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75-536: The 1994 Northridge earthquake affected the Los Angeles area of California on January 17, 1994, at 04:30:55 PST . The epicenter of the moment magnitude 6.7 ( M w ) blind thrust earthquake was beneath the San Fernando Valley . Lasting approximately 8 seconds and achieving the largest peak ground acceleration of over 1.7 g , it was the largest earthquake in the area since 1971 . Shaking

150-791: A water gap may occur. In these, erosion from a stream occurs faster than mountain uplift, resulting in a gorge or valley that runs through a mountain range from low-lying country on one side to similar country on the other. Examples of such water gaps include the Manawatū Gorge in New Zealand and the Cumberland Narrows in Maryland . The removal of mass from a region will be isostatically compensated by crustal rebound. If we take into consideration typical crustal and mantle densities, erosion of an average 100 meters of rock across

225-527: A broad, uniform surface will cause the crust to isostatically rebound about 85 meters and will cause only a 15-meter loss of mean surface elevation. An example of isostatic uplift is post-glacial rebound following the melting of ice sheets . The Hudson Bay region of Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, and Fennoscandia are currently undergoing gradual rebound as a result of

300-546: A handful reach the surface. Seismic observatories recorded 3,000 aftershocks greater than magnitude 1.5 in the three weeks following the mainshock . By comparing previous aftershock sequences in California against a decay rate equation, the Northridge aftershock activity was highly energetic but decayed marginally quicker than average. The strongest aftershock, measuring M w   5.9, was recorded one minute after

375-561: A larger system of faults within the 160 km (99 mi) "Big Bend" stepover of the San Andreas Fault. Crustal compression occurs along this bend of the San Andreas Fault. The Transverse Range and Los Angeles basin hosts east–west striking thrust faults and folds that accommodate over 10 mm (0.39 in) of the compressive motion annually. This zone comprises north and south dipping faults that run subparallel to each other. Most of these faults are buried structures and only

450-621: A man's suicide possibly inspired by the loss of his business in the disaster. More than 8,700 were injured including 1,600 who required hospitalization. Actress Iris Adrian died in September 1994 from complications of a broken hip she suffered in the earthquake. Sixteen people were killed as a result of the collapse of the Northridge Meadows apartment complex. The Northridge Fashion Center and California State University, Northridge also sustained very heavy damage – most notably

525-508: A more modest uplift over a large region. Perhaps the most extreme form of orogenic uplift is a continental-continental crustal collision. In this process, two continents are sutured together, and large mountain ranges are produced. The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates is a good example of the extent to which orogenic uplift can reach. Heavy thrust faulting (of the Indian plate beneath

600-531: A north–northeast dipping thrust fault beneath the San Gabriel Mountains. Motion during the Northridge event occurred along a south–southwest dipping blind thrust fault beneath the valley. The rupture propagated upward and northwestward along the fault plane for eight seconds at speeds of ~3 km (1.9 mi) per second. The fault planes that produced both earthquakes run parallel to each other. Several other faults experienced minor rupture during

675-463: A relatively small role, and high peak formation can be more attributed to tectonic processes. Direct measures of the elevation change of the land surface can only be used to estimate erosion or bedrock uplift rates when other controls (such as changes in mean surface elevation, volume of eroded material, timescales and lags of isostatic response, variations in crustal density) are known. In a few cases, tectonic uplift can be seen in coral islands . This

750-548: A reverse-mechanism event. A possible explanation for the high pga is due to the large seismic moment release within a small fault rupture. A peak ground velocity (pgv) of 148 cm (58 in) per second was measured at a station in Granada Hills . At the Sylmar county hospital, 15 km (9.3 mi) north–northeast of the epicenter, the pgv in the horizontal component was 130 cm (51 in) per second. South of

825-764: A sharp drop in student enrollment. CSUN received financial assistance for its efforts in reestablishing the damaged buildings with monetary gifts from the McCarthy Foundation, the Common Wealth Fund, and the Union Bank Foundation. In addition, the campus received a $ 23,000 check (equivalent to $ 47,000 today) from the Los Angeles Times Valley Edition for the journalism department. CSUN also received assistance from government agencies FEMA and OES to support

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900-485: A significant number of them were larger than 100,000 m (3,500,000 cu ft). Rotational block slides were thought to be in the tens or hundreds, including a handful measuring over 100,000 m (3,500,000 cu ft). The largest block slide measured 8 million cubic metres (280 × 10 ^  cu ft). A majority of them occurred in the weak Tertiary to Pleistocene sediments and were previous landslides that became reactivated. A seismometer at

975-687: Is thrust onto continental crust. Basically nappes (thrust sheets) from each plate collide and begin to stack one on top of the other; evidence of this process can be seen in preserved ophiolitic nappes (preserved in the Himalayas ) and in rocks with an inverted metamorphic gradient . The preserved inverted metamorphic gradient indicates that nappes were actually stacked on top of each other so quickly that hot rocks did not have time to equilibrate before being thrust on top of cool rocks. The process of nappe stacking can only continue for so long, as gravity will eventually disallow further vertical growth (there

1050-487: Is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC−08:00 ). During daylight saving time , a time offset of UTC−07:00 is used. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, time in this zone

1125-482: Is an upper limit to vertical mountain growth). Although the raised surfaces of mountain ranges mainly result from crustal thickening, there are other forces at play that are responsible for the tectonic activity. All tectonic processes are driven by gravitational force when density differences are present. A good example of this would be the large-scale circulation of the Earth's mantle . Lateral density variations near

1200-427: Is caused by inhaling airborne spores of the fungus. The 203 cases reported, of which three resulted in fatalities, constituted roughly 10 times the normal rate in the initial eight weeks. This was the first report of such an outbreak following an earthquake, and it is believed that the spores were carried in large clouds of dust created by seismically triggered landslides. Most of the cases occurred immediately downwind of

1275-679: Is evidenced by the presence of various oceanic islands composed entirely of coral , which otherwise appear to be volcanic islands . Examples of such islands are found in the Pacific, notably the three phosphate islets of Nauru , Makatea , and Banaba , as well as Maré and Lifou in New Caledonia ; Fatu Huku in the Marquesas Islands ; and Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands . The uplift of these islands

1350-452: Is known to be sensitive to temperature and rainfall. The magnitude of the exhumation a rock has been subjected to may be inferred from geothermobarometry (measuring previous pressure and temperature history of a rock or assemblage). Knowing the pressure and temperature history of a region can yield an estimate of the ambient geothermal gradient and bounds on the exhumation process; however, geobarometric/geothermometric studies do not produce

1425-466: Is near the epicenter, where the control tower suffered from radar failure and panel collapse. The airport was reopened in stages after the quake. California State University, Northridge , was the closest university to the epicenter. Many campus buildings were heavily damaged and a parking structure collapsed. Many classes were moved to temporary structures. Much of the campus infrastructure were damaged and there were multiple fires and explosions throughout

1500-404: Is proportional to the rate of increase of average surface height. The highest rates of working against gravity are required when the thickness of the crust (not the lithosphere) changes. Lithospheric flexure is the process by which the lithosphere bends under the action of forces such as the weight of a growing orogeny or changes in ice thickness related to glaciation. The lithosphere rests on

1575-476: Is referred to as Pacific Standard Time (PST) when standard time is being observed (early November to mid-March), and Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) when daylight saving time (mid-March to early November) is being observed. In Mexico , the corresponding time zone is known as the Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone) and observes the same daylight saving schedule as the United States and Canada. The largest city in

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1650-450: Is specified. Molnar and England identify three kinds of displacement to which the term "uplift" is applied: This simple equation relates the three kinds of displacement: The term geoid is used above to mean mean sea level and makes a good frame of reference. A given displacement within this frame of reference allows one to quantify the amount of work being done against gravity. Measuring uplift and exhumation can be tricky. Measuring

1725-642: Is split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: The border between time zones in British Columbia was decided in a 1972 plebiscite held in northeastern and southeastern electoral districts due to their ties to neighboring Alberta . As of September 24, 2020, Yukon officially switched from the Pacific Time Zone to a time zone "to be reckoned as seven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−7)" after deciding to stop observing daylight saving time. In Mexico ,

1800-409: Is the result of the movement of oceanic tectonic plates. Sunken islands or guyots with their coral reefs are the result of crustal subsidence as the oceanic plate carries the islands to deeper or lower oceanic crust areas. The word "uplift" refers to displacement contrary to the direction of the gravity vector, and displacement is only defined when the object being displaced and the frame of reference

1875-507: The 1971 San Fernando earthquake , even though it had been rebuilt with minor improvements to the structural components. LAPD motorcycle officer Clarence Wayne Dean died because of the collapse of the Newhall Pass interchange, falling 40 feet from the damaged connector from southbound 14 to southbound I-5. He likely did not realize until too late in the early morning darkness that the elevated roadway had collapsed. The rebuilt interchange

1950-618: The Westside . Additionally, many businesses were forced to relocate or use temporary facilities in order to accommodate structural damage to their original locations or the difficulty accessing them. Some people even made temporary relocations closer to their jobs while their homes or neighborhoods were being rebuilt. The Northridge earthquake led to a number of legislative changes. Due to the large amount lost by insurance companies, most insurance companies either stopped offering or severely restricted earthquake insurance in California. In response,

2025-813: The Zona Noroeste , which corresponds to Pacific Time in the United States and Canada, includes: Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone: Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone : One state is split between the Pacific Time Zone (unofficially), the Alaska Time Zone , and the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone : Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−08:00) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−07:00) at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on

2100-487: The asthenosphere , a viscous layer that in geological time scales behaves like a fluid. Thus, when loaded, the lithosphere progressively reaches an isostatic equilibrium. For example, the lithosphere on the oceanward side of an oceanic trench at a subduction zone will curve upwards due to the elastic properties of the Earth's crust. Orogenic uplift is the result of tectonic-plate collisions and results in mountain ranges or

2175-494: The hypocenter 's geographical coordinates at 34°12′47″N 118°32′13″W  /  34.213°N 118.537°W  / 34.213; -118.537 and at a depth of 11.31 miles (18.20 km). Measuring M w 6.7, it was the largest earthquake recorded in the Los Angeles area since the 1971 San Fernando earthquake (M w   6.7). However, unlike the Northridge earthquake, the San Fernando shock occurred on

2250-404: The 1960s sitcom My Living Doll were destroyed. Portions of a number of major roads and freeways, including Interstate 10 over La Cienega Boulevard , and the interchanges of Interstate 5 with California State Route 14 , 118 , and Interstate 210 , were closed because of structural failure or collapse. James E. Roberts was chief bridge engineer with Caltrans and was placed in charge of

2325-659: The 2010s. 59 percent of voters in California approved a 2018 ballot proposition that authorizes the legislature to use year-round daylight time, pending Congressional approval. The Washington State Legislature passed a bill in May 2019 that would move the state to permanent daylight time, subject to Congressional approval; the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a similar bill a month later, while California's attempt failed. The provincial government of British Columbia announced in 2019 that they would follow

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2400-635: The California Legislature created the California Earthquake Authority (CEA), which is a publicly managed but privately funded organization that offers minimal coverage. A substantial effort was also made to reinforce freeway bridges against seismic shaking, and a law requiring water heaters to be properly strapped was passed in 1995. The analysis of the effect of Northridge earthquake on behavior of structures has been investigated by many researchers. For example,

2475-528: The Cedar Hill Nursery in Tarzana observed the greatest horizontal peak ground acceleration (pga) at 1.82 g , 7 km (4.3 mi) south of the epicenter. The recording was one of the largest observed during an earthquake at the time, yet buildings in the immediate vicinity only sustained broken windows and cracked walls and driveways. It garnered international scientific interest who visited

2550-524: The Eurasian plate) and folding are responsible for the suturing together of the two plates. The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates produced the Himalayas and is also responsible for crustal thickening north into Siberia . The Pamir Mountains , Tian Shan , Altai , Hindu Kush , and other mountain belts are all examples of mountain ranges formed in response to the collision of the Indian with

2625-815: The Eurasian plate. The Ozark Plateau is a broad uplifted area which resulted from the Permian Ouachita Orogeny to the south in the states of Arkansas , Oklahoma , and Texas . Another related uplift is the Llano Uplift in Texas, a geographical location named after its uplift features. The Colorado Plateau which includes the Grand Canyon is the result of broad tectonic uplift followed by river erosion . When mountains rise slowly, either due to orogenic uplift or other processes (e.g., rebound after glaciation ), an unusual feature known as

2700-614: The Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles , whose metropolitan area is also the largest in the time zone. The zone is two hours ahead of the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone , one hour ahead of the Alaska Time Zone , one hour behind the Mountain Time Zone , two hours behind the Central Time Zone , three hours behind the Eastern Time Zone , and four hours behind the Atlantic Time Zone . One Canadian province

2775-504: The Santa Susana Mountains were thrusted up 40 cm (16 in). Across the northern valley area, uplift was as much as 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in). The neighborhood of Northridge was raised 20 cm (7.9 in). The USGS described the surface above the zone of greatest fault displacement as compressed into an "asymmetric dome-shaped uplift". There was also 22 cm (8.7 in) of horizontal deformation which

2850-643: The U.S. states in whether the time changes were kept or removed in order to maintain a unified time zone. In 2020, Idaho passed legislation to allow for permanent daylight time for the Pacific Time Zone. Congressional approval was sought through the Sunshine Protection Act , which was submitted several times and passed by the U.S. Senate in 2022, but its equivalent in the House of Representatives failed to pass. Tectonic uplift Tectonic uplift results in denudation (processes that wear away

2925-546: The behavior of underground walls has been evaluated for the Northridge earthquake using numerical methods. The comparison of the seismic behavior of underground braced walls with ACI 318 design method reveals that bending moment and shear force of the walls under Northridge earthquake loads were observed to reach 2.8 and 2.7 times as large as the respective allowable limits. Therefore, caution should be taken in seismic design of diaphragm walls using ACI 318 code requirements. Pacific Time Zone The Pacific Time Zone ( PT )

3000-654: The bottom) performed poorly. Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas lines from houses shifting off their foundations or unsecured water heaters tumbling. Slope side homes supported on one side by a concrete foundation and stilts on the other were also prone to collapse such as in Sherman Oaks where nine stilt homes crashed down a slope, killing four. In the San Fernando Valley, several underground gas and water lines were severed, resulting in some streets experiencing simultaneous fires and floods. Damage to

3075-401: The burden on nearby hospitals that were still operational. As a result, the state legislature passed a law requiring all hospitals in California to ensure that their acute care units and emergency rooms would be in earthquake-resistant buildings by January 1, 2005. Most were unable to meet this deadline and only managed to achieve compliance in 2008 or 2009. The production of movies and TV shows

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3150-497: The campus. The earthquake damaged several buildings and destroyed all communications, including telephone lines, and caused computer systems to shut down. Two CSUN students died at the Northridge Meadows Complex along with 14 other residents. All 58 buildings on campus sustained significant damage, resulting in a $ 406 million recovery effort. The Oviatt Library experienced both interior and exterior damage, but

3225-837: The collapse of parking structures. The earthquake also gained worldwide attention because of damage to the vast freeway network, which serves millions of commuters every day. The most notable was to the Santa Monica Freeway, Interstate 10 , known as the busiest freeway in the United States, congesting nearby surface roads for three months while the freeway was repaired. Farther north, the Newhall Pass interchange of Interstate 5 (the Golden State Freeway ) and State Route 14 (the Antelope Valley Freeway ) collapsed as it had 23 years earlier in

3300-491: The earth's surface) by raising buried rocks closer to the surface. This process can redistribute large loads from an elevated region to a topographically lower area as well – thus promoting an isostatic response in the region of denudation (which can cause local bedrock uplift). The timing, magnitude, and rate of denudation can be estimated by geologists using pressure-temperature studies. Crustal thickening has an upward component of motion and often occurs when continental crust

3375-441: The earthquake's effects on the university. The damage delayed the start of the 1994 Spring semester by two weeks. The campus mobilised 335 makeshift structures for its usage. Some 25 classes were held at Pierce College, LA City College and UCLA, while others were outdoors or in trailer buildings. The campus was unable to use any of its classrooms because of the damage the buildings sustained. CSUN President Dr. Blenda Wilson assured

3450-681: The first Sunday in April, and returned at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. The United States Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , which moved the local time changes from PST to PDT to the second Sunday in March and the reversal from PDT to PST to the first Sunday in November. Like other Canadian provinces that observe daylight time , British Columbia adopted

3525-537: The hospital, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Rinaldi Receiving Station recorded a pgv exceeding 170 cm (67 in) per second. Damage occurred up to 85 miles (137 km) away although it was concentrated in the west San Fernando Valley, and the cities and neighborhoods of Santa Monica , Hollywood , Simi Valley , and Santa Clarita . The Historic Egyptian Theater in Hollywood

3600-412: The intense shaking was localised and most of the city was unharmed. A possible contributing factor for the effect is the local soil condition and topography. The maximum vertical pga recorded at the same station was 1.18 g . Several sites in the valley also recorded pga exceeding 1.0 g . There were over 200 recordings of pga exceeding 0.01 g , and the horizontal component pga was larger than average for

3675-765: The landslides. With the earthquake taking place during the night, and with the power out, many people were able to see a dark night sky for the first time. Emergency services and the Griffith Observatory received many calls from people worried about a "giant, silvery cloud" in the sky, which was identified as being the Milky Way . This anecdote is often used when talking about light pollution . Eleven hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or rendered unusable. Not only were they unable to serve their local neighborhoods, but they also had to transfer out their inpatient populations, which further increased

3750-483: The main shock and other ruptures occurred during large aftershocks, or triggered events. The previously undiscovered fault that ruptured in 1994 was subsequently named the Northridge Blind Thrust Fault or Pico Thrust Fault. Thrust faulting in the northern Los Angeles basin occurs in response to north–south crustal shortening. The fault responsible for the earthquake represented a component of

3825-463: The mainshock. That event and its aftershocks were distributed along a 10 km (6.2 mi) strike and vertically within the crust, likely associated with faults that did not rupture during the mainshock. The earthquake caused uplift across 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) including the San Fernando Valley. Global Positioning System observations indicate the maximum uplift was 70 cm (28 in). Direct observations at Oat Mountain suggest

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3900-477: The mainshock. These aftershocks were distributed in three zones; the first zone illuminated a fault structure dipping 35° to 45° at a depth range of 8–19 km (5.0–11.8 mi). Another aftershock zone at shallower depth suggested diffuse tectonic behavior of an anticline above. The third aftershock cluster was in the Santa Susana Mountains after a M w   5.6 aftershock 11 hours after

3975-451: The melting of ice sheets 10,000 years ago. Crustal thickening, which for example is currently occurring in the Himalayas due to the continental collision between the Indian and the Eurasian plates, can also lead to surface uplift; but due to the isostatic sinking of thickened crust, the magnitude of surface uplift will only be about one-sixth of the amount of crustal thickening. Therefore, in most convergent boundaries , isostatic uplift plays

4050-421: The nine Los Angeles community colleges. In the weeks following the quake, many San Fernando Valley residents had either lost their homes entirely or experienced structural damage too severe to continue living in them without making repairs. Although the vast majority of homes in the area, with the exception of a few particular neighborhoods, were relatively unaffected; many feared an aftershock to rival or exceed

4125-593: The overall frame of the central part of the building remained stable, allowing student use to continue. In the Science Complex, Building #1 and #2 suffered fire damage while the bridges connecting buildings #3 and #4 were closed and named unstable. The University Tower apartments, Fine Arts Building and the South Library were damaged beyond repair and demolished. Photographs of the recently constructed Parking Structure C which collapsed became synonymous with

4200-503: The ranch in the aftermath to install additional instruments to record the aftershocks. The USGS Strong Motion Instrumentation Program ruled out technical malfunction and ground amplification effects, stating that the abnormally high pga recorded by a rock-bolted seismometer was authentic. The same site also recorded an unusually high pga (0.65 g ) during a 1987 earthquake , though no abnormal readings were found during earthquakes in 1991 and 1992 . USGS seismologist Rufus Catchings suggested

4275-617: The recovery effort and serve the needs of the local community. UCLA's Westwood campus opened their doors and allowed CSUN students to use their libraries while providing shuttle buses to and from the university. Universal Studios Hollywood shut down the Earthquake attraction, based on the 1974 motion picture blockbuster, Earthquake . It was closed for the second time since the Loma Prieta earthquake . Angel Stadium of Anaheim (then known as Anaheim Stadium) suffered some damage when

4350-411: The remainder of 1994. The Los Angeles Unified School District closed local schools throughout the area, which reopened one week later. UCLA and other local universities were also shut down. The University of Southern California suffered some structural damage to several older campus buildings, but classes were conducted as scheduled. Pierce College suffered $ 2 million in damages, the most affected of

4425-496: The rental of temporary structures to be placed in available spaces throughout the campus. An estimated $ 350 million (equivalent to $ 720 million today) was used to supply the number of trailers and domes which housed classes and administration offices. Enrollment dropped by approximately 1,000 students, leaving some homeless as dormitories were closed due to damage that rendered them unsafe and which required repair. The seismic event led to millions of dollars worth of damage resulting in

4500-527: The same dates in April 2006, to take effect in March 2007 alongside the U.S. Several Mexican states, including Baja California, implemented the new dates for the daylight time changes in 2010, ending a three-year period where cities across the Mexico–United States border had a one-hour difference for two months a year. Proposals to abolish the bi-annual time change and adopt year-round standard time or daylight time gained popularity among U.S. states in

4575-745: The scoreboard fell into the seats, forcing a Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group off-road race at the ballpark to be postponed from that upcoming weekend to February 12. Numerous Los Angeles museums, including the Art Deco Building in Hollywood , were closed, as were numerous city shopping malls. Gazzarri's nightclub suffered irreparable damage and had to be torn down. The city of Santa Monica suffered significant damage. Many multifamily apartment buildings in Santa Monica were yellow-tagged and red-tagged . An especially hard hit area

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4650-806: The seismic retrofit program for Caltrans until his death in 2006. Rail service was briefly interrupted, with full Amtrak and expanded Metrolink service resuming in stages in the days after the quake. Interruptions to road transport caused Metrolink to experiment with service to Camarillo in February and Oxnard in April, which continues today as the Ventura County Line , and extended the Antelope Valley Line almost ten years ahead of schedule. Six new stations opened in six weeks. Metrolink leased equipment from Amtrak, San Francisco's Caltrain , and Toronto, Canada's GO Transit to handle

4725-542: The severity of the first one. While a notable aftershock never came, many residents opted to stay in shelters or live with friends and family outside the area for a short time following. While many businesses remained closed in the days following the quake, some infrastructure was not able to be rebuilt for months, even years later. The daily commute for many drivers in the weeks following was significantly lengthened, notably for those traveling between Santa Clarita and Los Angeles , and commuters on I-10 traveling to and from

4800-642: The sudden onslaught of passengers. Amtrak ceased service in the Pasadena Subdivision following structural damage to a rail bridge in Arcadia and redirected all rail traffic through Riverside and Fullerton . All MTA bus lines operated service with detours and delays on the day of the quake. Los Angeles International Airport and other airports in the area were also shut down as a 2-hour precaution, including Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport (now Hollywood Burbank Airport ) and Van Nuys Airport , which

4875-417: The surface (such as the creation, cooling, and subduction of oceanic plates ) also drive plate motion. The dynamics of mountain ranges are governed by differences in the gravitational energy of entire columns of the lithosphere (see isostasy ). If a change in surface height represents an isostatically compensated change in crustal thickness, the rate of change of potential energy per unit surface area

4950-462: The system resulted in water pressure dropping to zero in some areas; this predictably affected success in fighting subsequent fires. Five days later, it was estimated that between 40,000 and 60,000 customers were still without public water service. An unusual effect of the Northridge earthquake was an outbreak of coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) in Ventura County . This respiratory disease

5025-690: The uplift of a point requires measuring its elevation change – usually geoscientists are not trying to determine the uplift of a singular point but rather the uplift over a specified area. Accordingly, the change in elevation of all points on the surface of that area must be measured, and the rate of erosion must be zero or minimal. Also, sequences of rocks deposited during that uplift must be preserved. Needless to say, in mountain ranges where elevations are far above sea level these criteria are not easily met. Paleoclimatic restorations though can be valuable; these studies involve inferring changes in climate in an area of interest from changes with time of flora/fauna that

5100-567: Was being filmed at the time, and actors Armin Shimerman and Edward Wiley left the Paramount Pictures lot in full Ferengi and Cardassian makeup, respectively. The season five episode of Seinfeld entitled " The Pie " was due to begin shooting on January 17 before stage sets were damaged. Also, ABC's General Hospital set at ABC Television Center suffered partial structural collapse and water damage. An earthquake scene

5175-522: Was between Santa Monica Canyon and Saint John's Hospital, a linear corridor that suffered a significant amount of property damage. The City of Santa Monica provided assistance to landlords dealing with repairs so tenants could return home as soon as possible. In Valencia, the California Institute of the Arts experienced heavy damage, with classes relocated to a nearby Lockheed test facility for

5250-636: Was disrupted. At the time of the quake, before dawn on Monday morning, the Warner Bros. film Murder in the First (with Christian Slater , Kevin Bacon , and Gary Oldman ) was being filmed only four miles (6.4 km) from the epicenter. Production came to a halt. The main courtroom set was in shambles. The building containing the set was later "red tagged" as unsafe due to the damage it sustained. The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode " Profit and Loss "

5325-488: Was felt as far away as San Diego , Turlock , Las Vegas , Richfield , Phoenix , and Ensenada . Fifty-seven people died and more than 9,000 were injured. In addition, property damage was estimated to be $ 13–50 billion, making it among the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history. The epicenter region of the earthquake was located in the San Fernando Valley , about 30 km (19 mi) northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) placed

5400-595: Was red-tagged and closed as was the Capital Theater in Glendale due to structural damage. The exact number of fatalities is unknown, with sources estimating the number to be 60 or "over 60", to 72, where most estimates fall around 60. The "official" death toll was placed at 57; 33 people died immediately or within a few days from injuries sustained, and many died from indirect causes, such as stress-induced cardiac events . Some counts factor in related events such as

5475-528: Was renamed in his honor a year later. Additional damage occurred about 50 miles (80 km) southeast in the city of Anaheim , located in Orange County , as the scoreboard at Anaheim Stadium collapsed onto several hundred seats. Most casualties and damage occurred in multi-story wood-frame buildings (such as the three-story Northridge Meadows apartment building). In particular, buildings with an unstable first floor (such as those with parking areas on

5550-491: Was the largest of its kind measured after the mainshock. The USGS recorded over 11,000 landslides within 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi); most were recorded throughout a 1,000 km (390 sq mi) area that comprised the Santa Susana Mountains and ridges north of the Santa Clara River Valley . On average, these documented landslides were under 1,000 m (35,000 cu ft), although

5625-411: Was written in the screenplay of Wes Craven film New Nightmare and the earthquake occurred in the middle of its production timeline. Subsequently, the production company, Warner Bros., incorporated real-life footage of the earthquake aftermath into the final cut. Some archives of film and entertainment programming were also affected. For example, the original 35 mm (1.4 in) master films for

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