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49-473: Police commissioners may be experienced police officers , though some are politically appointed, or elected civilians; not sworn police officers. In such cases, usually a professional chief of police is in charge of day-to-day operations. In either event, commissioners are the designated heads of the organizations. In police services of the UK, Commonwealth and United States, the title of commissioner may designate

98-822: A National Police commissioner is the chief of a police station . This rank is called comisario principal . A commissioner exists in the biggest cities, and in smaller cities, the chief of the police is headed by a superintendent . In the Civil Guard , this rank does not exist because it has a military organization. In England and Wales, outside of Greater London, police and crime commissioners are directly elected officials charged with securing efficient and effective policing of their police area . They are not warranted police officers , although they appoint and hold to account their chief constable . The first police and crime commissioners were elected in November 2012, with

147-487: A Bronze Commander would be a senior officer on the ground, coordinating the efforts in the center of the emergency, Silver Commanders would be positioned in an 'Incident Control Room' erected to improve better communications at the scene, and a Gold Commander would be in overall command in the Control Room. Police are also responsible for reprimanding minor offenders by issuing citations which typically may result in

196-505: A Senior Deputy with The San Francisco Sheriff's Office earned a top salary of double those in Connecticut. There are numerous concerns affecting the safety and health of police officers, including occupational stress and death in the line of duty. On August 6, 2019, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal announced the creation of the first U.S. state-wide program to support the mental health of police officers. The goal of

245-541: A commissioner ( komisarz ) is a relatively low rank, directly above podkomisarz and below nadkomisarz , comparable to a lieutenant of the armed forces. Historically, in the Civil Police of Portugal, a police commissioner ( Portuguese : comissário ) was a divisional commander in the Lisbon and Oporto police forces or the chief of a district police force in the other districts of the country. The chief of each of

294-453: A corresponding uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to pass themselves off as members of the public. In most countries police officers are given exemptions from certain laws to perform their duties. For example, an officer may use force if necessary to arrest or detain a person when it would ordinarily be assault. In some countries, officers can also violate traffic code to perform their duties. The word "police" comes from

343-488: A medical emergency. Police are typically trained in basic first aid such as CPR . Some park rangers are commissioned as law enforcement officers and carry out a law-enforcement role within national parks and other back-country wilderness and recreational areas, whereas military police perform law enforcement functions within the military. In most countries, candidates for the police force must have completed some formal education. Increasing numbers of people joining

392-511: A national commissioner ( Icelandic : Ríkislögreglustjóri ) (four-star-rank) that is the head of 15 districts across Iceland. The commissioner is not an experienced police officer whatsoever, like most police chiefs in Iceland are educated lawyers, not experienced police officers. Of the 15 districts in the Icelandic police, each has a police chief of its own, but the national commissioner

441-434: A public safety function at large gatherings, as well as in emergencies , disasters , search and rescue operations, and traffic collisions . To provide a prompt response in emergencies, the police often coordinate their operations with fire and emergency medical services . In some countries, individuals serve jointly as police officers as well as firefighters (creating the role of fire police ). In many countries, there

490-478: Is a common emergency telephone number that allows the police, firefighters, or medical services to be summoned to an emergency. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom , have introduced command procedures for use in major emergencies or disorder. In the UK, The Gold Silver Bronze command structure is a system set up to improve communications between ground-based officers and the control room. Typically,

539-485: Is a crown over crossed and wreathed tipstaves, similar to the insignia of a military lieutenant-general. After the proclamation of the 1959 Constitution of Brunei , it was stated that a Commissioner of Police has to be appointed for the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF). The first commissioner was appointed on 29 September 1959, assuming command of the force. The Commissioner of Police, who oversees

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588-553: Is above them, the minister of judicial affairs is in charge of law enforcement in Iceland. The garda commissioner is the officer overseeing the Garda Síochána , the national police force. In India, the commissioner of police designation is held by different ranks of Indian Police Service officers at different places. The Commissioner of Police holds a pivotal role as the head of city police forces in India. For example, it

637-400: Is an accepted version of this page public safety , civil service , public service , rescue, A police officer (also called a policeman (male) or policewoman (female), a cop , an officer , or less commonly a constable ) is a warranted law employee of a police force . In most countries, "police officer" is a generic term not specifying a particular rank. In some, the use of

686-463: Is appointed for a five-year term by the governor-general , and reports to the minister of police . The position combines two functions, that of chief constable in charge of policing and cases, and chief executive responsible for assets and budgeting. The rank insignia is a sword and a rectangular cylinder crossed over each other with a single crown above. In military terms, the rank is equivalent to Lieutenant General . The Police Force Act 1886 split

735-853: Is held by a Director General of Police (DGP) rank officer in Delhi and Kolkata ; and by an Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) rank officer in Mumbai , Bangalore , Hyderabad , Visakhapatnam , Lucknow , Kanpur , Varanasi, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Gautam Budh Nagar , and Surat ; by Inspector General of Police (IGP) officer in Cyberabad Metropolitan Police , Gurgaon , Pune , Nashik , Coimbatore , Madurai , Thane , Howrah , Siliguri , Trivandrum , and Cochin ; and by Deputy Inspector General of Police officer in Bidhannagar , Kozhikode and in many small cities. In

784-543: Is no stigma in shunning promotion, as experienced line patrol officers are highly regarded. Dependent upon each agency, but generally after completing two years of service, officers may apply for specialist positions, such as detective , police dog handler, mounted police officer, motorcycle officer, water police officer, or firearms officer (in countries where police are not routinely armed). In some countries, including Singapore , police ranks are supplemented through conscription , similar to national service in

833-536: Is to maintain order, keeping the peace through surveillance of the public, and the subsequent reporting and apprehension of suspected violators of the law. They also function to discourage crimes through high-visibility policing, and most police forces have an investigative capability. Police have the legal authority to arrest and detain, usually granted by magistrates. Police officers also respond to calls for service , along with routine community policing . Police are often used as an emergency service and may provide

882-602: The Indonesian National Police , the four levels of commissioner are police chief commissioner ( komisaris besar polisi ), police deputy chief commissioner ( ajun komisaris besar polisi ), police commissioner ( komisaris polisi ), and police deputy commissioner ( ajun komisaris polisi ). Due to strong military influence in its history, even now, police ranks can be compared to the ranks of the Indonesian military. The four commissioner ranks are equivalent to

931-538: The Indonesian military ranks of colonel , lieutenant colonel , major , and captain , respectively. In the Italian Police , a commissioner ( commissario ) is the superintendent of a commissariato , a police station/detachment that can either serve an entire township of small or medium dimensions, or a limited area in a metropolitan city. The Japanese Prefectural police forces used this rank, and it

980-562: The commissioner of police is the head of the national law enforcement agency called the Mauritius Police Force (MPF), which is responsible for policing on mainland Mauritius, Rodrigues, and other outer islands. The position dates back to 1767, when Antoine Codère was the first commissioner of police. The commissioner operates under the aegis of the Home Affairs Division of the prime minister's office and

1029-521: The Greek politeia , meaning government , which came to mean its civil administration. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer. A sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire . A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy. Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce

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1078-601: The Latin capere , brought to English via the Old French caper . The responsibilities of a police officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within

1127-592: The Lisbon and Oporto police forces had the title of commissioner general ( comissário-geral ). With the reorganization of Civil Police and its transformation in the Public Security Police (PSP) in the 1930s, commissioner became a police rank in this force. Presently, commissioner is an officer rank in the PSP, roughly equivalent to the military rank of captain. It is above the rank of subcommissioner and below that of superintendent. Commissioners usually have

1176-679: The MPF employs around 12,500 police officers, who are posted at the eight divisions and 14 branches. The first chief commissioner is the head of the National Police Corps . The commissioner is appointed by the Crown, and reports to the minister of Justice and Security . The commissioner is the highest-ranking sworn police member in the country. The commissioner of police is the head of the New Zealand Police . The commissioner

1225-868: The RPB headquarters (the Commissioner's of Police Office) with assistance from the Deputy Commissioner of Police and Secretariat, reports directly to the monarch . In Canada, the highest-ranking officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and of the Ontario Provincial Police holds the rank of commissioner. In the province of Alberta, the Police Act requires the municipality to appoint police commissioners that are required to provide public oversight of

1274-778: The United States, an average patrol officer's salary was $ 64,610 in 2021. In London, capital of the UK, a police officer's average basic salary in 2020 was £36,773 per annum. In the Netherlands, the average police officer working on the street is ranked in salary scale 6 to 9, €27,584 to €54,177 gross (€23,805 to €38,037 net) per year. Apart from these scales, there are higher functions which can increase an officer's salary. In some towns of Fairfield County, Connecticut , Police officers have earned $ 178,000-$ 312,000 with overtime. Similar pay rates have made reports for New Jersey and Oakland, California police officers. In 2023,

1323-651: The branch of police and department to which he belongs, similar to the equivalent of an inspector in British-styled police forces. Roughly equivalent to a British commissioner would be (Landes-) Polizeipräsident or Inspekteur der Polizei , titles that differ between police forces in Germany. The head of the Hong Kong Police (Royal Hong Kong Police Force 1969 to 30 June 1997) force has used this title since 1938. The National Police of Iceland employs

1372-589: The commissioner was no longer the highest paid official on the New Zealand public payroll instead being the 5th. The top spot instead being the Guardian of New Zealand Superannuation . In 2020, then Commissioner of Police, Andrew Coster was paid a salary of $ 700,000 NZD . In Nigeria , a commissioner of police is the head of an entire state branch of the Nigeria Police Force . In Poland,

1421-399: The community, and in many contexts, restrictions are placed on what the uniformed officer may wear. In some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even when off-duty. Police officers in nearly all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty. In the majority of Western legal systems, the major role of the police

1470-436: The context. The Australian Federal Police and the autonomous Australian state and territory police forces are each presided over by a commissioner, who is accountable to constituents through a minister of state. The state of Victoria at one time (during the 19th-century Gold Rush ) appointed commissioners for both the metropolitan area and the goldfields. Outranking both was a " chief commissioner "—a title that has survived

1519-562: The disappearance of the earlier junior commissioners. In Victoria, as elsewhere, the second-highest rank is deputy commissioner. The insignia of rank worn by a commissioner in the Australian Federal Police and the New South Wales Police Force is a crown over a star and crossed and wreathed tipstaves, similar to the insignia of a military full general. In all other civilian forces, the insignia

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1568-798: The head of an entire police force, or a member of an oversight board of police commissioners. A police commissioner should not be confused with a police commissary. In France, Italy, Spain and some Latin American countries "commissary" denotes the head of a single police station (analogous to a inspector or chief inspector in UK and Commonwealth countries). However titles such as commissaire in French, commissario in Italian and comisario in Spanish can mean either commissioner or commissary in English, depending on

1617-404: The imposition of fines , particularly for violations of traffic law. Traffic enforcement is often, but not always, accomplished by police officers on police motorcycles —called motor officers, these officers refer to the motorcycles they ride on duty as simply motors. Police are also trained to assist persons in distress, such as motorists whose cars have broken down and people experiencing

1666-450: The laws it creates. In The Federalist collection of articles and essays, James Madison wrote: " If men were angels, no Government would be necessary ". These words apply to those who serve government, including police. A common nickname for a police officer is "cop"; derived from the verb sense "to arrest", itself derived from "to grab". Thus, "someone who captures", a "copper", was shortened to just "cop". It may also find its origin in

1715-799: The lowest electorate turnout ever in England and Wales. Historically the title "commissioner" has denoted the professional chief police officer of certain police forces, and that is still the case within Greater London, with the Commissioner of the City of London Police and the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis . Both these commissioners are appointed, not elected, and since the 1950s have been career police officers (as opposed to

1764-620: The military or security services. In the United States, state laws may codify statewide qualification standards regarding age, education, criminal record, and training, but in other countries requirements are set by local police agencies. Generally, each police agency has different requirements. Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination, interview board or other selection procedure. Although promotion normally includes an increase in salary , it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. There

1813-518: The military. Qualifications may thus be relaxed or enhanced depending on the target mix of conscripts. Conscripts face tougher physical requirements in areas such as eyesight, but minimum academic qualification requirements are less stringent. Some join as volunteers, again via differing qualification requirements. In some societies, police officers are paid relatively well compared to other occupations; their pay depends on what rank they are within their police force and how many years they have served. In

1862-495: The police from the standing army and militia on 1 September 1886. Sir George Whitmore was appointed as the first commissioner, reporting to the minister of defence. Early commissioners came from the United Kingdom with military or law-enforcement experience, such as Walter Dinnie, who had served as inspector at Scotland Yard . In 2006, the commissioner was the highest paid official on the New Zealand public payroll. By 2019,

1911-503: The police possess tertiary education qualifications and in response to this, many police forces have developed a "fast-track" scheme whereby those with university degrees spend two to three years as a constable before receiving promotion to higher ranks, such as sergeants or inspectors . (Officers who work within investigative divisions or plainclothes are not necessarily of a higher rank but merely have different duties.) Police officers are also recruited from those with experience in

1960-415: The police. In Alberta's capital city, Edmonton , there are nine commissioners, including two city councillors and seven city-appointed members, the object being to "provide civilian oversight for the police service". The commissioners appoint and oversee a chief of police, to whom is delegated the day-to-day management of the force. In reference to the police of France and other French-speaking countries,

2009-449: The previous practice of appointing former British Army officers). Although they were technically justices of the peace until the 1970s, the commissioners have always worn a similar uniform to police officers, and have been treated similarly in terms of pay and terms of service. Some U.S. police agencies use the title "commissioner" for the head of a police department or state agency. The term may refer to: Police officer This

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2058-632: The program is to train officers in emotional resiliency and to help destigmatize mental health problems. Almost universally, police officers are authorized to use force, up to and including deadly force , when acting in a law enforcement capacity. Although most law enforcement agencies follow some variant of the use of force continuum , where officers are only authorized to use the level of force required to match situational requirements, specific thresholds and responses vary between jurisdictions . While officers are trained to avoid excessive use of force, and may be held legally accountable for infractions,

2107-740: The rank " officer " is legally reserved for military personnel. Police officers are generally charged with the apprehension of suspects and the prevention, detection, and reporting of crime , protection and assistance of the general public, and the maintenance of public order. Police officers may be sworn to an oath , and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a limited time, along with other duties and powers. Some officers are trained in special duties, such as counter-terrorism , surveillance , child protection , VIP protection , civil law enforcement , and investigation techniques into major crime including fraud , rape , murder , and drug trafficking . Although many police officers wear

2156-583: The rank of commissaire is a rank equating to somewhere in between the British police ranks of superintendent and chief superintendent . The rank above is called "divisional commissioner". This is sometimes equated to a chief superintendent, but can in some cases hold a similar function to a Deputy Chief Constable . A former intermediate rank of "principal commissioner" was abolished in 2006. The second-highest career bracket in German law enforcement leads to

2205-404: The rank of police commissioner or Kommissar . Training encompasses three years in a police academy (graduating as Diplom-Verwaltungswirt or bachelor of public administration). The highest possible rank within this career bracket is that of Erster Polizeihauptkommissar or Erster Kriminalhauptkommissar . The work of a Kommissar , in general, centers on investigation of felonies, depending on

2254-614: The role of second-in-command of PSP divisions commanded by subintendents. The rank insignia of a commissioner consists in a dark blue epaulet with three PSP stars (silver six points stars with the "SP" monogram in the center). In the Romanian Police , similarly to the French Police (see commissaire de police ), the rank of commissioner ( comisar ) is equivalent to the British police rank of superintendent. In Spain,

2303-652: The states in Malaysia, a special status for two states. In The Malta Police Force , the commissioner of police is the head of the police department, responsible for its entire management and control. Since 2016, a chief executive officer at the Malta Police Force was appointed, to work alongside the commissioner of police to implement the Police Force Vision. In the Republic of Mauritius ,

2352-436: The variability of law enforcement and its dependence on human judgment have made the subject an area of controversy and research. In the performance of their duties, police officers may act unlawfully, either deliberately or as a result of errors in judgment. Police accountability efforts strive to protect citizens and their rights by ensuring legal and effective law enforcement conduct, while affording individual officers

2401-535: Was formerly known as chief superintendent . The rank holders assumed the responsibility of being a chief of the prefectural police force. It was lower than a senior commissioner and higher than a superintendent . The commissioner of police in Japan is equivalent to a army major general . In the Royal Malaysia Police , states of Sabah and Sarawak contingent are led by police commissioner than rest of

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