in the way A intends. A must draw on the 'base' or combination of bases of power appropriate to the relationship to effect the desired outcome. Drawing on the wrong power base can have unintended effects, including

2190-403: Is not innate and can be granted to others, to acquire power one must possess or control a form of power currency. In authoritarian regimes, political power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group of leaders who exercise almost complete control over the government and its institutions. Because some authoritarian leaders are not elected by a majority, their main threat

2263-519: Is perceived to be different, theorists who use the idea of unmarked categories insist that one must also look at how whatever is "normal" comes to be perceived as unremarkable and what effects this has on social relations. Attending the un marked category is thought to be a way to analyze linguistic and cultural practices to provide insight into how social differences, including power, are produced and articulated in everyday occurrences. Feminist linguist Deborah Cameron describes an "unmarked" identity as

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2336-499: Is radically different from the previous notions on sovereignty, territory, and disciplinary space interwoven into social and political relations that function as a species (biological species). Foucault originated and developed the concept of "docile bodies" in his book Discipline and Punish . He writes, "A body is docile that may be subjected, used, transformed and improved. Stewart Clegg proposes another three-dimensional model with his "circuits of power" theory. This model likens

2409-670: Is rarely appropriate in an organizational setting, and relying on these forms of power alone will result in a very cold, impoverished style of leadership. This is a type of power commonly seen in the fashion industry by coupling with legitimate power; it is referred to in the industry-specific literature as "glamorization of structural domination and exploitation". According to Laura K. Guerrero and Peter A. Andersen in Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships : Game theory , with its foundations in

2482-510: Is that posed by the masses. They often maintain their power through political control tactics like: Although several regimes follow these general forms of control, different authoritarian sub-regime types rely on different political control tactics. Power changes those in the position of power and those who are targets of that power. Developed by D. Keltner and colleagues, approach/inhibition theory assumes that having power and using power alters psychological states of individuals. The theory

2555-418: Is the ability to influence or direct the actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors. Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force ( coercion ) by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as institutions ). Power may also take structural forms, as it orders actors in relation to one another (such as distinguishing between a master and an enslaved person ,

2628-466: The COVID-19 pandemic , which required K-Days to be cancelled in both 2020 and 2021. Power (social and political) 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville  ·  Marx ·  Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto ·  Tönnies · Veblen ·  Simmel · Durkheim ·  Addams ·  Mead · Weber ·  Du Bois ·  Mannheim · Elias In political science , power

2701-688: The Edmonton Exhibition Association . The organization consisted of a board, and a group of shareholders invited by the board. Past presidents of Northlands held voting status for life. The board of Northlands often included community members, and local and provincial political figures; this contributed to the power and influence of the group and its members. All of Northlands' board members were unpaid volunteers, although they were typically provided with perks such as free parking, and tickets to events held at its facilities. While also operating as an agricultural society, Northlands

2774-514: The Walrasian theory of rational choice , is increasingly used in various disciplines to help analyze power relationships. One rational-choice definition of power is given by Keith Dowding in his book Power . In rational choice theory, human individuals or groups can be modelled as 'actors' who choose from a 'choice set' of possible actions in order to try to achieve desired outcomes. An actor's 'incentive structure' comprises (its beliefs about)

2847-631: The bystander effect : they found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a "stranger in distress". A study involving over 50 college students suggested that those primed to feel powerful through stating 'power words' were less susceptible to external pressure, more willing to give honest feedback, and more creative. In one paper, power was defined "as a possibility to influence others." Research experiments were done as early as 1968 to explore power conflict. One study concluded that facing one with more power leads to strategic consideration whereas facing one with less power leads to

2920-557: The Coliseum was closed. Northlands Park closed in October 2018, being replaced by the Century Mile Racetrack and Casino in 2019. Amid further economic issues caused by the COVID-19 pandemic , Northlands was dissolved on July 5, 2021; stewardship of its events have been transferred to Explore Edmonton. Northlands was established in 1879, prior to the official incorporation of the city of Edmonton, and initially known as

2993-490: The Oilers' owners (including its later Katz Group ownership) and Northlands over aspects such as location (such as building it as part of a downtown sports and entertainment district ), and whether Northlands would be involved in the new arena or related venues at all (with one proposal having Northlands operate a downtown casino near the arena, which would contribute a share of revenue to the new arena). The team's ownership, Oilers Entertainment Group , ultimately decided on

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3066-499: The anthropologist David Graeber as 'a collection of social institutions set in opposition to the state and capital: from self-governing communities to radical labor unions to popular militias'. Graeber also notes that counter-power can also be referred to as 'anti-power' and 'when institutions [of counter-power] maintain themselves in the face of the state, this is usually referred to as a 'dual power' situation'. Tim Gee , in his 2011 book Counterpower: Making Change Happen , put forward

3139-578: The apparatus as efficiently and silently as possible, ensuring its agents do whatever is necessary. It is because of this action that power is unlikely to be detected and remains elusive to 'rational' investigation. Foucault quotes a text reputedly written by political economist Jean Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon , entitled Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France (1778), but turns out to be written by his secretary Jean-Baptise Moheau (1745–1794), and by emphasizing biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck , who constantly refers to milieus as

3212-425: The chance to determine the actions and thoughts of another person, whereas destructive power means the chance to diminish the opportunities of another person. How significant this distinction really is, becomes evident by looking at the possibilities of rejecting power attempts: Rejecting instructive power is possible; rejecting destructive power is not. By using this distinction, proportions of power can be analyzed in

3285-408: The costs associated with different actions in the choice set and the likelihoods that different actions will lead to desired outcomes. In this setting, we can differentiate between: This framework can be used to model a wide range of social interactions where actors have the ability to exert power over others. For example, a 'powerful' actor can take options away from another's choice set; can change

3358-401: The default, which requires no explicit acknowledgment. Heterosexuality, for instance, is unmarked, assumed as the norm, unlike homosexuality, which is "marked" and requires clearer signaling as it differs from the majority. Similarly, masculinity is often unmarked, while femininity is marked, leading to studies that examine distinctive features in women’s speech, whereas men’s speech is treated as

3431-419: The degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind, such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions, or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious, but it is also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or be reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'. If others expect to be rewarded for doing what someone wants, there

3504-405: The episodic circuit are both positive and negative. The dispositional circuit is constituted of macro level rules of practice and socially constructed meanings that inform member relations and legitimate authority. The facilitative circuit is constituted of macro level technology, environmental contingencies, job design, and networks, which empower or disempower and thus punish or reward agency in

3577-769: The episodic circuit. All three independent circuits interact at "obligatory passage points", which are channels for empowerment or disempowerment. John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) in The Anatomy of Power (1983) summarizes the types of power as " condign " (based on force ), "compensatory" (through the use of various resources) or "conditioned" (the result of persuasion ), and the sources of power as " personality " (individuals), " property " (power-wielders' material resources), and/or " organizational " (from sitting higher in an organisational power structure). Gene Sharp , an American professor of political science, believes that power ultimately depends on its bases. Thus,

3650-431: The holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate power is formal authority delegated to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various attributes of power, such as a uniform , a title, or an imposing physical office. In simple terms, power can be expressed as being upward or downward . With downward power , a company 's superiors influence subordinates to attain organizational goals. When

3723-418: The neutral standard. Although the unmarked category is typically not explicitly noticed and often goes overlooked, it is still necessarily visible . The term 'counter-power' (sometimes written 'counterpower') is used in a range of situations to describe the countervailing force that can be utilised by the oppressed to counterbalance or erode the power of elites. A general definition has been provided by

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3796-441: The obedience of those under power. Coercive power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power, as it builds resentment and resistance from the people who experience it. Threats and punishment are common tools of coercion. Implying or threatening that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given undesirable assignments – these are characteristics of using coercive power. Extensive use of coercive power

3869-422: The organization, due to it having developed and constructed the sites. In 1994, caving to demands by Oilers owner Peter Pocklington (who had threatened to re-locate the team if he were not given the revenue from all events held at the venue), Northlands rented the Coliseum to him for $ 2.8 million per-year, under the condition that the Oilers remain in Edmonton through at least 2004. The rent agreement included

3942-475: The person under power desires to identify with these personal qualities and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower. Nationalism and patriotism count towards an intangible sort of referent power. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor of the country. This is the second-least obvious power but the most effective. Advertisers have long used the referent power of sports figures for product endorsements, for example. The charismatic appeal of

4015-480: The plan was part of its effort to exit the "big arena game" and "find new ways to serve our community, as we have for over 137 years." In August 2016, the Edmonton City Council rejected the proposal, citing that its budget was greatly underestimated due to its failure to account for design, public consultation, and a request by Northlands for its loan to be forgiven. It also questioned the demand for

4088-411: The presence of a group. If the group conforms to the leader's commands, the leader's power over an individual is greatly enhanced, while if the group does not conform, the leader's power over an individual is nil. For Michel Foucault , the real power will always rely on the ignorance of its agents. No single human, group, or actor runs the dispositif (machine or apparatus), but power is dispersed through

4161-444: The production and organization of power to an electric circuit board consisting of three distinct interacting circuits: episodic, dispositional, and facilitative. These circuits operate at three levels: two are macro and one is micro. The episodic circuit is at the micro level and is constituted of irregular exercise of power as agents address feelings, communication, conflict, and resistance in day-to-day interrelations. The outcomes of

4234-517: The public" amid the Oilers' prominence under Wayne Gretzky , having "[gradually] redefined itself unilaterally as an entertainment giant, retaining the perks of an agriculture society and the insider position of an implied partner of the city." In 1989, the Northlands grounds were expropriated by the City of Edmonton and leased to Northlands under a 30-year term. The decision was met with criticism by

4307-464: The question of the possibilities of interpersonal influence by developing a special form of constructivism (named relational constructivism ). Instead of focusing on the valuation and distribution of power, he asks first and foremost what the term can describe at all. Coming from Max Weber 's definition of power, he realizes that the term power has to be split into "instructive power" and "destructive power". More precisely, instructive power means

4380-416: The recipient would have to accept that offer. The recipient has no choice of rejecting the offer. The dictator game gives no power to the recipient whereas the ultimatum game gives some power to the recipient. The behavior observed was that the person offering the proposal would act less strategically than would the one offering in the ultimatum game. Self-serving also occurred and a lot of pro-social behavior

4453-438: The relative costs of actions; can change the likelihood that a given action will lead to a given outcome; or might simply change the other's beliefs about its incentive structure. As with other models of power, this framework is neutral as to the use of 'coercion'. For example, a threat of violence can change the likely costs and benefits of different actions; so can a financial penalty in a 'voluntarily agreed' contract, or indeed

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4526-460: The revenue from all other events held at the Coliseum—which included the increasing number of concerts hosted by the arena. The city contributed $ 2.5 million per-year in grant money to compensate for the former rent agreement with Pocklington. With the Coliseum lagging behind newer NHL arenas in terms of amenities, discussions began over the construction of a new arena. Conflicts emerged between

4599-446: The rewards do not have enough perceived value for others, their power weakens. One of the frustrations of using rewards is that they often need to be bigger each time if they are to have the same motivational impact. Even then, if rewards are given frequently, people can become so satiated by the reward it loses its effectiveness. In terms of cancel culture , the mass ostracization used to reconcile unchecked injustice and abuse of power

4672-493: The sale clause, and resulted in a consortium known as the Edmonton Investors Group (EIG) reaching an agreement to acquire the Oilers and keep them in Edmonton. EIG reached an agreement to pay the Coliseum's operating costs and $ 1 in rent per-year, in exchange for the ability to retain revenue (such as ticket surcharges) from hockey events and the sale of naming rights . Northlands would continue to receive

4745-514: The sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of constraint rather than of power. In this context, "power" has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of "power", and its meaning would be lost. Given that power

4818-501: The sports star supposedly leads to an acceptance of the endorsement, although the individual may have little real credibility outside the sports arena. Abuse is possible when someone who is likable yet lacks integrity and honesty rises to power, placing them in a situation to gain personal advantage at the cost of the group's position. Referent power is unstable alone and is not enough for a leader who wants longevity and respect. When combined with other sources of power, however, it can help

4891-426: The subjects of the state. His fundamental belief is that any power structure relies upon the subjects' obedience to the orders of the ruler(s). If subjects do not obey, leaders have no power. His work is thought to have been influential in the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević , in the 2011 Arab Spring , and other nonviolent revolutions. Björn Kraus deals with the epistemological perspective on power regarding

4964-403: The theory that those disempowered by governments' and elite groups' power can use counterpower to counter this. In Gee's model, counterpower is split into three categories: idea counterpower , economic counterpower , and physical counterpower . Although the term has come to prominence through its use by participants in the global justice/ anti-globalization movement of the 1990s onwards,

5037-924: The word has been used for at least 60 years; for instance, Martin Buber 's 1949 book 'Paths in Utopia' includes the line 'Power abdicates only under the stress of counter-power'. Recent experimental psychology suggests that the more power one has, the less one takes on the perspective of others, implying that the powerful have less empathy . Adam Galinsky , along with several coauthors, found that when those who are reminded of their powerlessness are instructed to draw Es on their forehead, they are 3 times more likely to draw them such that they are legible to others than those who are reminded of their power. Powerful people are also more likely to take action. In one example, powerful people turned off an irritatingly close fan twice as much as less powerful people. Researchers have documented

5110-440: The working classes that their interests were the same as those of capitalists. In this way, a revolution had been avoided. While Gramsci stresses the significance of ideology in power structures, Marxist-feminist writers such as Michele Barrett stress the role of ideologies in extolling the virtues of family life. The classic argument to illustrate this point of view is the use of women as a ' reserve army of labour '. In wartime, it

5183-860: Was brought under the Edmonton Economic Development Corporation alongside the downtown Edmonton Convention Centre , while the Coliseum was formally closed at that time. Northlands Park hosted its final horse races in October 2018, and its casino closed in January 2019. Northlands Park was succeeded by the new Century Mile Racetrack and Casino south of the city in April 2019. On June 10, 2021, Northlands announced that it would dissolve effective July 5, 2021, and that stewardship of Farmfair International and K-Days would be assumed by Explore Edmonton moving forward. The group's financial difficulties had been further impacted by

5256-652: Was observed. When the counterpart recipient is completely powerless, lack of strategy, social responsibility and moral consideration is often observed from the behavior of the proposal given (the one with the power). Tactics that political actors use to obtain their goals include using overt aggression , collaboration , or even manipulation . One can classify such power tactics along three different dimensions: People tend to vary in their use of power tactics, with different types of people opting for different tactics. For instance, interpersonally oriented people tend to use soft and rational tactics. Moreover, extroverts use

5329-526: Was well known as an operator of venues in Edmonton; after the downtown Thistle Rink was destroyed in a fire, the association adapted a new livestock pavilion it had constructed in 1913 to be usable as a hockey rink , resulting in what was later renamed Edmonton Gardens after an expansion in 1948. Northlands later oversaw the construction of its replacement, the Northlands Coliseum . The Edmonton Oilers ' original owner Charles Allard abandoned

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