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60-544: It was founded in 1995 after the dissolution of the Melanesian Alliance Party members John Momis , Bernard Narokobi who merged with Moi Avei , Bart Philemon and Masket Iangalio , who then invited Sir Michael Somare to lead them to the 1997 elections after he had been sacked as leader of the Pangu Party . National Alliance took 19 of 109 seats in parliament at the 2002 election , making it

120-403: A landslide victory over President James Tanis and the other presidential candidates. Momis won 43,047 votes, or 52.35% of the total popular votes cast in the election. His closest challenger, incumbent President James Tanis, received estimated 17,205 votes. Momis won the popular vote in both South Bougainville and Tanis' home region of Central Bougainville. Momis was sworn into office for

180-575: A 5-year term as President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville on 10 June 2010 at the Parliament house. The oath of office was administered by Peter Toliken , Bougainville's Chief Magistrate . On the day of his inauguration, Momis appointed Patrick Nisira as Vice President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville . Momis stated that his first priorities in office were to fight political corruption and to arrange disposal of

240-408: A Catholic priest until 1993, when he was granted an official dispensation to leave the priesthood. Momis married Elizabeth, and remains a devout Roman Catholic to the present day. Momis is considered to be a native of South Bougainville , which continued to be unstable politically in the 21st century. Momis became active in politics while serving as a Catholic priest. In 1972, he was elected as

300-483: A desire to see Bougainville become independent by June 2025, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister James Marape cautioned against setting a specific timetable. On 7 July 2021, it was announced that Bougainville will become independent by the end of 2027 pending approval of the PNG parliament. The region is divided into three districts, which are further divided into Local Level Government (LLGs) areas. For census purposes,

360-695: A five-year agreement. John Momis John Momis (born 3 March 1942) is a Bougainvillean politician who served as the President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea between 2010 and 2020. Momis served as a Catholic priest from 1970 until 1993, becoming active in politics and elected to the assembly in the 1970s. He was a co-writer of the Constitution of Papua New Guinea and worked to establish

420-668: A large part of Papua New Guinea's gross national product . The mine was operated by the Australian company Bougainville Copper (BLC), a subsidiary of the British-Australian mining company Rio Tinto/CRA, which had majority control of the company. The state of Papua New Guinea (PNG) holds a 19.1% stake in Bougainville Copper. As a result of the civil war and the rebel-forced closure of the mine, Papua New Guinea's government revenues fell by 20%. Some hope for

480-488: A member of North Solomons , as Bougainville was known at the time, to colonial Papua New Guinea 's first representative assembly, the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea . Momis chaired the constitutional committee, which wrote and drafted Papua New Guinea's national constitution , from 1972 until 1975. Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia in 1975. Shortly before independence, Momis resigned his seat in

540-469: A referendum in the future on whether the island should become politically independent. On 25 July 2005, rebel leader Francis Ona died after a short illness. A former surveyor with Bougainville Copper , Ona was a key figure in the secessionist conflict and had refused to formally join the island's peace process. In 2015, Australia announced it would establish a diplomatic post in Bougainville for

600-413: A secessionist organization in what was then North Solomons Province . After it was confirmed as a province, he returned to national politics. Following the end of the civil war, he was appointed as the governor of Bougainville from 1999 until 2005. He was Papua New Guinea's ambassador to China from 2007 to 2010. Momis defeated his predecessor James Tanis and five other challengers by a landslide in

660-706: A second time in March 1985. Somare appointed Momis as both Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Public Service. Momis held a number of positions in the Papua New Guinean parliament over the next decade, including Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 1985 until 1987 and again from 1987 to 1988; Minister for Provincial Affairs from 1988 until 1992 in the government of Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu ; Shadow Minister for Bougainville Affairs in 1992; Shadow Minister for Provincial Affairs in 1993; Deputy Leader of

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720-485: Is Tok Pisin , while a variety of Austronesian and non-Austronesian languages are also spoken. The region includes several Polynesian outliers where Polynesian languages are spoken. Geographically the islands of Bougainville and Buka form part of the Solomon Islands archipelago , but are politically separate from the independent country of Solomon Islands . Historically, Bougainville and Buka, together with

780-697: Is dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption , and can be found on Buka Island . It was formerly the Church of St. Michael the Archangel in the former mission of Tubiana. There are a total of 33 Catholic parishes and one mission in the region. Bougainville's constitution, written in English , does not specify an official language , but calls for constitutional literature to be translated into Tok Pisin and as many local languages as possible, while also encouraging

840-553: Is north of Bougainville, separated by a narrow strait. The region includes other more or less remote islands and atolls: The territory constitutes an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean that has an area of 9384 square kilometres . Elections for the first autonomous government were held in May and June 2005; Joseph Kabui , an independence leader, was elected president. He died in office on 6 June 2008. After interim elections to fill

900-627: Is one of the most important in Oceania , is heavily threatened by mining activities. Mining activities have caused civil unrest in the region many times. In January 2018, a moratorium on one mine was imposed by the Papua New Guinea government, in a bid to calm civil unrest against mining in the region. Bougainville had one of the world's largest open-pit copper mines, the Pangunamine, from 1972 to 1989, which for many years generated

960-513: Is the final step in the Bougainville Peace Agreement. The referendum question was a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea, or full independence. Over 98% of the valid ballots were cast for independence. Ishmael Toroama , a former rebel leader, was elected president of Bougainville on 23 September 2020. Negotiations between Papua New Guinea and Bougainville began on 17 May 2021. While Toroama stated

1020-494: Is the most productive in all of PNG for cocoa. Omuru et al. , 2001 find households farming cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) average an income of US$ 215/year. The Cocoa Pod Borer ( Conopomorpha cramerella ) was considered a large risk for invasion here due to its invasion of nearby areas of Southeast Asia including East New Britain . There was great interest in modelling and phytosanitation practices to forestall its introduction. Unfortunately CPB did arrive here and in 2011

1080-599: The 2010 presidential election , in which he was a candidate of the New Bougainville Party . was sworn in as President of Bougainville on 10 June 2010 for a five-year term. He was reelected for a second five year-term in the general elections in May 2015. John Momis was born in Salamaua , Morobe Province , in the colonial Territory of New Guinea . Some sources list Momis's birth year as 1942. However, most media sources cite Momis's age as 71 years at

1140-426: The Autonomous Region of Bougainville (Tok Pisin: Otonomos Region bilong Bogenvil ), is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea . The largest island is Bougainville Island , while the region also includes Buka Island and a number of outlying islands and atolls. The current capital is Buka , situated on Buka Island. In 2011, the region had an estimated population of 250,000. The lingua franca of Bougainville

1200-647: The Bismarck Archipelago . Around 3,000 years ago, Austronesian peoples brought the Lapita culture to the islands, introducing pottery, agriculture, and domesticated animals such as pigs, dogs, and chickens. Both Austronesian and non-Austronesian languages are spoken on the islands to this day, however there has been significant mixing between the populations to the point that cultural and genetic differences are no longer correlated with language. The first Europeans to sight present-day Bougainville were

1260-496: The Bougainville Civil War . The status of Buka is considered temporary, and the government is deciding on the location of a permanent capital. President John Momis confirmed that Bougainville would hold a non-binding independence referendum in 2019. The governments of both Bougainville and Papua New Guinea held a two-week referendum period which began on 23 November 2019 and closed on 7 December 2019, which

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1320-697: The Florida Islands included in the German section. The current boundary between PNG and Solomon Islands is derived from the Tripartite Convention of 1899, which saw those islands ceded to the United Kingdom. The German Solomon Islands were administered through German New Guinea , although it took almost two decades for an administrative presence to be established. The German administrative station at Kieta , established in 1905,

1380-502: The June 2012 general election . Polye stated: "Somare is gone, and so will his party. NA will be history". The remaining faction of the party continue to recognise Michael Somare's leadership. In late March 2017, Michael Somare bid farewell to the party alongside his decision to not contest his constituency in the 2017 General Election . In May 2017, the party withdrew from O'Neill's government coalition with People's National Congress, ending

1440-762: The National Soccer League since 2019, although it is based in Port Moresby rather than in Bougainville itself. Previously, a team from Bougainville won the national soccer championships in 1977, defeating Rabaul . Historically the Bougainville Soccer Association came into conflict with the Papua New Guinea Football Association over various matters. During the 1970s and 1980s, teams from Bougainville played against other regions in

1500-555: The Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) to put down the rebellion, and the conflict escalated into a civil war . The PNGDF retreated from permanent positions on Bougainville in 1990, but continued military action. The conflict involved pro-independence and loyalist Bougainvillean groups as well as the PNGDF. The war claimed an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 lives. In 1996, Prime Minister Sir Julius Chan made

1560-554: The People's Republic of China to contest the 2010 presidential election. He was also chosen as the leader of the New Bougainville Party in January 2010. Momis contested the election against incumbent President James Tanis and five other challengers. Voting for the election began on 7 May 2010 and ended on 24 May 2010. On Tuesday 8 June 2010 at 2:30 p.m. John Momis was declared the winner and president-elect of Bougainville in

1620-540: The World Bank 's Productive Partnerships in Agriculture Project was created to help farmers control the insect. From the 2009 production level, bean tonnage fell by over 41% by 2014 (although this also includes trees aging out). The Tinputz area – including Namatoa – had been the highest-producing part of the region and has seen many farms be abandoned and return to jungle. PPAP hopes to revive

1680-585: The "development, preservation, and enrichment of all Bougainville languages". The most widely spoken Austronesian language is Halia and its dialects, spoken in the island of Buka and the Selau peninsula of Northern Bougainville. Other Austronesian languages include Nehan , Petats , Solos , Saposa (Taiof), Hahon and Tinputz , all spoken in the northern quarter of Bougainville, Buka and surrounding islands. These languages are closely related. Bannoni and Torau are Austronesian languages not closely related to

1740-619: The Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire , who glimpsed Takuu Atoll and Nissan Island in 1616. British naval officer Philip Carteret saw Buka Island in 1767 and also visited the islands that were later named in his honour . In 1768, French admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed along the east coast of the island that now bears his name. The German Empire , which had already begun operations in New Guinea, annexed present-day Bougainville in 1886, after agreeing with

1800-545: The LLGAs are subdivided into wards, and those into census units. The great majority of Bougainville residents are Christian, with an estimated 70% being Roman Catholic and a substantial minority being of the Protestant United Church of Papua New Guinea since 1968. The Catholic Church has its own diocese in the region (Diocese of Bougainville or Dioecesis Buganvillensis ). The cathedral and main church

1860-550: The National Alliance party, bringing its representation to 40 members. In August 2011, the NAP-led Somare government was brought down in a parliamentary motion of no confidence (while Somare was recovering from surgery in hospital), leading to a split in the party, between members who remained loyal to Somare, and others who joined Peter O'Neill's new government. In October, it was reported simultaneously that

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1920-495: The Opposition in 1994; and Minister of Information and Communication in 1994. Momis was appointed as the Governor of Bougainville, serving from 9 December 1999 until 20 April 2005. He resigned as governor in 2005 to contest Bougainville's first presidential election that year. He ultimately lost the election to Bougainville's first president, Joseph Kabui . In 2010, Momis resigned his post as Papua New Guinea's ambassador to

1980-581: The PNG national championships for Australian rules football , cricket , and field hockey . Boxing is popular in Bougainville. The region won the 2017 National Boxing Championships, which were hosted in Arawa. Notable boxers from the region include Commonwealth Boxing Council titleholder Johnny Aba and Pacific Games gold medalist Thadius Katua . Bougainvillean netball player Maleta Roberts has played professionally in Australia and represented

2040-695: The PNG parliament to establish a secessionist organization in North Solomons (Bougainville). However, Momis quickly returned to national Papuan politics after North Solomons was established as a province with a provincial government within Papua New Guinea. In 1977, Momis was re-elected to the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea as a member from North Solomons. He soon co-founded the new Melanesian Alliance Party with John Kaputin . Momis initially supported Prime Minister Michael Somare 's first coalition government (1975-1980) and

2100-570: The United Kingdom to divide the Solomon Islands archipelago between them. A German protectorate over the northern islands was established later that year, but the British Solomon Islands Protectorate was not established until 1893. The initial boundary between the two territories was much more southerly, with Choiseul Island , Santa Isabel Island , Ontong Java , the Shortland Islands , and part of

2160-673: The capital may relocate from Buka back to the previous location of Arawa . Bougainville has been inhabited by humans for at least 29,000 years, according to evidence obtained from Kilu Cave on Buka Island. Until about 10,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum , there was a single island referred to as "Greater Bougainville" that spanned from the northern tip of Buka Island to the Nggela Islands north of Guadalcanal . The first inhabitants of Bougainville were Australo-Melanesians who presumably arrived from

2220-606: The company over adverse environmental impacts, failure to share financial benefits, and negative social changes brought by the mine resulted in a local revival for a secessionist movement that had been dormant. Activists proclaimed the independence of Bougainville ( Republic of North Solomons ) in 1975 and in 1990, but both times government forces suppressed the separatists. In 1988, the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) increased their activity significantly. Prime Minister Sir Rabbie Namaliu ordered

2280-521: The controversial move to hire Sandline International , a private military company previously involved in supplying mercenaries in the civil war in Sierra Leone , to put down the rebellion. The Bougainville conflict ended in 1997 after negotiations brokered by New Zealand . In 2000, A peace agreement was completed and, together with disarmament , provided for the establishment of an Autonomous Bougainville Government . The parties agreed to have

2340-525: The culture of the islanders. In 1942, Bougainville was invaded by the Japanese in order to provide a support base for the operations elsewhere in the South-West Pacific. The Allied counter-invasion resulted in heavy casualties, beginning in 1943, with full control of the islands not re-established until 1945. After the war the Australian government incorporated Bougainville and the rest of

2400-527: The deaths of up to 20,000 people. A peace agreement resulted in the creation of the Autonomous Bougainville Government . In late 2019, a non-binding independence referendum was held with 98% voting for independence rather than continued autonomy within Papua New Guinea. As a result, the regional authorities intend to become independent between 2025 and 2027, pending ratification by the Papua New Guinean government. If ratified,

2460-589: The eventual reopening of the Panguna mine. Negotiations to reopen the Panguna mine began in early March 2006 with talks between former PNG Mines Minister Sam Akoitai and the Rio Tinto corporation in London. Some representatives of landowners in the Panguna area have repeatedly agreed to resume mining operations, albeit in conjunction with demands for large compensation payments from the mine operator BCL. Yields from

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2520-469: The first time. In 2016, it cancelled those plans acknowledging that it had not obtained the PNG government 's approval. In 2019, a non-binding independence referendum was held with 98.3% voting for independence rather than continued autonomy within Papua New Guinea. As a result, the regional authorities intend to become independent between 2025 and 2027. A draft constitution for a "Republic of Bougainville"

2580-479: The former colony as a League of Nations mandate , administered by Australia as the Territory of New Guinea . A civilian administration was established in 1920, after which German nationals were deported and their property expropriated. A number of punitive expeditions took place during both the German and Australian administrations, as part of "pacification" programs. The colonial period saw significant changes in

2640-489: The former, which are spoken in the coastal areas of central and south Bougainville. On the nearby Takuu Atoll a Polynesian language is spoken, Takuu . Official statistics about Bougainville's economy are not available. The PNG National Research Institute estimates its GDP per capita at $ 1,100 as of 2019. A small percentage of the region's economy is from mining . The majority of economic growth comes from agriculture and aquaculture . The region's biodiversity, which

2700-443: The industry around Namatoa. Cryptolaemus sinestria is a mealybug of cacao trees here, observed at a Buka agricultural station. Termites are common agricultural pests in Bougainville. Microcerotermes biroi and Nasutitermes novanimhebridarum are pests of coconut ( Cocos nucifera ). N. novanimhebridarum is also a pest of cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) here. Termite pests found here tend to be shared with many of

2760-757: The islands of Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortlands and Ontong Java, which are all now part of the country of Solomon Islands, formed the German Solomon Islands Protectorate, the geographical area later being referred to as the North Solomon Islands . Bougainville has been inhabited by humans for at least 29,000 years. During the colonial period the region was occupied and administered by the Germans, Australians, Japanese, and Americans for various periods. The name of

2820-431: The large number of weapons and unexploded ordnance left over from Bougainville's long war. Analysts view Momis as more in favor of continued autonomy and continued integration with Papua New Guinea, while Momis's predecessor, James Tanis, supported full independence. Autonomous Region of Bougainville Bougainville ( / ˈ b oʊ ɡ ən v ɪ l / BOH -gən-vil ; Tok Pisin : Bogenvil ), officially

2880-426: The largest single party, and as such the party was invited to form the government. The National Alliance-led government of 2002-2007 was the first government since independence in 1975 to survive a full five-year term - all previous governments had fallen to votes of no confidence. In 2006, party co-founder Bart Philemon attempted to depose Somare as party leader, but this challenge was unsuccessful and Philemon went to

2940-399: The mandate into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea , the immediate predecessor of present-day Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea gained its independence from Australia in 1975. As Bougainville is rich in copper and gold , a large mine had been established at Panguna in the early 1970s by Bougainville Copper Limited , a subsidiary of Rio Tinto . Disputes by regional residents with

3000-518: The nearby islands. A law passed by the provincial assembly – the Bougainville Flag, Emblem and Anthem (Protection) Act 2018 – affirmed the existing official status of the flag of Bougainville and emblem of Bougainville . Both the flag and emblem feature stylised depictions of the upe , a traditional headdress worn by men in parts of Bougainville to symbolise their transition to adulthood. The law also established " My Bougainville " as

3060-532: The opposition benches, remaining there as leader of the New Generation Party even after Somare’s victory in the elections. At the 2007 General Election , the party increased its representation, gaining 27 seats and remaining by far the largest party. Michael Somare was easily confirmed by Parliament for another term as prime minister, as several parties joined a coalition with the National Alliance, and 13 independents announced their decision to join

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3120-583: The party was expelling the latter, and that the latter's leader, Don Polye , had assumed leadership of the party. What had happened was a split, with two opposing factions both claiming to constitute the party. In January 2012, Polye purported to de-register the NAP, despite the existence of a rival faction. The members of his faction formed a new party, the Triumph Heritage Empowerment Rural Party ("T.H.E. Party"), ahead of

3180-553: The region originates from French admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville , who reached it in 1768. Bougainvillean separatism dates to the 1960s, and the Republic of the North Solomons was declared shortly before the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975; it was subsumed into Papua New Guinea the following year. Conflict over the Panguna mine became the primary trigger for the Bougainville Civil War (1988–1998), which resulted in

3240-591: The region's anthem. Rugby league in Bougainville is administered by the Bougainville Rugby Football League (BRFL), which is affiliated with the Papua New Guinea Rugby Football League (PNGRFL). A number of Bougainvilleans have played for the Papua New Guinea national rugby league team , including Bernard Wakatsi, Joe Katsi, Lauta Atoi , and Chris Siriosi. F.C. Bougainville has played in

3300-501: The remainder of his term, John Momis was elected as president in 2010 for a five-year term. He supports autonomy within a relationship with the national government of Papua New Guinea. The Constitution of Bougainville specifies that the Autonomous Bougainville Government shall consist of three branches: The capital city is Buka , which became the centre of government after Arawa was damaged during

3360-630: The time of his election as President of Bougainville in June 2010, which places his birth year at approximately 1938 or 1939. Momis attended Buin Primary School in Bougainville and St. Brendan's College , located in Yeppoon, Queensland , Australia . In 1963, Momis entered Holy Spirit Seminary, a Roman Catholic seminary in Madang . He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1970. He remained

3420-404: The two main exports , cocoa and copra , returned to pre-civil war levels in 2007. Largely operated by Europeans, Asians, churches and corporations, large-scale commercial plantations, which were responsible for a significant share of production before the civil war, are now used by smaller local operators. Further processing is done by small cocoa dryers promoted by AusAid. Bougainville Region

3480-589: Was appointed Minister for Decentralization in Somare's government. He remained PNG's Minister for Decentralization until 1982, including two years in the government of Prime Minister Julius Chan . In March 1980, Momis had joined with other members of parliament from North Solomons (Bougainville) to support a successful vote of no confidence in Michael Somare. Chan became Prime Minister after Somare's ouster. Prime Minister Michael Somare returned to power for

3540-541: Was preceded by a Marist mission, which succeeded in converting a majority of the islanders to Catholicism. The first fully commercial plantation was established in 1908, but German annexation had little economic impact. The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force occupied Bougainville in December 1914, as part of the Australian occupation of German New Guinea . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles established

3600-471: Was published by the Autonomous Bougainville Government in May 2024. The Bougainville region occupies the north of the Solomon archipelago with Bougainville Island, which is the largest island of this group. The border between Papua New Guinea and the nation of Solomon Islands lies just south in the middle of a 9 km (5.6 mi) strait that separates it from the Shortland Islands . The island of Buka

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