Lancaster is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States. Incorporated in 1653, Lancaster is the oldest town in Worcester County. As of the 2020 census , the town population was 8,441.
66-675: The Nathaniel Thayer Estate is a 21,802 sq ft (2,025.5 m) historic house in Lancaster, Massachusetts . Built in 1846 and extensively restyled in 1902, it is a particularly fine example of Georgian Revival architecture, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Since 1946, the estate has been owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church , which operated Atlantic Union College there until its 2018 closure. The main house
132-747: A daily paper based in Fitchburg, is the main source of printed media in Leominster. The paper formed in 1973 by the merger of the Fitchburg Sentinel and the Leominster Enterprise , which dated back to 1873. The paper maintains a satellite news bureau in Leominster. Worcester County is also served by the daily Worcester Telegram & Gazette out of Worcester . Locally, the Leominster Champion serves as
198-775: A free summer concerts series since the 1930s. Their annual Christmas concert, begun in 1990, is a favorite city tradition. Since 1973, the Thayer Symphony Orchestra has been performing in Central Massachusetts. Composed of orchestra professional, community volunteers, and student musicians, Thayer Symphony Orchestra's popularity forced them to move to the Straos Dukakus Performing Arts Center at Montachusett Regional Vocational School in Fitchburg in 2000. The Orchestra's concerts sell-out annually. Since 1996,
264-683: A governor had held the honor of naming a town after himself. Instead, they decided to use Lancaster , the name of Prescott's home town in England. Until it was cut down in 1989 due to safety concerns, Lancaster boasted the largest oak tree in the state, called the Beaman Oak , named after settler Gamaliel Beaman (1623–1677). Lancaster boasts being the official "mothertown" to all of Eastern central Massachusetts. Towns such as Harvard , Bolton , Leominster , Clinton , Berlin , Sterling , and part of West Boylston were all formed from territory of
330-445: A mayor, a council member representing their ward and four at-large council members. The mayor has the power to appoint department heads and members of city boards, subject to approval by the city council. The current mayor of Leominster is Dean J. Mazzarella . Mazzeralla was sworn in on January 3, 1994, and is serving his sixteenth (16th) term as mayor. He is the longest running mayor in Leominster history. Public education in
396-502: A more rugged terrain defined by scattered hills. The most prominent hills are both the North and South Monoosnoc Hills in the western part of the city. The South Monoosnoc Hill is the highest point in the town at 1,020 feet. In the 19th century, the south hill was quarried for granite used in home foundations. West of the two hills lies the No town Reservoir and Leominster State Forest. To
462-450: A number of years, until the start of King Philip's War in 1675. The violent war between the native Indians and early settlers killed hundreds of people and drove off the inhabitants from the area. After the war, Lancaster remained virtually deserted until a new land grant was offered to residents in 1701. To prevent further conflict with the native Indians, the settlers negotiated with Chief Sholan and his nephew George Tahanto of
528-499: A performance space) in one of the wings. A house was built on the site in 1798 when Reverend Nathaniel Thayer (1769-1840) constructed his parsonage in South Lancaster. Thayer was the town's Congregationalist minister for 47 years. His son Nathaniel, who had made a fortune in business, took down the original home and developed the estate in 1846, building the core of the present house. It was enlarged and remodeled in 1902 by
594-561: A period, and provided guns to the local tribe by order of the Massachusetts General Court. Supporters of Lancaster's founder, John Prescott, born in 1604 (great grandfather of Bunker Hill leader William Prescott ), wished to name the new settlement Prescott, but the Massachusetts General Court considered such a request from a common freeman presumptuous, given that at that time, not even
660-668: A stop in North Leominster on its Fitchburg Line . Local bus transportation is provided by the Montachusett Regional Transit Authority , also known as the Montachusett Area Regional Transit or MART. This service operates in Leominster, Fitchburg, and Gardner. Fitchburg Municipal Airport , a public airport in neighboring Fitchburg , serves as the air-hub of the area. However no major airlines have used
726-472: A weekly community paper . On the Scene Magazine serves greater Leominster as a monthly entertainment publication. Leominster Access Television (LTV) is the city's public access television station providing residents with local programs and meetings. The station broadcasts the annual Leominster-Fitchburg Thanksgiving football game every year. Leominster is home to two radio stations. WCMX /1000
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#1732800867942792-599: Is a 167-acre open-space reservation managed by the Trustees of Reservation . The reservation includes the Doyle Conservation center which houses the trustees Central Massachusetts headquarters, conference meeting rooms, and serves as an event venue. The city is also home to the 4,300-acre Leominster State Forest , a popular hiking destination. Within the state forest are Crow Hill Pond and Paradise Pond, both popular summer picnic and swimming getaways. During
858-588: Is a daytime-only religious radio station with Leominster as its community of license (it is based at the Twin City Baptist Temple in Lunenberg, however). On FM, there is a community radio station: WLPZ-LP /95.1, which was founded in 2017 and is managed by city resident Sonny Levine, with an all-volunteer staff. Commuter rail service from Boston 's North Station is provided by the MBTA with
924-466: Is a huge focal point for the city. The Leominster High Blue Devils Football is one of the most successful high school football programs in the state including a record 12 State Super Bowl titles. The Leominster Blue Devils main rival is the Red Raiders of Fitchburg High School. The two football programs have played every year since 1894, and have played 112 consecutive Thanksgiving Day Games , and
990-619: Is held every June at Doyle Field. The festival includes live entertainment, concessions, musical presentations, and a band concert by the Starburst Orchestra and fireworks, drawing over 8,000 visitors each year. The Leominster "citizens of the Year" awards are also presented to one man and one woman resident during the festival. In September, Leominster hosts the Johnny Appleseed Festival in celebration of
1056-432: Is located north of Worcester and northwest of Boston . Both Route 2 and Route 12 pass through Leominster. Interstate 190 , Route 13 , and Route 117 all have starting/ending points in Leominster. Leominster is bounded by Fitchburg and Lunenburg to the north, Lancaster to the east, Sterling and Princeton to the south, and Westminster to the west. The region was originally inhabited by various divisions of
1122-526: Is now home to Thayer Conservatory , Center for Music and the Arts. Thayer Conservatory is being run by the director Dr. Connie Rittenhouse Drexler. Lancaster, Massachusetts In 1643 Lancaster was first settled as "Nashaway" (named after the local Nashaway Native American tribe) by a group of colonists known as the Nashaway Company who may have initially been interested in iron deposits in
1188-431: Is presently home to Thayer Conservatory , bringing community together through music and the arts. The Thayer Estate is located at the northern end of the former Atlantic Union College campus, roughly midway between the villages of South Lancaster and Lancaster on the west side of Massachusetts Route 70 . It is a large wood-frame structure, with a central three-story block flanked by two-story wings that project forward of
1254-672: Is second to only Needham and Wellesley for oldest high school football rivalry in the state. They also have an ice hockey team that plays at the Wallace Civic Center. Legendary Leominster football players and coaches include Lou Little , Ronnie Cahill , Shane Fallon , and Frank Novak . The Wachusett Dirt Dawgs of the FCBL played at the Baseball Field at Doyle Field six summers from 2012 to 2017. Leominster currently hosts New England Football League semi-pro team,
1320-650: Is served by the Nashoba Regional School District . It is also the site of the former Atlantic Union College and of South Lancaster Academy , incorporated in 1882–1883. The Dr. Franklin Perkins School is a private special education school located in the town. Trivium School , founded in 1979, is a private Catholic college preparatory school occupying the former estate of E. V. R. Thayer Jr. Lancaster's public Thayer Memorial Library first opened in 1868. In fiscal year 2008,
1386-399: Is the city's main public library. Established in 1856, the public library moved from different locations until a permanent structure opened in 1910. In order to secure finances for the new structure, a library trustee applied for aid from philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie donated $ 27,500, citing only if the town would appropriate 10 percent of that amount annually for the support of
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#17328008679421452-689: The Nashaway tribe for the land. It would be the only parcel of land to be legally purchased in Central Massachusetts . By 1737, the area of Leominster had gained enough residents to be incorporated as a separate town. The town of Leominster was officially incorporated on June 23, 1740. Around the time of the Civil War , Leominster was a major contributor in the Underground Railroad . The Emory Stearn Schoolhouse and
1518-696: The Pennacook or Nipmuc Native Americans , who lived along the Nashua River . The river provided fertile soil for the cultivation of corn, beans, squash and tobacco. European settlers began arriving in the mid-17th century and in 1653, the area of Leominster—which takes it name from the Herefordshire town of Leominster in England , was first founded as part of the town of Lancaster . The European settlers and native people lived peacefully for
1584-502: The United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 28.2 square miles (73 km ), of which 27.7 square miles (72 km ) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km ), or 1.84%, is water. Lancaster is bordered by Lunenburg and Shirley to the north, Harvard to the northeast, Bolton to the southeast, Clinton to the south, Sterling to the southwest, and Leominster to the northwest. As of
1650-487: The census of 2010, there were 8,055 people, 2,409 households, and 1,758 families residing in the town. The population density was 290.8 inhabitants per square mile (112.3/km ). There were 2,614 housing units at an average density of 94.4 per square mile (36.4/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 86.4% White , 7.7% African American , 0.1% Native American , 1.7% Asian , 2.5% from other races , and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.1% of
1716-425: The 2015 American Community Survey , the median income for a household in the town was $ 96,813, and the median income for a family was $ 99,207. Males had a median income of $ 62,500 versus $ 45,174 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 32,899. About 8.3% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 1.7% of those age 65 or over. Lancaster
1782-660: The Bennett School, Lincoln Preschool at Samoset and Priest Street School. Leominster is also home to two private schools, St. Leo Catholic School and St. Anna Catholic School. St. Leo's School is part of Leominster's St. Leo Parish, while St. Anna's School is part of St. Anna Parish; both are affiliated with the Diocese of Worcester. Post-secondary education opportunities include the Leominster campus of Mount Wachusett Community College and Fitchburg State University in neighboring Fitchburg. The Leominster Public library
1848-617: The Central Mass Sabercats. The Leominster Dek-Hockey Center hosts youth dek-hockey games for the town of Leominster and Fitchburg. It is located in North Leominster off of Route 2 near North Leominster station of the Fitchburg Line . Leominster operates under a mayor–council form of government in which the mayor holds sole executive power. The city is divided into five wards and voters select
1914-712: The Central Massachusetts Repertory Theater has performed at the Congregation Agudat Achim synagogue in Leominster. The Leominster Art Association promotes the arts in Leominster from their home on Route 13. Every spring, the Association holds a three-day exhibition of local art downtown at St. Leo's Church. At the exhibition, a high school senior from Central Massachusetts is award a $ 500 scholarship annually to continue their art education The Starburst Festival
1980-633: The Dupont Viscoloid Company. The second invention to revolutionize plastic production in Leominster was the development of modern injection molding . Samuel Foster, a Leominster resident of German ancestry, first worked for the Viscoloid Company, then established his own business, Foster Grant . In 1931, Foster visited Jack Goodman's New York factory and learned about an injection molding machine , invented in Germany in
2046-521: The Fitchburg & Leominster Railway trolley cars were stored and maintained in this area. It now has buses. A granite marker showing the birthplace of Johnny Appleseed can be found on Johnny Appleseed Lane. As of the census of 2000, there were 41,303 people, 16,491 households, and 10,900 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,430.3 inhabitants per square mile (552.2/km ). There were 16,976 housing units at an average density of 587.9 per square mile (227.0/km ). The racial makeup of
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2112-544: The John Drake home, led anti-slavery campaigns and helped house fugitive slaves . In Leominster's early existence, the town was primarily a small farming community, but towards the beginning of the 19th century, the economy quickly shifted into manufacturing. The town became a regional transportation hub around 1800, with the opening of the Fifth Massachusetts Turnpike and the connections of
2178-654: The Monoosnoc Brook and Nashua River. While the earliest settlers in Leominster were primarily of British ancestry, many immigrants soon gathered to work in Leominster's expanding factories. The first group of immigrants was primarily Irish, followed by the French Canadians and the Italians into the early 20th century. These new waves of immigrants caused the population to surge from just 2,069 in 1840 to 19,744 by 1920. On November 2, 1915, Leominster
2244-621: The Native Americans and forced to join their travels across New England. The Native Americans non-fatally shot Mary Rowlandson in her side, but her youngest daughter, Sarah, sustained an injury during the attack that would later bring about her death. After her release from captivity, Rowlandson wrote a book called A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. In 2000, Lancaster Elementary School changed its name to Mary Rowlandson Elementary School. According to
2310-476: The Recreation Department's main offices. Doyle Field, located downtown on Priest Street, is the city's main athletic complex, including eight tennis courts, a soccer field and track, baseball field, playground, combination football-soccer stadium, and clubhouse. Dedicated in 1931, Doyle field opened with a seating capacity of 6,200 and temporary bleachers for nearly 10,000 spectators. In 2005,
2376-592: The Union Turnpike and Cambridge and Concord Turnpikes in 1808. However, manufacturing in Leominster was truly made possible by the opening of the Fitchburg Railroad that ran through North Leominster and into Boston , and the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad that ran through the center of town. By the 1850s, paper mills, piano makers, and comb manufacturers had established factories along
2442-629: The Whitney Carriage Company, which was once the largest manufacturer of baby carriages in the world. In 1956, the plastic pink flamingo lawn-ornament was invented in Leominster for Union Products. The famous lawn-ornament was designed by Don Featherstone , and was modelled after pictures of flamingos in National Geographic. Although the Great Depression slowed the plastic industry in Leominster, it
2508-422: The age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. Of all households 27.9% were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under
2574-462: The age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 44,893, and the median income for a family was $ 54,660. Males had a median income of $ 41,013 versus $ 30,201 for females. The per capita income for
2640-540: The architect and interior designer Ogden Codman Jr. to 42 rooms for Nathaniel Thayer III. After being sold out of the Thayer family and having its furnishings sold at auction, the house was sold to Atlantic Union College in 1943 at a cost of $ 12,500. It was used as the school's administration building between 1945 and 1951, and then as a dormitory until about 1970. From 1973 to now the Nathaniel Thayer estate
2706-591: The area. Several of the company were blacksmiths or gunsmiths, including, Herman Garrett , and as early as 1653 a settler, George Adams, was whipped for selling guns and alcohol to the Indians in the area. The town was officially incorporated and renamed "Lancaster on the Nashua" in 1653. Prominent Massachusetts military leader Simon Willard served as an advisor to the company and eventually settled in Lancaster for
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2772-427: The city an attractive living destination for commuters to both Worcester and Boston . Nevertheless, Leominster still preserves some of its manufacturing heritage and many plastic manufactures retain establishment in the city. On September 11, 2023, heavy rains caused significant floods , leading to major damage to the city, and a state of emergency was declared. According to the United States Census Bureau ,
2838-423: The city has a total area of 29.8 square miles (77 km ), of which 28.9 square miles (75 km ) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km ), or 2.96%, is water. Leominster is primarily located on a plateau above the Nashua River . The river runs through the eastern proportion of the city and then cuts through the northern part of the city as it meanders towards Fitchburg. Northern and Western Leominster have
2904-627: The city is operated by the Leominster Public School District. Leominster has four neighborhood elementary schools that serve students in grades K–5 (Fall Brook, Johnny Appleseed, Northwest, Frances Drake), two middle schools (Samoset and Skyview) for grades 6–8, and Leominster High School for grades 9–12. Leominster High school is composed of an academic unit and a vocational unit called the Center for Technical Education. The district also operates three preschool programs:
2970-480: The city was $ 21,769. About 7.2% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.0% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, the management and professional fields were the city's largest sector, and employed over 32% of Leominster's workforce. 26.8% of the workforce is employed in sales and office occupations, and 20.2% are employed in education, health and social services. Manufacturing constitutes 25.5% of
3036-416: The city was 81.50% White , 3.70% African American , 0.15% Native American , 2.44% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 4.32% from other races , and 2.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.00% of the population (7.9% Puerto Rican, 2.0% Uruguayan, 1.1% Dominican, 0.7% Mexican, 0.3% Guatemalan, 0.3% Colombian). There were 16,491 households, out of which 32.9% had children under
3102-533: The city's employees. Of workers 84.3% commute alone to the workplace, and 9.1% carpool, while 1.7% use public transportation and another 1.7% walk. The average one-way commute time is about 25 minutes. Soy product manufacturer Nasoya was founded here in 1978 until it was acquired by Vitasoy and relocated in 1998. Leominster has a long cultural history including various theatres, performance groups, exhibits and entertainment events. The Leominster Colonial Band, founded by Italian immigrants in 1910, has presented
3168-468: The early 1920s. Foster ordered several of the new machines, and had them secretly shipped via Worcester to his Foster Grant manufacturing factory in Leominster, where his mechanics focused on getting them to work and modifying them. Molding technology made it possible for Foster Grant to make not only combs, but a wide variety of other articles, including plastic sunglasses , selling 20 million pair in 1937. The new technology would pay great dividends for
3234-625: The early 20th century, on Lincoln Terrace, immigrating Italian families began to arrive in the area and built a semi-closed society which existed for many years. The French population built a new church and moved closer to it. Other areas include Morse Hollow, North Leominster , Rice Hill, the Flats, the Bowery, the West Side, and the Car Barn area, located along the Fitchburg border, so-called because
3300-426: The east, lies the Monoosnoc Brook which winds through the center of town and was an important power source for early manufacturers. The city is divided into several small " villages " such as French Hill, a large hill covered in planned blocks of " triple decker " apartment houses located from 1st Street to 12th Street. It is called French Hill because this is where the large immigrant French population took root. In
3366-829: The fall season and city's local hero Johnny Appleseed . Held at Monument Square since 1994, the festival features crafts, booths, entertainment and a parade. The festival boasts over a hundred local booths, and a food court sponsored by local restaurants and multicultural groups. Leominster was formerly home to the National Plastics Center and Museum, until the museum closed in 2008. The Leominster Recreation Department maintains 103 acres of property in Leominster, including numerous parks and playgrounds. Notable parks include Monument Square, Arthur A. Fournier Sr. Memorial Park, Evelyn Hachey Park, Justin DeSantis Field, Bachand Field and Barrett Park, which houses
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#17328008679423432-478: The field went under a huge renovation project to be completed in 2020. The project was broken up into three phases and phases 1 and 2 have been mostly completed through 2012. The renovation has costs $ 5 million through 2012. The renovation includes replacing bleachers, installing new turf, new locker rooms, concessions, press box, entertainment pavilion, ticket booths and expanding seating capacity from 4,572 to 6,912 seats. The Doyle Community Park & Center
3498-522: The later half of the 20th century. In recent decades, Route 2 and the building of I-190 have further transformed the city into a more commercial and suburban landscape. The construction of the Twin City Plaza, Mall at Whitney Field and other shopping centers have all contributed to significant commercial growth in the city and have made Leominster one of Central Massachusetts' largest retail destination. Inexpensive land cost has also made
3564-520: The library. In fiscal year 2008, the city of Leominster spent 1.39% ($ 1,183,076) of its budget on its public library—approximately $ 28 per person, per year ($ 34.29 adjusted for inflation in 2021). In 2018, the school district controversially paid $ 10,000 in ransom money to hackers in order to recover its computer systems after they were infected with the WannaCry ransomware and adequate backups were not available. The Sentinel & Enterprise ,
3630-400: The main block's facade. The central block is five bays wide, and is covered by a truncated hip roof with modillioned cornice. The central three blocks project slightly, and are topped by a pedimented gable. The main entrance is at the center, sheltered by a flat-roof portico with paired Doric columns. The interior is richly decorated with marble and wood, and features a large drawing room (now
3696-470: The opportunity to expand to many different products outside of combs. The largest plastic manufacturer in the city was the Viscoloid Company founded by Bernard Wendell Doyle in 1901. In 1914, the Viscoloid Company pioneered making toys out of pyroxylin plastic, and by 1923 the company was the largest employer in Leominster. Viscoloid would be sold to The DuPont Company in 1925, and renamed
3762-554: The original boundaries of Lancaster. Lancaster was the site of the Mary Rowlandson ( c. 1637 –1711) attack ( Lancaster raid ) in February 1676 (1675 old style calendar). During Metacom's War , which was fought partially in Lancaster, a group of Native Americans pillaged the entire town of Lancaster. Their last stop was Mary Rowlandson's house. Coming to the defense of the house was Rowlandson's brother-in-law, who
3828-557: The plastic industry in the city and the country. Soon the city would be coined the "Pioneer Plastics City" for its important history in the plastics industry. Leominster was also the home of Tupperware , founded in 1938 by Earl Tupper . His "wonderbowl," with its airtight "burping" seal became popular after Brownie Wise convinced him to demonstrate and sell Tupperware at home parties. Leominster also boasted large manufactures Standard Tool Company, Selig Manufacturing Co. Inc, C.E. Buckley, Inc. (manufacturer of religious articles) and
3894-403: The population. There were 2,409 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. Of all households 21.8% had a householder that lived alone and 8.4% had a householder that lived alone who
3960-544: The town of Lancaster spent 1.74% ($ 259,465) of its budget on its public library—approximately $ 36 per person, per year. Leominster, Massachusetts Leominster ( / ˈ l ɛ m ə n s t ər / LEM -ən-stər ) is a city in Worcester County, Massachusetts , United States. It is the second-largest city in Worcester County, with a population of 43,222 at the 2023 census . Leominster
4026-442: The town. By the mid-1800s, however, availability of the natural materials used to make combs, such as animal horns and hooves, was diminishing rapidly, and an alternative material was needed. The solution would come in a new material called celluloid invented in 1868. The new plastic would revolutionize the comb industry and give Leominster the nickname the "Comb City". The versatility of celluloid would also give manufactures
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#17328008679424092-425: The winter season the forest is open to cross country skiing, snow shoeing and snowmobiling. Local golf courses include Monoosnock Country Club (nine holes) and Grand View Country Club (nine holes). Other courses in the area include Red Tail Golf Course (18 holes), Oak Hill Country Club (18 holes), and Settler's Crossing (nine holes). Leominster High School has a long tradition of excellence in sports, and success
4158-443: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.13. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.6% at the age of 19 or under, 7.9% from 20 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 128.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.0 males. As of
4224-501: Was immediately shot and killed by the attacking Native Americans. The Native Americans then set fire to the house, forcing Rowlandson to exit the burning building. Upon crossing the doorstep, Rowlandson saw a scene full of carnage. The majority of her household was slaughtered, with the exception of her husband, Joseph Rowlandson Sr., who was not on the premises, their son, also called Joseph, their two daughters, Mary and Sarah, and herself. Mary, her son, and her two daughters were captured by
4290-500: Was not until the late 20th century that there was a full-scale decline in plastic manufacturing. Following the national trend, manufactures were moving out of the cities to cheaper alternatives across the country and overseas. Despite the changing landscape, the population of Leominster would continually rise into the 21st century, surpassing her twin city of Fitchburg in 2000 as the second largest city in Worcester County. The Latino communities of Leominster also saw huge growth towards
4356-466: Was officially chartered as a city. While many different industries established themselves in Leominster, it was the comb industry that particularly flourished. Construction of combs was a time-consuming and painstaking process, involving preparation of the natural materials such as animal horn, roughing out of a basic form, and finally, individual cutting of the teeth. By 1853, there were already 146 employees working in 24 different comb factories across
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