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73-471: National Christian Foundation ( NCF ) is a US non-profit organization that assists donors in donating to charitable causes. NCF accepts non-cash assets and is the nation's largest provider of donor-advised funds focused primarily on Christian donors. Since 1982, NCF has granted over $ 14.5 billion to causes and charities. In 1982, Evangelical Christian author and entrepreneur Larry Burkett , financial advisor Ron Blue, and tax attorney Terry Parker founded

146-404: A private foundation . Donors enjoy administrative convenience (the sponsoring organization does the paperwork after the initial donation), cost savings (a foundation requires around 2.5% to 4% of its assets each year to run), and tax advantages (versus individual giving) by conducting their grantmaking through the fund. On average, the conversion time for a contribution to a donor-advised fund to

219-571: A Christian charity watchdog organization, as of November 22,2024. Similar to other donor-advised funds, there is a noticeable lack of specificity in the source of the money and their specific target. Between 2015 and 2017, NCF distributed $ 56.1 million to 23 organizations designated as hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Most of these organizations opposed LGBT rights ; some were anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim . Donor advised funds A donor-advised fund

292-527: A brief time in British North America , gambling itself was for a time also subject to taxation, in the form of stamp duty , whereby a revenue stamp had to be placed on the ace of spades in every pack of cards to demonstrate that the duty had been paid (hence the elaborate designs that evolved on this card in many packs as a result). Since stamp duty was originally only meant to be applied to documents (and cards were categorized as such),

365-443: A certain level will be paid to the customs authorities). It is this notion of a threshold on the quantity transported (and not the actual use to which it will be put) that makes it possible to presume and differentiate between personal possession and commercial use (and this tax must be paid before transport, even in the case of a purchase with invoice in a large retail outlet intended for private individuals, This tax must be paid before

438-409: A designated border in a specific direction; customs are levied on goods that become taxable items at the border , while excise is levied on goods that came into existence inland . An excise is considered an indirect tax , meaning that the producer or seller who pays the levy to the government is expected to try to recover their loss by raising the price paid by the eventual buyer of the goods. Excise

511-407: A grant from the donor-advised fund, is approximately 24 months. A donor-advised fund has some disadvantages compared to a private foundation, and some advantages. Both can accept donations of unusual or illiquid assets (e.g., part ownership of a private company, art, real estate, partnerships or limited partnership shares), but a donor-advised fund has higher deductions for these gifts (depending on

584-468: A levy of n euros per hectolitre of alcohol sold ; manufactured tobacco (cigars, cigarettes, etc.), energy products (oil, gas, etc.), vehicles or so-called "luxury" products. The legislator's aim is to discourage the consumption of products it considers to have a negative externality (sometimes referred to as sin tax ). More recently, excise duty has been introduced on certain forms of transport considered to be polluting (such as air transport) or on

657-423: A private foundation can do more easily. As well, it precludes political donations, lobbying organizations, etc. Donor-advised funds do reap a significant cost advantage (foundations carry a 2.5–4% of assets overhead expense to maintain, a 1–2% excise tax on NET investment earnings and a required 5% spending of assets each year) but may also have one more drawback: a limited lifetime, although this varies depending on

730-402: A tax deduction for the market value of the donation and avoid capital gains taxes. This double tax advantage can make donating appreciated assets to a charitable organization more attractive than selling the assets and donating cash. By donating appreciated assets to a donor-advised fund and then advising the fund to make donations to several charities, one can reap these tax advantages without

803-582: A tax on fur trading to raise revenue for building infrastructure. Later the British colonialist added taxes on tobacco, alcohol, sugar and tea. Today the types of taxes imposed by the federal government vary but most notable ones could be broken down in these three categories: However, there are small adjustments to these excise duties that vary from province to province. Excise taxes in Germany are an important source of government revenue. They are levied on

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876-423: A variety of goods and serve to improve public health , promote environmental protection and fund social programs. The rates of these taxes are often adjusted to ensure they are achieving their goals. In Germany, the following excise is charged: France In France, the domestic consumption tax on energy products (TICPE) and the tax on tobacco and alcohol are excise duties. They are collected by customs, as

949-579: A wide view of the kind of "step" which, if subject to a tax, would make the tax an excise. Excise taxes in Canada are an important source of revenue for both the federal and provincial government . They are used to raise revenue and discourage Canadian citizens to use or consume harmful goods like alcohol or tobacco. Excise taxes in Canada date back to the 17th century when the French colonial government imposed

1022-400: Is a benefit to the donor for contributing appreciated securities rather than cash, as illustrated in this example taken from Vanguard 's marketing material for their plan. Suppose one has 1,000 shares of stock that was purchased 15 years ago (which qualifies as long term capital gains under U.S. tax law). Assume the stock was acquired for $ 10 per share and it is now worth $ 100 per share. Here

1095-480: Is a comparison of the cost to the donor of making a contribution of $ 100,000 to a charity, assuming a 35% income tax rate and 15% long term capital gains tax rate. Option 1: Contribute cash from sale of securities Charity receives $ 100,000 for a net cost to donor of $ 78,500 Option 2: Contribute appreciated securities Charity receives $ 100,000 for a net cost to donor of $ 65,000 Thus, by donating appreciated securities rather than selling them, one can contribute

1168-512: Is also levied on some goods for purely punitive reasons. Many US states impose excise on illegal substances; these places do not consider it to be a revenue source, but instead regard it as a means of imposing a greater level of punishment, by opening up convicted criminals to the charge of tax evasion . The economic analysis of excise taxes has its beginnings with Atkinson and Stiglitz in 1976 stating that if income taxes were optimal there would be no need for specific taxes. But, "if income taxation

1241-488: Is an account at a sponsoring organization, generally a public charity, where an individual can make a charitable gift to enjoy an immediate tax benefit and retain advisory privileges to disburse charitable gifts over time. The contribution a donor makes to their donor-advised fund is 100% irrevocable and destined for a final 501(c)(3) organization . Donor-advised funds provide a flexible way for donors to pass money through to charities—an alternative to direct giving or creating

1314-464: Is considered that in the long term it will also have positive effects on the welfare state of countries with public health. In other words, if society improves its consumption habits, it will be healthier in the future and diseases resulting from the consumption of unhealthy products will be prevented. This will reduce the need for medical services, which are financed by the state and therefore mean lower health care costs for governments. In recent years,

1387-412: Is dock dues in overseas departments. In France, the transport of alcohol (or tobacco and other products subject to this tax) in excess of a relatively small quantity, even by private individuals for their own consumption, is subject to this tax (also known as "excise duty") for example, for the transport of alcohol in casks (this tax may be levied when crossing a border, where the quantity of alcohol above

1460-408: Is how Sijbren Cnossen sets out five main rationales for the use of excise duties: These are the three main targets of excise taxation in most countries around the world. They are everyday items of mass usage (even, arguably, "necessity") which bring significant revenue for governments. The first two are considered to be legal drugs, which are a cause of many illnesses (e.g. lung cancer , cirrhosis of

1533-426: Is not optimal, excise have a role to play, because they are relatively efficient sources of revenue, improve resource allocation by internalizing the external costs associated with the consumption or production of excisable products, discourage the consumption of products considered harmful, serve as a proxy for charging road users for the cost of government-provided services, or promote progressivity in taxation.". This

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1606-452: Is thus a tax that relates to a quantity, not a value, as opposed to the value-added tax which concerns the value of a good or service. Excises are typically imposed in addition to an indirect tax such as a sales tax or value-added tax (VAT). Typically, an excise is distinguished from a sales tax or VAT in three ways: Typical examples of excise duties are taxes on alcohol and alcoholic beverages ; alcohol tax, for example, may consist of

1679-540: The Nevada Legislature (2009) – proposed wordings: Excise taxes on unhealthy products include specific taxes on calorie-dense and nutrient-poor food products that are harmful to health. As with environmental taxes, they are not intended to raise revenue but to modify consumer behaviour towards the consumption of food products that are healthy for human health. These include the taxation of specific products such as fast food or high-sugar beverages. For example,

1752-616: The 6th largest non-profit organization in the United States. NCF's primary operation, the Giving Fund (donor-advised fund), works like a charitable savings account . Via an online dashboard, donors give various assets into the Fund, receive a tax deduction at the time of the gift, and recommend grants to their charities of choice. NCF accepts non-cash gifts. They also offer other giving options, such as Charitable Gift Annuities and

1825-544: The British colonial era in mid-19th century to generate revenue by taxing commodities . Then after gaining independence in 1947, it has undergone many changes and today it is using the Goods and Services tax (GST) system introduced in 2017. Excise taxes in India could be broken down into these main categories: There are also a few more categories like Service tax or education cess. However, a lot of these taxes have been subsumed in

1898-575: The Goods and services tax. In Indonesia, tobacco products (including electronic cigarettes ) and alcoholic drinks are subject to excise duties. Sweetened drinks and plastic bags will be subject to excise duties starting in 2024. In China excise tax is levied both on production and on the sale of a certain goods or services. Excise taxes have been present in China since the Ming and Qing dynasties, but they were only imposed on goods like tea or silk which

1971-524: The NCF Legacy Fund. NCF spends a portion of donations to fund the support activities necessary to be able to make those grants. NCF calculates the amount as a percentage of the donor's Fund balance (typically 1% or less each year) and, in the case of non-cash assets, a percentage of gift value (typically 5%, one time). The organization has received a 80/100 confidence score (Donate with confidence) and an "A" transparency grade from MinistryWatch ,

2044-633: The National Christian Foundation. Headquartered in Alpharetta, Georgia , NCF began adding local offices throughout the United States in 2000. In 2018, NCF reported having 28 local offices in cities across the country, including Dallas , Orlando , Chicago, and Seattle . These local offices are community-based and act as liaisons to the national organization. In 2021, NCF distributed its $ 14 billion to more than 71,000 charities since its founding. This has led it to be ranked as

2117-832: The Netherlands in the mid-17th century under the Puritan regime, as a tax, an excise duty, levied on drinks in 1650. In the British Isles , upon the Restoration of the Monarchy , many of the Puritan social restrictions were overturned, but excise was re-introduced, under the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 , in lieu of rent, for tenancies of royally-owned land which had not already become socage . Although

2190-572: The UK, and its officers wielded greater powers of access, arrest, and seizure, than the Police. On 18 April 2005, Customs and Excise was merged once more with the Inland Revenue to form a new department, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). The enormous contrast between the powers of officers of the Inland Revenue, and those of Customs and Excise, initially caused several difficulties in the early life of

2263-712: The United Kingdom, the following forms of excise are levied on goods and services : Excise tax is an indirect tax created in the United Kingdom during the First English Revolution, also known as "stamp duty", which has been applied to a wide range of products, particularly imports. Historically, it was collected by the Board of Excise , which was subsequently combined with the Inland Revenue (responsible for collecting direct taxes ). In view of

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2336-501: The World Health Organisation has indicated that the tax on sugary drinks would have to be at least 20% for this measure to have a real impact on obesity and cardiovascular disease. Countries that already have specific taxes on sugary drinks include Norway, Hungary, Finland and France. The introduction of these special taxes on unhealthy products not only has a short-term impact in terms of reducing consumption, but it

2409-429: The affected tenancies were limited in number, the excise was levied more generally; at the time, there was thought to be a rough correspondence between the wealthy manufacturers of affected goods, and the wealthy tenants of royal land. Excise duties or taxes continued to serve political as well as financial ends. Public safety and health, public morals, environmental protection, and national defense are all rationales for

2482-528: The common judges of property, but wretches hired by those to whom excise is paid. As a deterrent, excise is typically directed towards three broad categories of harm: Revenue raised through excise may be earmarked for redress of specific social costs commonly associated with the product or service on which it is levied. Tobacco tax revenues, for example, might be spent on government anti-smoking campaigns, or healthcare for cancer, heart disease, vascular disease, lung disease, and so on. In some countries, excise

2555-554: The consumption of products that generate polluting waste that is little or not at all recycled or harmful to the environment (such as electronic products, certain plastic packaging, etc.). These are the oldest sources of revenue for governments around the world. In 2020, consumption taxes accounted for 30% of total tax revenues in OECD countries on average, equivalent to 9.9% of GDP in these countries. Excise has existed in English since

2628-425: The cost of establishing and administering a private foundation, including staffing and legal fees. The donor receives the maximum tax deduction at the time they donate to their account, and the organization that administers the fund gains full control over the contribution, granting the donor advisory status. As such, the administrating fund is not legally bound to the donor, but makes grants to other public charities on

2701-467: The creation or increase of excise taxes on certain existing consumer products whose production leads to environmental damage is being considered. The declaration of a climate emergency by international organisations such as the UN and the OECD warns that the current production model is and will have negative effects on life on the planet due to the current high level of pollution. This is why one way to internalise

2774-463: The donor directed foundation, and it then makes grants based on the stated preferences of the original contributor. This process ensures that the intent of the contributor is met while also hiding that contributor's identity. Because contributions to a donor directed foundation are not required to be made public, their existence provides a way for individuals or corporations to make anonymous contributions. Whitney Ball, co-founder and executive director of

2847-407: The donor fund is invested in. Excise tax An excise , or excise tax , is any duty on manufactured goods that is normally levied at the moment of manufacture for internal consumption rather than at sale. It is therefore a fee that must be paid in order to consume certain products. Excises are often associated with customs duties , which are levied on pre-existing goods when they cross

2920-447: The donor's recommendation . Most foundations that offer donor-advised funds only make grants from these funds to other public charities, and usually perform due diligence to verify the grantee's tax-exempt status. Drexel University environmental sociologist Robert Brulle , who has studied networks of nonprofit funding, described donor-advised funds: In this type of foundation, individuals or other foundations contribute money to

2993-481: The donor-advised fund Donors Trust , described donor-advised funds: A donor-advised fund begins with a donor contributing cash or assets to a public charity, which in turn creates a separate account for the donor, who may recommend disbursements from the fund to other public charities. Technically, the charity that sponsors the fund has the final say on the disbursements, and it is legally required to ensure they go only to charitable purposes, but in normal circumstances

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3066-592: The door for many other providers to launch donor-advised fund programs. On August 17, 2006, President George W. Bush signed the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (H.R. 4) into law, which includes a number of changes to the regulatory framework for donor-advised funds. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 established guidelines for the management of donor-advised funds, using NFI's standards as a framework. The sections dealing with donor-advised funds include: Under United States federal income tax law, there

3139-562: The fact that dice were also subject to stamp duty (and were in fact the only non-paper item listed under the Stamp Act 1765 ) suggests that its implementation to cards and dice can be viewed as a type of excise duty on gambling. Profits of bookmakers are subject to General Betting Duty in the United Kingdom. Prostitution has been proposed to bear excise tax in separate bills in the Canadian Parliament (2005), and in

3212-676: The following four conditions are fulfilled: The excise tax in India is imposed typically on production and manufacturing rather than on sale of goods and services. This means that the taxes are paid by the manufacturer, but it is the consumer who ultimately bears the burden of the tax. India has also incorporated a system which allows companies to pay this tax monthly using the online ACES (Automation of Central Excise and Service Tax) portal. Taxes here are mostly calculated as ad valorem taxes although there are some special cases where rates are applied. The first ever excise taxes were introduced during

3285-582: The funds. Donors maintained advisory privileges, but NFI was not obligated to use the funds based on their recommendations, especially if the receiving party did not comply with the five standards of a charitable organization , identified by the court: 1) that it be consistent with the charitable purposes specified in section 501(c)(3); (2) that it has a reasonable budget; (3) that it be adequately funded; (4) that it be staffed by competent and well-trained personnel; and (5) that it be capable of effective monitoring and supervision by NFI. The outcome of this case opened

3358-580: The gift). In addition, the founders or board of a private foundation have complete control over where its giving goes within broad legal bounds. In a donor-advised fund, the donor only advises the sponsoring organization where the money should go. While rare (perhaps unheard of?), a sponsoring organization could conceivably ignore the donor's intent. In addition, most donor-advised funds can solely give to IRS certified 501(c)(3) organizations or their foreign equivalents. This rules out, for example, most kinds of donations to individuals, and scholarships—both things

3431-528: The government has undertaken steps to better the situation like increasing taxes on luxury cars. Excise taxes in Japan are a type of consumption taxes that are imposed on certain goods and services at the time of purchase. The main goal of excise taxes in Japan is to discourage people from using harmful products or buying luxury items. Japan has been implementing excise taxes since the mid-19th century when it needed

3504-494: The hassle and paperwork of transferring non-cash assets to several organizations. This combination of convenience and full tax advantage is one reason that donor-advised funds are used. While private foundations in the United States are heavily regulated by the Internal Revenue Service , including rules on oversight and minimum annual payouts, donor-advised funds housed in public charities are not subject to

3577-466: The higher likelihood of organised crime being involved in attempts at evading Excise, and its association with smuggling , compared with evasion attempts concerning direct taxation, the Board of Excise was later combined instead with the Board of Customs, to form HM Customs and Excise . In this combined form, Customs and Excise was responsible for managing the import and export of goods and services into

3650-452: The imposition of an excise. In defense of excises on strong drink, Adam Smith wrote: "It has for some time past been the policy of Great Britain to discourage the consumption of spirituous liquors, on account of their supposed tendency to ruin the health and to corrupt the morals of the common people." Samuel Johnson was less flattering in his 1755 dictionary : EXCI'SE. n.s. ... A hateful tax levied upon commodities, and adjudged not by

3723-428: The late 15th century and was borrowed from Middle Dutch echijns and excijs , meaning 'excise on wine or beer', which was apparently altered from earlier (13th century) assise, assijs , which meant simply a tax on consumption and is related to Medieval Latin accisia, assisia, assisa 'tax, excise duty'. The exact derivation is unclear and is presumed to come from several roots. Excise was introduced to England from

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3796-468: The liver ), which are used by large swathes of the population, both being widely recognized as addictive . Gasoline (or petrol), as well as diesel and certain other fuels, meanwhile, have excise tax imposed on them mainly because they pollute the environment and to raise funds to support the transportation infrastructure. Revenue-raising depends on a low responsiveness of consumption (elasticity) to tax-induced price changes and externality-prevention depends on

3869-555: The meaning of "excise" is not merely academic, but has been the subject of numerous court cases. The High Court of Australia has repeatedly held that a tax can be an "excise" regardless of whether the taxed goods are of domestic or foreign origin; most recently, in Ha v New South Wales (1997), the majority of the Court endorsed the view that an excise is "an inland tax on a step in production, manufacture, sale or distribution of goods", and took

3942-505: The money for their rapid modernizing and growth. For example, one of the earliest excise taxes on tobacco were imposed in 1898 and this helped to raise funds for the Russo-Japanese war . Today most of the excise taxes in Japan are replaced by the consumption tax. The consumption tax rate is at 10% since 2019, however it is imposed on variety of products and there are exceptions in the rates for goods like alcohol, tobacco or fuel. In

4015-635: The most noticeable examples of this is the development of the Ace of Spades as a particularly elaborate card, from the time when it was obliged to carry the stamp for playing card duty . A government-owned monopoly —such as an alcohol monopoly —is another method of ensuring the excise is paid. The Australian Taxation Office describes an excise as "a tax levied on certain types of goods produced or manufactured in Australia. These... include alcohol, tobacco and petroleum and alternative fuels". In Australia ,

4088-437: The most notorious taxes in the whole of history was France's gabelle of salt . Although that was a sales tax, rather than an excise, salt has been subject to excise in some countries, along with many other substances which would, in today's world, seem rather unusual, such as paper , and coffee . In fact, salt was taxed as early as the second century, and as late as the twentieth. Many different reasons have been given for

4161-437: The negative externality derived from productive activity is the inclusion of special taxes on certain products that are the main cause. These include energy, hydrocarbons and certain means of transport. The aim is to reduce their consumption while at the same time generating revenue to mitigate the negative effects of their consumption. They are therefore excise taxes that serve purposes other than simply to raise revenue. One of

4234-493: The original donor's requests will be followed. Since 2010, some donor-advised funds have become less like traditional foundations. The simultaneous growth of DAFs and online giving has led to funds like CharityBox, that are run by start-up companies through a web/mobile platform. Such companies allow donors to give directly to 501(c)(3) organizations and instantly receive tax-deductible receipts via email. The New York Community Trust pioneered donor-advised funds in 1931, and

4307-410: The price of a newspaper), it was pejoratively referred to as a " tax on knowledge ", with people forced to rent newspapers on a per-hour basis, or else pool money together in order to buy and share. This resulted in a situation where even out-of-date newspapers were widely sought-after. Advertisement Duty was also stipulated in the same laws and was also charged on a "per unit" basis, irrespective of

4380-512: The price responsiveness of specific users. Following the legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States , states with implemented legal markets have imposed new excise taxes on sales of cannabis products. These taxes have been used to build support for legalization initiatives by raising revenue for general spending purposes. Some U.S. states tax transactions involving illegal drugs. Gambling licences are subject to excise in many countries today. In 18th-century England , and for

4453-445: The same principle include hearth tax , brick tax , and wallpaper tax . Excise is levied at the point of manufacture; in the case of hearth tax, and window tax, their status as excise therefore depends on whether the window/hearth can philosophically be said to truly exist before the hearth/window is installed in the property. Though technically excise, these taxes are really just substitutes for direct taxes, rather than being levied for

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4526-671: The same tax restrictions. In 1985, National Foundation, Inc. (NFI, now WaterStone) defended its standard for the management of donor-advised funds against the Internal Revenue Service in the United States tax court in National Foundation, Inc. v. United States . The court found that NFI was eligible for tax-exemption and could be classified as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based on their management of donor-advised funds. NFI had complete control and ownership of what would later be called donor-advised funds, and could exercise discretion in authorizing charitable distributions of

4599-427: The same total amount with reduced effective donor cost. This is true whether or not one uses a donor-advised fund. If the securities increase in value after they have been given to the donor-advised fund (but before the grant recommendation is actually made), no additional tax deduction can be claimed by the taxpayer. On the other hand, if the securities decrease in value, the taxpayer's original tax deduction (based on

4672-425: The second such fund was created in 1935. Since then, commercial sponsors, educational institutions, and independent charities have started offering the service. As of 2015 , donor-advised funds were the fastest growing charitable giving vehicle in the U.S. —more than 269,000 donor-advised accounts held over $ 78 billion in assets. Current U.S. tax law allows the donor of appreciated securities or other assets to get

4745-479: The size or nature of the advertisement. Until 1833 the cost was 3s 6d, after which it was reduced to 1s 6d. An excise duty is often applied by the affixation of revenue stamps to the products being sold. In the case of tobacco or alcohol , for example, producers may be given (or required to buy) a certain bulk amount of excise stamps from the government and are then obliged to affix one to every packet of cigarettes or bottle of spirits produced. One of

4818-513: The sponsor. American Endowment Foundation for example allows successor advisors in perpetuity. While a foundation can persist for generations or in perpetuity, some sponsoring organizations impose a "sunset" on donor-advised funds, after which they collapse individual funds into their general charity pool. Because a public charity houses the fund, donors receive the maximum tax deduction available, while avoiding excise taxes and other restrictions imposed on private foundations. Further, donors avoid

4891-537: The tax, as a way of showing off their wealth, by flooding their properties with windows—even to the point of installing fake ones—using fine brickwork, covering their interiors with wallpaper, and having several fireplaces in each room. Newspapers were taxed in the United Kingdom from 1712 until 1853. The original tax was increased with the Stamps Act 1814 , when it was stipulated at 4d per copy. Since this made it extremely expensive for working-class families (doubling

4964-570: The taxation of such substances, but have usually – if not explicitly – revolved around the historical scarcity of the substance, and their correspondingly high value at the time; governments clearly felt entitled to a share of the profits that traders made on them. Window tax was introduced as a form of income tax , that technically preserved the financial privacy of the individual, the rationale being that wealthier individuals would have grander homes, and hence would have more windows. Furthermore, unlike income, windows cannot be easily hidden. Taxes on

5037-528: The usual reasons for excise. All of these taxes led to avoidance behaviour that had a substantial impact on society and architecture. People deliberately bricked up windows to avoid window tax, used much larger bricks to reduce their liability for brick tax, or bought plain paper and had it filled in later to avoid wallpaper tax. Some poor people even forced themselves to live in cold dark rooms in order to avoid paying these taxes. By contrast, extremely wealthy individuals would sometimes parade their ability to pay

5110-425: The value of the securities when given to the donor-advised fund) remains valid. Even though the tax efficiency is the same, there are differences between giving directly to a charity and giving via a donor-advised fund. However, there is a cost to donor-advised funds. Most donor-advised funds charge an administrative fee (e.g., 1% per year). This is in addition to management fees that, for example, any mutual funds

5183-577: The vehicle is found to have been transported by a police or gendarmerie service during any official inspection or report in the event of a road traffic offence or an accident, whether at fault or not.) It is the driver of the vehicle who must justify this tax at the time of transport, or the company employing the driver if the vehicle is used for professional purposes. Additional taxes (similar to excise duties) are levied in France: In India, almost all products are subject to excise duty, provided

5256-412: The vehicle is transported, even if the vehicle is purchased with an invoice from a large retail outlet for private use. Few people are aware of this, but it can be fined or seized if the "tax stamp" (represented by the tax capsule known as the "CRD" or "capsule représentative de droit") is not produced when the vehicle is inspected by a customs service anywhere in the country, not just at borders, or even if

5329-429: Was considered to more of a luxury goods. In modern China this was largely expanded to excise duties on alcohol, tobacco, petroleum or telecommunication. Examples of China's excise taxes would be: There are many more goods that are subject to excise taxes like cars, other motor vehicles and luxury goods. Excise taxes in general have been heavily criticized for being regressive (disproportionate on lower income citizens) so

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