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121-576: During the seventeenth century, figurines of Buddha and other religious figures called "temple nodders" were produced in Asia. The earliest known Western reference to a bobblehead is thought to be in Nikolai Gogol 's 1842 short story " The Overcoat ," in which the main character's neck was described as being "like the necks of plaster cats that wag their heads." During the nineteenth century, bisque porcelain bobbleheads were made in limited quantities for

242-678: A Chola architectural style located on the south bank of the Cauvery river in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu , India. It is one of the largest Hindu temples and an exemplar of Tamil architecture . It is also called Dakshina Meru ( Meru of the South ). Built by Chola emperor Rajaraja I between 1003 and 1010 CE, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the " Great Living Chola Temples ", along with

363-457: A Romantic poem of German idyllic life – Hans Küchelgarten , and had it published at his own expense, under the pseudonym "V. Alov." The magazines he sent it to almost universally derided it. He bought all the copies and destroyed them, swearing never to write poetry again. His stay in St. Petersburg forced Gogol to make a certain decision regarding his self-identification. It was a period of turmoil;

484-400: A 30.18 metres (99.0 ft) sided square. The tower is elaborately articulated with Pilaster , piers (a raised structure), and attached columns which are placed rhythmically covering every surface of the vimana. The temple is dedicated to Shiva in the form of a huge linga , his abstract aniconic representation. It is 29 feet (8.7 m) high, occupying two storeys of the sanctum. It

605-423: A Farm , Gogol pictures Ukraine as a "nation ... united by organic culture , historical memory, and language ". His image of Russia lacks this depth and is always based in the present, particularly focused on Russia's bureaucracy and corruption. Dead Souls , according to Bojanowska, "presents Russian uniqueness as a catalog of faults and vices." The duality of Gogol’s national identity is frequently expressed as

726-431: A Jewish perspective." Gogol's oeuvre has also had an impact on Russia's non-literary culture, and his stories have been adapted numerous times into opera and film. The Russian composer Alfred Schnittke wrote the eight-part Gogol Suite as incidental music to The Government Inspector performed as a play , and Dmitri Shostakovich set The Nose as his first opera in 1928 – a peculiar choice of subject for what

847-550: A Madman ". Gogol's short story " Christmas Eve " (literally the Russian title «Ночь перед Рождеством» translates as "The Night before Christmas") was adapted into operatic form by at least three East Slavic composers. Ukrainian composer Mykola Lysenko wrote his Christmas Eve («Різдвяна ніч», with libretto in Ukrainian by Mykhailo Starytsky ) in 1872. Just two years later, in 1874, Tchaikovsky composed his version under

968-449: A black handkerchief wrapped around his head, simulating a toothache, while another professor interrogated the students. Gogol resigned his chair in 1835. Between 1832 and 1836, Gogol worked with great energy, and had extensive contact with Pushkin, but he still had not yet decided that his ambitions were to be fulfilled by success in literature. During this time, the Russian critics Stepan Shevyrev and Vissarion Belinsky , contradicting

1089-401: A convincingness, a truthfulness, and inevitability – attained as a rule by slight but definitive strokes of unexpected reality – that seems to beggar the visible world itself." According to Andrey Bely , Gogol's work influenced the emergence of Gothic romance , and served as a forerunner for absurdism and impressionism . The aspect under which the mature Gogol sees reality is expressed by

1210-400: A cultural hub for two days beginning 26 September 2010 as street performers and dancers performed throughout the town. On 26 September 2010 (Big Temple's fifth day of millennium celebrations), as a recognition of Big Temple's contribution to the country's cultural, architectural, epigraphical history, a special ₹ 5 postage stamp featuring the 66 metres (216 ft) tall giant Raja Gopuram

1331-584: A daily basis. On the days of Hindu festivals, these meals were elaborate and when brahmins were particularly invited and fed. Built in the year 1010 CE by Chola emperor Rajaraja I in Thanjavur, the temple is popularly known as the Big Temple. It turned 1,000 years old in September 2010. To celebrate the 1000th year of the grand structure, the state government and the town held many cultural events. It

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1452-404: A dark and secretive disposition, marked by a painful self-consciousness and boundless ambition. Equally early he developed a talent for mimicry, which later made him a matchless reader of his own works and induced him to toy with the idea of becoming an actor. On leaving school in 1828, Gogol went to Saint Petersburg, full of vague but ambitious hopes. He desired literary fame, and brought with him

1573-446: A disaster: He turned in a performance ludicrous enough to warrant satiric treatment in one of his own stories. After an introductory lecture made up of brilliant generalizations which the 'historian' had prudently prepared and memorized, he gave up all pretence at erudition and teaching, missed two lectures out of three, and when he did appear, muttered unintelligibly through his teeth. At the final examination, he sat in utter silence with

1694-451: A few select players over time. The World Series held that year brought the first player-specific baseball bobbleheads, for Roberto Clemente , Mickey Mantle , Roger Maris , and Willie Mays , still all with the same face. Over the next decade, bobbleheads were also made of ceramic. Within a few years, they would be produced for other sports as well as cartoon characters. One of the most famous bobbleheads of all time also hails from this era:

1815-577: A great satirist who lampooned the unseemly sides of Imperial Russia. They did not know that Dead Souls was but the first part of a planned modern-day counterpart to the Divine Comedy of Dante . The first part represented the Inferno ; the second part would depict the gradual purification and transformation of the rogue Chichikov under the influence of virtuous publicans and governors – Purgatory . In April 1848, Gogol returned to Russia from

1936-433: A key role in these processes". Gogol's appreciation of Ukraine grew during his discovery of Ukrainian history, and he concluded that "Ukraine possessed exactly the kind of cultural wholeness, proud tradition, and self-awareness that Russia lacked." He rejected or was critical of many of the postulates of official Russian history about Ukrainian nationhood. His unpublished " Mazepa’s Meditations" presents Ukrainian history in

2057-585: A manner that justifies Ukraine’s "historic right to independence". Before 1836, Gogol had planned to move to Kyiv to study Ukrainian ethnography and history, and it was after these plans failed that he decided to become a Russian writer. Even before the publication of Dead Souls , Belinsky recognized Gogol as the first Russian-language realist writer and as the head of the natural school , to which he also assigned such younger or lesser authors as Goncharov , Turgenev , Dmitry Grigorovich , Vladimir Dahl and Vladimir Sollogub . Gogol himself appeared skeptical about

2178-417: A method that preserves both paintings, a technique developed by Archaeological Survey of India. The frescoes narrate Hindu mythology. According to Balasubrahmanyam, most frescoes are related to Shiva, but the 11th century Chola frescoes also show Vishnu, Durga and others, as well as scenes of Chola royalty, courtly and common life. The later constructions, additions and modifications to the temple curtailed

2299-453: A miniature vimana . It has the inner wall together with the outer wall creating a path around the sanctum for circumambulation ( pradakshina ). The entrance is highly decorated. The inside chamber is the sanctum sanctorum, which houses the brihad linga. The main Vimana ( Shikhara ) is a massive 16 storeys tower of which 13 are tapering squares. It dominates the main quadrangle. It sits above

2420-660: A mixture of the Russian Nikolai and the Ukrainian Mykola. As a child, Gogol helped stage plays in his uncle's home theater. In 1820, Nikolai Gogol went to a school of higher art in Nezhin (Nizhyn) (now Nizhyn Gogol State University ) and remained there until 1828. It was there that he began writing. He was not popular among his schoolmates, who called him their "mysterious dwarf", but with two or three of them he formed lasting friendships. Very early he developed

2541-419: A monolithic seated bull facing the sanctum. In between them are stairs leading to a columned porch and community gathering hall, then an inner mandapa connecting to the pradakshina patha , or circumambulation path. The Nandi (bull) facing the mukh-mandapam weighs about 25 tonnes. It is made of a single stone and is about 2 m in height, 6 m in length and 2.5 m in width. The image of Nandi is a monolithic one and

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2662-560: A new type of bobblehead toy. This mini-bobblehead was two or three inches tall and used for gifts in some packaged foods. Post Cereals packaged 22 million mini-bobble heads of MLB players with its cereal before opening day in 2002. On November 18, 2014, it was announced that the National Bobblehead Hall of Fame and Museum would open in 2016 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The National Bobblehead Hall of Fame and Museum held

2783-542: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem and passed his last years in restless movement throughout the country. While visiting the capitals, he stayed with friends such as Mikhail Pogodin and Sergey Aksakov . During this period, he also spent much time with his old Ukrainian friends, Maksymovych and Osyp Bodiansky . He intensified his relationship with a starets or spiritual elder, Matvey Konstantinovsky, whom he had known for several years. Konstantinovsky seems to have strengthened in Gogol

2904-606: A powerful impression even on Jewish writers who inherited his literary legacy. Amelia Glaser has noted the influence of Gogol's literary innovations on Sholem Aleichem , who "chose to model much of his writing, and even his appearance, on Gogol... What Sholem Aleichem was borrowing from Gogol was a rural East European landscape that may have been dangerous, but could unite readers through the power of collective memory. He also learned from Gogol to soften this danger through laughter, and he often rewrites Gogol's Jewish characters, correcting anti-Semitic stereotypes and narrating history from

3025-474: A preview exhibit at RedLine Milwaukee from January 7, 2016, to April 30, 2016, which showcased the largest public display of bobbleheads in history. The 2000s also saw the rise of a competitive market for personalized, on-demand bobbleheads, typically 6–7 inches tall, from several online vendors. In 2015, the Pope Francis bobblehead became so popular that a nationwide shortage was reported. January 7, 2015,

3146-589: A probable Pandyan king, two of Nayaka rulers namely, Achyutappa Nayaka and Mallapa Nayaka. An inscription on the north wall of enclosure, dated 1011 CE, gives a detailed accounts of people employed and supported by the temple. The inscription gives their wages, roles and names. It includes over 600 names including those of priests , lamp lighters, washermen, tailors , jewelers , potters , carpenters , sacred parasol bearers, dance gurus, dancing girls , singers , male and female musicians , superintendents of performance artists, accountants among others. Their wages

3267-518: A regional Ukrainian writer, and used his works to illustrate the specific of Ukrainian national characters. The themes and style of these early prose works by Gogol, as well as his later drama, were similar to the work of Ukrainian-language writers and dramatists who were his contemporaries and friends, including Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko . However, Gogol's satire was much more sophisticated and unconventional. Although these works were written in Russian, they were nevertheless full of Ukrainianisms, which

3388-593: A separate pavilion. The temple walls have numerous inscriptions in Tamil and Grantha scripts. Many of these begin with customary Sanskrit and Tamil language historical introduction to the king who authorized it, and predominant number of them discuss gifts to the temple or temple personnel, in some cases residents of the city. The temple complex has sixty four inscriptions of Rajaraja Chola I , twenty nine inscriptions of Rajendra Chola I , one each of Vikrama Chola , Kulottunga I and Rajamahendra ( Rajendra II ), three of

3509-406: A view that "in the aesthetic, psychological, and existential senses Gogol is inscribed ... into Ukrainian culture", while "in historical and cultural terms he is part of Russian literature and culture". Slavicist Edyta Bojanowska writes that Gogol, after arriving in St. Petersburg, was surprised to find that he was perceived as a Ukrainian, and even as a khokhol (hick). Bojanowska argues that it

3630-435: A writer presents common things in an unfamiliar or strange way so that the reader can gain new perspectives and see the world differently. His early works, such as Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka , were influenced by his Ukrainian upbringing, Ukrainian culture and folklore . His later writing satirised political corruption in contemporary Russia ( The Government Inspector , Dead Souls ), although Gogol also enjoyed

3751-503: Is a sense of boundless superfluity that is soon revealed as utter emptiness and a rich comedy that suddenly turns into metaphysical horror." His stories often interweave pathos and mockery, while " The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich " begins as a merry farce and ends with the famous dictum, "It is dull in this world, gentlemen!" It stunned Gogol when some critics interpreted The Government Inspector as an indictment of Tsarism despite Nicholas I's patronage of

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3872-531: Is also famed for the quality of its sculpture, as well as being the location that commissioned the brass Nataraja , Shiva as the lord of dance, in the 11th century. The complex includes shrines for Nandi , Parvati , Murugan , Ganesha , Sabhapati, Dakshinamurti , Chandeshvara , Varahi , Thiyagarajar of Thiruvarur, Siddhar Karuvoorar and others. The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu . Rajaraja Chola , who commissioned

3993-581: Is also well represented on stamps worldwide. Several commemorative coins have been issued in the USSR and Russia. In 2009, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin dedicated to Gogol. Streets have been named after Gogol in various cities, including Moscow, Sofia, Lipetsk , Odesa , Myrhorod , Krasnodar , Vladimir , Vladivostok , Penza , Petrozavodsk , Riga , Bratislava , Belgrade, Harbin and many other towns and cities. Gogol

4114-537: Is connected daily to other major cities by the network of Indian Railways, Tamil Nadu bus services and the National Highways 67 , 45C , 226 and 226 Extn . The nearest airport with regular services is Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ), about 55 kilometres (34 mi) away. The city and the temple though inland, are at the start of the Kaveri River delta, thus with access to

4235-579: Is intricately carved, and mural paintings. The ground floor level sanctum walls have the following sculptures: On the second floor, Shiva's Tripurantaka form in different postures is depicted corresponding to these sculptures. Above these floors, the sri-vimana towers above in thirteen storeys ( talas ). Above these storeys is a single square block of granite weight 80 tons, and 7.77 metres (25.5 ft) side. On top of this block, at its corners are Nandi pairs each about 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 in) by 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) in dimension. Above

4356-641: Is mentioned several times in Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's Poor Folk and Crime and Punishment and Chekhov 's The Seagull . Ryūnosuke Akutagawa considered Gogol along with Edgar Allan Poe his favorite writers. BBC Radio 4 made a series of six Gogol short stories, entitled Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat (2002, adaptations by Jim Poyser) starring Griff Rhys-Jones and Stephen Moore . The stories adapted were " The Two Ivans ", " The Overcoat ", " Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt ", " The Nose ", " The Mysterious Portrait " and " Diary of

4477-653: Is one of the largest in the country. As a world heritage monument, the temple and the premises comes under the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) which falls under the Ministry of Culture of the Government of India, to ensure safety, preservation and restoration. The surrounding facilities have been upgraded to create an ambience worthy of the grandeur of this ancient marvel with lighting, signage and facilities for devotees and visitors. The lighting of

4598-641: Is one of the largest monolithic linga sculptures in India. The Shaivism temple celebrates all major Hindu traditions by including the primary deities of the Vaishnavism and Shaktism tradition in the great mandapa of the main temple. The distribution of the deities is generally symmetric, except for the east entrance side which provide for the door and walkway. In addition to the main deities, each side provides for dvarapala s (guardians), and various other sculptures. The vestibule has three stone sculptures that

4719-571: Is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu . The temple was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO , along with the Brihadeeswara Temple at Gangaikondacholapuram and Airavatesvara temple at Darasuram that are referred as the Great Living Chola Temples . These three temples have similarities, but each has unique design and sculptural elements. All of the three temples were built by

4840-613: Is sharply raised, a mode that is used in building the Thanjavur Peruvudaiyar Kovil . The recent excavations near the temple's walls show bases filled with sands of different colors, indicating that the temple's architecture has much more planning than the simple stacking of heavy stones. Nikolai Gogol Petersburg Tales  [ fr ] (1833–1842) Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1 April [ O.S. 20 March] 1809  – 4 March [ O.S. 21 February] 1852)

4961-466: Is unclear why these were not carved. The 81 postures carved suggest the significance of this classical Indian dance form by early 11th century. The garbhagriha is square and sits on a plinth . This is moulded and 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) thick. It consists of upapitham and adhishthanam , respectively 140 cm and 360 cm thick. The two mandapa, namely maha-mandapa and mukha-mandapa , are square plan structures axially aligned between

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5082-406: Is why a glossary of Ukrainian words was included at the end of the volumes. At this time, Gogol developed a passion for Ukrainian Cossack history and tried to obtain an appointment to the history department at Saint Vladimir Imperial University of Kiev . Despite the support of Alexander Pushkin and Sergey Uvarov , the Russian minister of education, the appointment was blocked by a bureaucrat on

5203-624: The Encyclopædia Britannica as "the triumph of Gogolesque irony". The period of literary modernism saw a revival of interest in and a change of attitude towards Gogol's work. One of the pioneering works of Russian formalism was Eichenbaum 's reappraisal of "The Overcoat". In the 1920s, a group of Russian short-story writers, known as the Serapion Brothers , placed Gogol among their precursors and consciously sought to imitate his techniques. The leading novelists of

5324-669: The Bay of Bengal and through it to the Indian Ocean . Along with the temples, the Tamil people completed the first major irrigation network in the 11th century for agriculture, for movement of goods and to control the water flow through the urban center. A spectrum of dravidian temple styles continued to develop from the fifth to the ninth century over the Chalukya era rule as evidenced in Aihole , Badami and Pattadakal , and then with

5445-542: The Lubny Regiment in 1710. His father Vasily Gogol-Yanovsky , who died when Gogol was 15 years old, was supposedly a descendant of Ukrainian Cossacks (see Lyzohub family ) and belonged to the 'petty gentry'. Gogol knew that his paternal ancestor Ostap Hohol  [ uk ] , a Cossack hetman in Polish service, received nobility from the Polish king. The family used the Polish surname "Janowski" (Ianovskii) and

5566-650: The November Uprising in the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to a rise of Russian nationalism . Initially, Gogol used the surname Gogol-Ianovskii, but it soon became inconvenient. At first he tried to shorten it to the Russian-sounding "Ianov", but in the second half of 1830 he abandoned the Polish part of his surname altogether. He even admonished his mother in a letter to address him only as "Gogol", as Poles had become "suspect" in St. Petersburg. Tsarist authorities encouraged

5687-581: The Novodevichy Cemetery . His body was discovered lying face down, which gave rise to the conspiracy theory that Gogol had been buried alive. The authorities moved the Golgotha stone to the new gravesite, but removed the cross; in 1952, the Soviets replaced the stone with a bust of Gogol. The stone was later reused for the tomb of Gogol's admirer Mikhail Bulgakov . In 2009, in connection with

5808-537: The October Revolution . Joseph Stalin did not like the statue, and it was replaced by a more orthodox Socialist Realist monument in 1952. It took enormous efforts to save Andreyev's original work from destruction; as of 2014 it stands in front of the house where Gogol died. D. S. Mirsky characterizes Gogol's universe as "one of the most marvellous, unexpected – in the strictest sense, original – worlds ever created by an artist of words". Gogol saw

5929-547: The Pallava era as witnessed at Mamallapuram and other monuments. Thereafter, between 850 and 1280, Cholas emerged as the dominant dynasty. The early Chola period saw a greater emphasis on securing their geopolitical boundaries and less emphasis on architecture. In the tenth century, within the Chola empire emerged features such as the multifaceted columns with projecting square capitals . This, states George Michell, signaled

6050-468: The Puranas and other Hindu texts. The inner eastern gopuram leads to a vast courtyard, in which the shrines are all signed to east–west and north-west cardinal directions. The complex can be entered either on one axis through a five-story gopuram or with a second access directly to the huge main quadrangle through a smaller free-standing gopuram. The gopuram of the main entrance is 30 m high, smaller than

6171-507: The Tamil language , meaning "Tanjore Head-Shaking Doll." They are a native art form in the Thanjavur region of Tamil Nadu . These dolls are usually 6" to 12" tall (15 to 30 cm). They are made of clay or wood and painted over in bright colors, and they are often dressed up in fancy clothes. They form part of an elaborate display of dolls known as " Golu (kolu)," exhibited in Indian houses during

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6292-405: The axial and symmetrical geometry rules. It is classified as Perunkoil (also called Madakkoil), a big temple built on a higher platform of a natural or man-made mounds. The temple complex is a rectangle that is almost two stacked squares, covering 240.79 metres (790.0 ft) east to west, and 121.92 metres (400.0 ft) north to south. In this space are five main sections: the sanctum with

6413-472: The " Dasara (Navaratri)" festival in September-October. These dolls are examples of how to start separating the movements of three distinct parts of the body, namely the head, torso, and hip and skirt parts. A different version of these, 'Thalayatti Bommai,' is the king and queen versions. The purpose is to show that the semi-circular bottoms, filled with sands, do not topple with a structure that

6534-480: The 11th century, such as a mandapa in its northeast corner and additional gopurams (gateways) on its perimeters to allow people to enter and leave from multiple locations. Some of the shrines and structures were added during the Pandya, Nayaka, Vijayanagara and Maratha era, before the colonial era started, and these builders respected the original plans and symmetry rules. Inside the original temple courtyard, along with

6655-644: The Association of Bharatanatyam Artistes of India (ABHAI) and the Brhan Natyanjali Trust, Thanjavur. To mark the 1000th anniversary of the building, 1,000 dancers from New Delhi, Mumbai , Pune , Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka , Kerala, Singapore, Malaysia and the US danced in concert to the recorded 11 verses of divine music Thiruvisaippa (ninth volume of Thirumurai ) composed by Karuvur deva (the guru of Rajaraja). The small town turned into

6776-511: The Beatles bobblehead set, which is a valuable collectible today. The subsequent increase in popularity was in the late 1990s. Although older bobbleheads such as the baseball teams and the Beatles were sought after by collectors during this period, new bobblehead dolls were uncommon. Prompting their resurgence were cheaper manufacturing processes, and the primary bobblehead material switched, this time from ceramic to plastic. Making bobbleheads in

6897-535: The Chola-era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple , which are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively. The original monuments of this 11th-century temple were built around a moat. It included gopura , the main temple, its massive tower, inscriptions, frescoes, and sculptures predominantly related to Shaivism , but also of Vaishnavism and Shaktism . The temple

7018-645: The Cholas between the 10th and 12th centuries CE and they have continued to be supported and used by Hindus. The temples are classified as "Great Living" as the temples are active in cultural, pilgrimage and worship practises in modern times. The Brihadishvara temple at Thanjavur is the site of annual dance festivals around February, around the Mahashivratri . Major classical Indian dance form artists, as well as regional teams, perform their repertoire at this Brahan Natyanjali festival over 10 days. The Temple car

7139-668: The Jew: Essays in Literary Ethnocentrism , discuss "the significance of the Jewish characters and the negative image of the Ukrainian Jewish community in Gogol's novel Taras Bulba , pointing out Gogol's attachment to anti-Jewish prejudices prevalent in Russian and Ukrainian culture." In Léon Poliakov 's The History of Antisemitism , the author mentions that "The 'Yankel' from Taras Bulba indeed became

7260-688: The Orthodox Church in his book Selected Passages from Correspondence with his Friends (1847), Gogol came under attack from his former patron Vissarion Belinsky . The first Russian intellectual to publicly preach the economic theories of Karl Marx , Belinsky accused Gogol of betraying his readership by defending the status quo . Gogol was born in the Ukrainian Cossack town of Sorochyntsi . According to Edyta Bojanowska , Gogol's images of Ukraine are in-depth, distinguished by description of folklore and history . In his Evenings on

7381-413: The Russian word poshlost' , which means something similar to "triviality, banality, inferiority", moral and spiritual, widespread in a group of people or the entire society. Like Sterne before him, Gogol was a great destroyer of prohibitions and of romantic illusions. He undermined Russian Romanticism by making vulgarity reign where only the sublime and the beautiful had before. "Characteristic of Gogol

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7502-676: The South Korean horror film Evil Spirit: Viy (2008). In 2016, Gogol's short story "The Portrait" was announced to be adapted into a feature film of the same name, by Anastasia Elena Baranoff and Elena Vladimir Baranoff. The Russian TV-3 television series Gogol features Nikolai Gogol as a lead character and presents a fictionalized version of his life that mixes his history with elements from his various stories. The episodes were also released theatrically starting with Gogol. The Beginning in August 2017. A sequel entitled Gogol: Viy

7623-456: The US market. Many of the bobbleheads in the US were produced in Germany, with an increase in imports during the 1920s and 1930s. By the 1950s, bobbleheads had a substantial surge in popularity, with items made of either plastic or bisque porcelain. By 1960, Major League Baseball (MLB) produced a series of papier-mâché Bobblehead dolls, one for each team, all with the same cherubic face, and

7744-686: The Ukrainian intellectuals to sever ties with the Poles, promoting a limited, folkloric Ukrainian particularism as part of the heritage of the Russian empire. In 1831, the first volume of Gogol's Ukrainian stories ( Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka ) was published under a pen name "Rudy Panko", was in line with this trend, and met with immediate success. A second volume was published in 1832, followed by two volumes of stories entitled Mirgorod in 1835, and two volumes of miscellaneous prose entitled Arabesques . At this time, Russian editors and critics such as Nikolai Polevoy and Nikolai Nadezhdin saw Gogol as

7865-413: The amount of natural light inside the temple. The frescoes were thus photographed in a limited way and interpreted. According to Sriraman, a complete imaging with better photographic equipment suggests that these historic interpretations were incorrect. For example, a fresco that was previously interpreted as Dakshinamurti Shiva is actually a secular scene of a royal guru meditating under a banyan tree. On

7986-555: The archetypal Jew in Russian literature. Gogol painted him as supremely exploitative, cowardly, and repulsive, albeit capable of gratitude. But it seems perfectly natural in the story that he and his cohorts be drowned in the Dniper by the Cossack lords. Above all, Yankel is ridiculous, and the image of the plucked chicken that Gogol used has made the rounds of great Russian authors." Despite his portrayal of Jewish characters, Gogol left

8107-656: The bicentennial of Gogol's birth, the bust was moved to the museum at the Novodevichy Cemetery, and the original Golgotha stone was returned, along with a copy of the original Orthodox cross. The first Gogol monument in Moscow, a Symbolist statue on Arbat Square , represented the sculptor Nikolay Andreyev 's idea of Gogol rather than the real man. Unveiled in 1909, the statue received praise from Ilya Repin and from Leo Tolstoy as an outstanding projection of Gogol's tortured personality. Everything changed after

8228-584: The brink of his private abyss, he became the greatest artist that Russia has yet produced." Critics traditionally interpreted "The Overcoat" as a masterpiece of "humanitarian realism", but Nabokov and some other attentive readers argued that "holes in the language" make the story susceptible to interpretation as a supernatural tale about a ghostly double of a "small man". Of all Gogol's stories, "The Nose" has stubbornly defied all abstruse interpretations: D.S. Mirsky declared it "a piece of sheer play, almost sheer nonsense". In recent years, however, "The Nose" became

8349-428: The center of this granite block rises the griva , the sikhara and the finial ( stupi ) of Tamil Hindu temple architecture. This stupi is 3.81 metres (12.5 ft) in height, and was originally covered with gold (no longer). The sikhara at the top is cupola-shaped and weighs 25 tons. Each storey of this tower is decorated with kutas and salas . The shrinking squares tower architecture of this temple differs from

8470-822: The colours prevalent in Gogol's work depending on the period, his impressionistic use of verbs, the expressive discontinuity of his syntax, the complicated rhythmical patterns of his sentences, and many other secrets of his craft. Based on this work, Vladimir Nabokov published a summary account of Gogol's masterpieces. Gogol's impact on Russian literature has endured, yet various critics have appreciated his works differently. Belinsky , for instance, berated his horror stories as "moribund, monstrous works", while Andrei Bely counted them among his most stylistically daring creations. Nabokov especially admired Dead Souls , The Government Inspector , and " The Overcoat " as works of genius, proclaiming that "when, as in his immortal 'The Overcoat', Gogol really let himself go and pottered happily on

8591-501: The earlier critics, reclassified Gogol from a Ukrainian to a Russian writer. It was only after the premiere of his comedy The Government Inspector ( Revizor ) at the Alexandrinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, on 19 April 1836, that he finally came to believe in his literary vocation. The comedy, a satire of Russian provincial bureaucracy, was staged thanks only to the intervention of the emperor, Nicholas I . The Tsar

8712-593: The east side. The first one is called the Keralantakan tiruvasal , which means the "sacred gate of the Keralantakan". The word Keralantakan was the surname of king Rajaraja who built it. About a 100 metres (330 ft) ahead is the inner courtyard gopuram called the Rajarajan tiruvasal . This is more decorated than the Keralantakan tiruvasal , such as with its adhishthanam relief work narrating scenes from

8833-407: The existence of such a literary movement. Although he recognized "several young writers" who "have shown a particular desire to observe real life", he upbraided the deficient composition and style of their works. Nevertheless, subsequent generations of radical critics celebrated Gogol (the author in whose world a nose roams the streets of the Russian capital) as a great realist, a reputation decried by

8954-407: The expertise to scale up and build, particularly with heavy stone and to accomplish the 63.4 metres (208 ft) high towering vimana . The temple faces east, and once had a water moat around it. This has been filled up. The fortified wall now runs around this moat. The two walls have ornate gateways called the gopurams. These are made from stone and display entablature. The main gateways are on

9075-456: The family estate in Vasilevka was known as Ianovshchyna. His father wrote poetry in Ukrainian as well as Russian, and was an amateur playwright in his own theatre. As was typical of the left-bank Ukrainian gentry of the early nineteenth century, the family was trilingual, speaking Ukrainian as well as Russian, and using Polish mostly for reading. Mother was calling his son Nikola, which is

9196-546: The fear of perdition (damnation) by insisting on the sinfulness of all his imaginative work. Exaggerated ascetic practices undermined his health and he fell into a state of deep depression. On the night of 24 February 1852, he burned some of his manuscripts, which contained most of the second part of Dead Souls . He explained this as a mistake, a practical joke played on him by the Devil . Soon thereafter, he took to bed, refused all food, and died in great pain nine days later. Gogol

9317-515: The fragment Rome and his most famous short story, " The Overcoat ". In 1841, the first part of Dead Souls was ready, and Gogol took it to Russia to supervise its printing. It appeared in Moscow in 1842, under a new title imposed by the censorship, The Adventures of Chichikov . The book established his reputation as one of the greatest prose writers in the language. After the triumph of Dead Souls , Gogol's contemporaries came to regard him as

9438-523: The grounds that Gogol was unqualified. His fictional story Taras Bulba , based on the history of Zaporozhian Сossacks , was the result of this phase in his interests. During this time, he also developed a close and lifelong friendship with the historian and naturalist Mykhaylo Maksymovych . In 1834, Gogol was made Professor of Medieval History at the University of St. Petersburg , a job for which he had no qualifications. The academic venture proved

9559-582: The insecurity of many Russians about their own imperial identity". According to Scollins, Gogol's narrative double-voicedness in both Evenings and Taras Bulba and "pidginized Russian" of the Zaporizhian Cossacks in " The Night before Christmas represents a "strateg[y] of resistance, self-assertion, and divergence"". Linguist Daniel Green notes "the complexities of an imperial culture in which Russian and Ukrainian literatures and identities informed and shaped each other, with Gogol´ playing

9680-477: The life of Rajaraja . Balakumaran , another Tamil author has written a novel named Udaiyar themed on the life of Rajaraja I and the construction of the temple. The temple is currently administered and managed by Babaji Bhonsle , the head of the Thanjavur Maratha royal family. He serves as the hereditary trustee of the palace Devasthanam which continues to manage 88 Chola temples including

9801-713: The limited numbers necessary to become viable collectibles was now possible. On August 2, 1997, the Birmingham Barons gave away the Barons Bobblehead Doll Bobbleheads at a game. The first MLB team to offer a bobblehead giveaway was the San Francisco Giants , which distributed 35,000 Willie Mays head nodders at their May 9, 1999 game. The variety of bobbleheads has grown to include even relatively obscure popular culture figures and notable people. The new millennium brought

9922-456: The main sanctum and Nandi-mandapam are two major shrines, one for Kartikeya and for Parvati. The complex has additional smaller shrines. The Peruvudaiyar temple continued the Hindu temple traditions of South India by adopting architectural and decorative elements, but its scale significantly exceeded the temples constructed before the 11th century. The Chola era architects and artisans innovated

10043-581: The monument is designed to enhance the natural color of the stone along with the sculptural forms adorning all corners of the temple. The restoration has been undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India that commissioned Sheila Sri Prakash Indian architect and designer to lead the design. The sanctum is at the center of the western square. It is surrounded by massive walls that are divided into levels by sharply cut sculptures and pilasters providing deep bays and recesses. Each side of

10164-455: The outer one being defensive and added in 1777 by the French colonial forces with gun-holes with the temple serving as an arsenal. They made the outer wall high, isolating the temple complex area. On its east end is the original main gopuram or gateway that is barrel vaulted . It is less than half the size of the main temple's vimana . Additional structures were added to the original temple after

10285-490: The outer world strangely metamorphosed, a singular gift particularly evident from the fantastic spatial transformations in his Gothic stories, " A Terrible Vengeance " and " A Bewitched Place ". His pictures of nature are strange mounds of detail heaped on detail, resulting in an unconnected chaos of things: "His people are caricatures, drawn with the method of the caricaturist – which is to exaggerate salient features and to reduce them to geometrical pattern. But these cartoons have

10406-611: The passage had been damaged because of the soot that had deposited on them once upon a time. Owing to the continuous exposure to smoke and soot from the lamps and burning of camphor in the sanctum sanctorum over a period of centuries certain parts of the Chola paintings on the circumambulatory passage walls had been badly damaged. The Archaeological Survey of India , for the first time in the world, used its unique de-stucco process to restore 16 Nayak paintings, which were superimposed on 1000-year-old Chola frescoes. These 400-year-old paintings have been mounted on fibre glass boards, displayed at

10527-418: The patronage of Tsar Nicholas I who liked his work. The novel Taras Bulba (1835), the play Marriage (1842), and the short stories " The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich ", " The Portrait " and " The Carriage ", are also among his best-known works. Many writers and critics have recognized Gogol's huge influence on Russian , Ukrainian and world literature. Gogol's influence

10648-531: The period like Muvar Ula and Kalingathuparani . According to Chatterjee, the Dravidian architecture attained its supreme form of expression in the temple and it successor, the Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram . The temple has been declared as a heritage monument by the Government of India and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India as a protected monument. The temple

10769-429: The period – notably Yevgeny Zamyatin and Mikhail Bulgakov – also admired Gogol and followed in his footsteps. In 1926, Vsevolod Meyerhold staged The Government Inspector as a "comedy of the absurd situation", revealing to his fascinated spectators a corrupt world of endless self-deception. In 1934, Andrei Bely published the most meticulous study of Gogol's literary techniques up to that date, in which he analyzed

10890-637: The play. Gogol himself, an adherent of the Slavophile movement, believed in a divinely inspired mission for both the House of Romanov and the Russian Orthodox Church . Like Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Gogol sharply disagreed with those Russians who preached constitutional monarchy and the disestablishment of the Orthodox Church. Gogol saw his work as a critique that would change Russia for the better. After defending autocracy , serfdom , and

11011-402: The rule of Chola king Rajendra I. Inscriptions indicate that this area also had other iconography from major Hindu traditions during the Chola era, but these are now missing. The original eight shrines included those for Surya (the sun god), Saptamatrikas (seven mothers), Ganesha, Murugan, Jyeshtha , Chandra (the moon god), Chandeshvara and Bhairava. Similarly, in the western wall cella

11132-525: The rulers attempted to renovate the temple with faded paintings, by ordering new murals on top of the older ones. In other cases, they sponsored the addition of shrines. The significant shrines of Kartikeya (Murugan), Parvati (Amman) and Nandi are from the 16th and 17th-century Nayaka era. Similarly the Dakshinamurti shrine was built later. It was well maintained by Marathas of Thanjavur. The Peruvudaiyar temple's plan and development utilizes

11253-790: The same picture as on the Rs 5 coin. It was the first 1,000 Rupees coin to be released in the Republic of India coinage. This coin was a Non Circulative Legal Tender (NCLT). On 1 April 1954, the Reserve Bank of India released a ₹ 1,000 currency note featuring a panoramic view of the Brihadeeswar temple marking its cultural heritage and significance. In 1975, the then government led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi demonetised all ₹ 1,000 currency notes in an effort to curtail black money . These notes are now popular among collectors. In 2010,

11374-461: The sanctuary has a bay with iconography. The interior of the sanctum sanctorum hosts an image of the primary deity, Shiva, in the form of a huge stone linga . It is called Karuvarai, a Tamil word that means "womb chamber". This space is called garbha griha in other parts of India. Only priests are allowed to enter this inner-most chamber. In the Tamizhan style, the sanctum takes the form of

11495-583: The sanctum and the Nandi mandapa . The maha-mandapa has six pillars on each side. This too has artwork. The Vitankar and Rajaraja I bronze are here, but these were added much later. The maha-mandapa is flanked by two giant stone dvarapalas. It is linked to the mukha-mandapa by stairs. The entrance of the mukha-mandapa also has dvarapalas. With the mandapa are eight small shrines for dikpalas , or guardian deities of each direction such as Agni , Indra , Varuna , Kubera and others. These were installed during

11616-604: The sanctum walls along the circumambulatory pathway. These frescoes which cover floor to ceiling, were discovered in 1931 by S. K. Govindasami of the Annamalai University . The painters used natural pigments and infused it into the wet limestone layer as it was setting in. The Chola frescoes were largely of Shaivism themes. These were restored in the 2000s. The total Chola fresco area is about 670 square metres (7,200 sq ft), of which about 112 square metres (1,210 sq ft) had been uncovered as of 2010 in

11737-637: The start of the new Chola style. This South Indian style is most fully realized both in scale and detail in the Brihadeshwara temple built between 1003 and 1010 by the Chola king Rajaraja I . The main temple along with its gopurams is from the early 11th century. The temple also saw additions, renovations, and repairs over the next 1,000 years. The raids and wars, particularly between Muslim Sultans who controlled Madurai and Hindu kings who controlled Thanjavur caused damage. These were repaired by Hindu dynasties that regained control. In some cases,

11858-617: The subject of several postmodernist and postcolonial interpretations. The portrayals of Jewish characters in his work have led to Gogol developing a reputation for antisemitism . Due to these portrayals, the Russian Zionist writer Ze'ev Jabotinsky condemned Russian Jews who participated in celebrations of Gogol's centenary. Later critics have also pointed to the apparent antisemitism in his writings, as well as in those of his contemporary, Fyodor Dostoyevsky . Felix Dreizin and David Guaspari, for example, in their The Russian Soul and

11979-482: The temple, called it Rajarajeshvaram (Rajarājeśvaram), literally "the temple of the god of Rajaraja". A later inscription in the Brihannayaki shrine calls the temple's deity Periya Udaiya Nayanar, which appears to be the source of the modern names Brihadisvara and Peruvudaiyar Kovil. The Peruvudaiyar Temple is located in the city of Thanjavur , about 350 kilometres (220 mi) southwest of Chennai . The city

12100-403: The then Tamil Nadu chief minister, M Karunanidhi renamed Semmai Rice , a type of high productivity paddy variant, as Raja Rajan-1,000 to mark the millennial year of the constructor of the temple, Rajaraja Chola. The temple "testifies the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting". The temple finds mention in many of the contemporary works of

12221-649: The title Vakula the Smith (with Russian libretto by Yakov Polonsky ) and revised it in 1885 as Cherevichki (The Tsarina's Slippers) . In 1894 (i.e., just after Tchaikovsky's death), Rimsky-Korsakov wrote the libretto and music for his own opera based on the same story . "Christmas Eve" was also adapted into a film in 1961 entitled The Night Before Christmas . It was adapted also for radio by Adam Beeson and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 24 December 2008 and subsequently rebroadcast on both Radio 4 and Radio 4 Extra on Christmas Eve 2010, 2011 and 2015. Gogol's story "Viy"

12342-545: The tower at the Chola temple at Gangaikondasolisvaram, because this is straight in contrast to the latter which is curvilinear. The temple's sri-vimana magnitude has made it a towering landmark for the city. The upper storey corridor wall of the aditala is carved with 81 of the 108 dance karana s – postures of Natya Sastra . This text is the basis of the Bharathanatyam , the classical dance of Tamil Nadu. The 27 unrepresented karanas are blank blocks of stone, and it

12463-570: The towering superstructure ( sri vimana ), the Nandi hall in front ( Nandi- mandapam ) and in between these the main community hall ( mukhamandapam ), the great gathering hall ( mahamandapam ) and the pavilion that connects the great hall with the sanctum ( Antrala ). The temple complex integrates a large pillared and covered veranda ( prakara ) in its spacious courtyard, with a perimeter of about 450 metres (1,480 ft) for circumambulation. Outside this pillared veranda there are two walls of enclosure,

12584-400: The tree are shown peacocks, birds, monkeys, squirrels and owls, plus a cobra. The animals and birds are shown as worried of the cobra, the ones closer to the snake are shown to be more worried. Other parts of the panel similarly show a court listening to a saint. Other show women in different dresses in different dance mudra . Some of the paintings in the sanctum sanctorum and the walls in

12705-530: The twelve years from 1836, Gogol was in Italy, where he developed an adoration for Rome. He studied art, read Italian literature and developed a passion for opera. Pushkin 's death produced a strong impression on Gogol. His principal work during the years following Pushkin's death was the satirical epic Dead Souls . Concurrently, he worked at other tasks – recast Taras Bulba (1842) and The Portrait , completed his second comedy, Marriage ( Zhenitba ), wrote

12826-403: The vimana. The main temple-related monuments and the great tower is in the middle of this courtyard. Around the main temple that is dedicated to Shiva, are smaller shrines, most of which are aligned axially. These are dedicated to his consort Parvati , his sons Murugan and Ganesha , Nandi, Varahi , Karuvur deva (the guru of Rajaraja Chola), Chandeshvara and Nataraja. The Nandi mandapam has

12947-425: Was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the grotesque in his writings, for example in his works " The Nose ", " Viy ", " The Overcoat ", and " Nevsky Prospekt ". These stories, and others such as " Diary of a Madman ", have also been noted for their proto-surrealist qualities. According to Viktor Shklovsky , Gogol used the technique of defamiliarization when

13068-527: Was a massive granite Ganesha built during Rajaraja I era, but who is now found in the tiruch-churru-maligai (southern veranda). Of the Shaktism tradition's seven mothers, only Varahi survives in a broken form. Her remnants are now found in a small modern era brick "Varahi shrine" in the southern side of the courtyard. The original version of the others along with their original Chola shrines are missing. The temple has an underneath layer of Chola frescoes on

13189-583: Was acknowledged by Fyodor Dostoevsky , Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin , Ryūnosuke Akutagawa , Franz Kafka , Mikhail Bulgakov , Vladimir Nabokov , Flannery O'Connor and others. Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé said: "We all came out from under Gogol's Overcoat ." Gogol was born in the Ukrainian Cossack town of Sorochyntsi , in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire . His mother was descended from Leonty Kosyarovsky, an officer of

13310-494: Was adapted into film by Russian filmmakers four times: the original Viy in 1967; the horror film Vedma (aka The Power of Fear ) in 2006; the action-horror film Viy in 2014; and the horror film Gogol Viy released in 2018. It was also adapted into the Russian FMV video game Viy: The Story Retold (2004). Outside of Russia, the film loosely served as the inspiration for Mario Bava 's film Black Sunday (1960) and

13431-496: Was damaged in its history and some artwork is now missing. Additional mandapam and monuments were added in the centuries that followed. The temple now stands amidst fortified walls that were added after the 16th century . Built using granite, the vimana tower above the shrine is one of the tallest in South India. The temple has a massive colonnaded prakara (corridor) and one of the largest Shiva lingas in India. It

13552-482: Was in parcels of land, so their temple employment was likely part-time. The temple employed devadasis who were dancers and singers of devotional hymns. Among its numerous inscriptions are frequent gifts that state, "to provide for worship, for food to assembly of sannyasis (monks or ascetics) and for repairs". According to George Michell, the Thanjavur temple was a major charity institution in its history. It provides free meal for pilgrims, devotees and wayfarers on

13673-557: Was meant to initiate the great tradition of Soviet opera. More recently, to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Gogol's birth in 1809, Vienna's renowned Theater an der Wien commissioned music and libretto for a full-length opera on the life of Gogol from Russian composer and writer Lera Auerbach . More than 135 films have been based on Gogol's work, the most recent being The Girl in the White Coat (2011). Gogol has been featured many times on Russian and Soviet postage stamps; he

13794-605: Was mourned in the Saint Tatiana church at the Moscow University before his burial and then buried at the Danilov Monastery , close to his fellow Slavophile Aleksey Khomyakov . His grave was marked by a large stone (Golgotha), topped by a Russian Orthodox cross. In 1931, with Russia now ruled by communists, Moscow authorities decided to demolish the monastery and had Gogol's remains transferred to

13915-572: Was personally present at the play's premiere, concluding that "there is nothing sinister in the comedy, as it is only a cheerful mockery of bad provincial officials." From 1836 to 1848, Gogol lived abroad, travelling through Germany and Switzerland. Gogol spent the winter of 1836–37 in Paris , among Russian expatriates and Polish exiles , frequently meeting the Polish poets Adam Mickiewicz and Bohdan Zaleski . He eventually settled in Rome . For much of

14036-420: Was released by India Post . The Reserve Bank of India commemorated the event by releasing a ₹ 5 coin with the model of temple embossed on it. A Raja , Cabinet Minister of Communications and Information Technology released the esteemed Brihadeeswarar temple special stamp, the first of which was received by G K Vasan , Cabinet Minister of Shipping . Mumbai Mint issued Rs 1,000 Commemorative Coin with

14157-457: Was released in April 2018 and the third film Gogol: Terrible Revenge debuted in August 2018. Brihadisvara Temple Brihadishvara Temple , called Rajarajesvaram ( lit.   ' Lord of Rajaraja ' ) by its builder, and known locally as Thanjai Periya Kovil ( lit.   ' Thanjavur Big Temple ' ) and Peruvudaiyar Kovil , is a Shaivite Hindu temple built in

14278-473: Was rolled out on its trial run from opposite to Sri Ramar temple on 20 April 2015 witnessed by a large number of people. Nine days later, the maiden procession of the temple car was held. This was the first such procession in this temple held in the past hundred years, according to news reports. Kalki Krishnamurthy , a renowned Tamil novelist, has written a historical novel named Ponniyin Selvan , based on

14399-512: Was the inaugural National Bobblehead Day in the US. In 2016, the Guinness Book of World Records mark for the world's largest bobblehead was set at 15 feet, 4 inches tall. Named "Goldie," St. Bernard, the mascot of Applied Underwriters, was created for Applied Underwriters, designed by Nate Wells, and constructed by Dino Rentos and BobbleHeads.com. Thanjavur dolls are a type of Indian bobblehead doll known as "Thanjavur Thalayatti Bommai" in

14520-438: Was this experience that "made him into a self-conscious Ukrainian ". According to Ilchuk, dual national identities were typical at that time as a "compromise with the empire 's demand for national homogenization". Professor of Russian literature Kathleen Scollins notes the tendency to politicize Gogol's identity, and comments on the erasure of Gogol's Ukrainianness by the Russian literary establishment, which she argues "reveals

14641-423: Was to recall the 275th day of his 25th regal year (1010 CE) when Rajaraja I (985–1014 CE) handed over a gold-plated kalasam (copper pot or finial ) for the final consecration to crown the vimana , the 59.82-metre tall tower above the sanctum. To mark the occasion, the state government organised a Bharathanatyam Yajna , classical dance show under noted dancer Padma Subramaniam . It was jointly organised by

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